This is the main genus of thistles, supplemented by the very similar Carduus. There are about 200 species in the northern hemisphere, 70 in the U.S. Most have extremely spiny leaves and bracts, the leaf edges often running down the stems to create spiny ridges or wings. A number of them grow to 6 or 7 feet. Some are biennial, and the rosette of leaves at the base is formidable.
Most are "well-behaved", but several European species have become serious agricultural and range pests. This isB
especially the case when the thistle can spread by runners and underground roots.
Flowers are all disc type, with no rays. Most frequent colors are purple, violet, pink, white or yellowish.
066-015M
067-013N
032-015P
ThistleQOacaulescens
arvense
eatonii
undulatum
vulgare
horridulum
arizonicum
eriophorum
t al. 1976).
aizoaceae
alismataceae
amaranthaceae
amaryllidaceae
anacardiaceae
apiaceae
apocynaceae
araliaceae
asclepiadaceae
asteraceae
berberidaceae
betulaceae
boraginaceae
brassicaceae
cactaceae
callitrichaceae
campanulaceae
cannabaceae
capparaceae
caprifoliaceae
caryophyllaceae
celastraceae
ceratophyllaceae
chenopodiaceae
convolvulaceae
fumariaceae
gentianaceae
grossulariaceae
hydrophyllaceae
lamiaceae
onagraceae
orchidaceae
orobanchaceae
plantaginaceae
poaceae
polygonaceae
portulacaceae
primulaceae
Echinocystis (Wild Cucumber genus)
See species description locally
Wild CucumberG
CUCURBITACEAEK
Wild CucumberQ
lobata
R.Wild Balsam-apple
Mock Cucumber
Wild Cucumber
A JuniperusB
Juniperus (Juniper genus)
Aromatic, evergreen, dioecious or less often monoecious trees or shrubs with thin, soft, shredding bark and conical to rounded crowns. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3(4), mostly thick, scalelike, and appressed, clothing the twigs and smaller branches, some of them awl-shaped and more or less spreading, in our one shrubby species the leaves elongate and needlelike. Male cones solitary or clustered, spherical to ovoid, 3-6 mm long; female cones fleshy, berryl
AcerB
Acer (Maple genus)
Same as Family: Polygamous or dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple and palmately lobed or ternately to pinnately compound, stipules lacking. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, radially symmetrical, in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs, or panicles; sepals (4) 5, free or united at the base, the lobes overlapping; petals (4) 5 or lacking; stamens 4-12, arising at the inner or outer edge of a lobed disc or the disc sometimes obsolete; pistil 1; ovary supeB
rior, usually 2-lobed and 2-chambered; styles 2, arising between the lobes. Fruit a double samara, splitting into halves at maturity, each portion laterally winged; seeds (1) 2 per chamber.
MapleG ACERACEAE
s are widespread in the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere.P
Maple
entatum
negundo
oniongrass
oniongrass
moderate-sized
genus
species
onlyE
species
depending
where
draws
lines
species
timothy
grass
native
isatis
islandP
3-angled
3-chambered
3-fold
3-lobed
3-sided
3-tippedv
300-500
4-parted
4-sided
Pro 3.0F!
Pro 5.0 - 6.0M1
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
January
February
March
April
August
September
October
November
December
1st Quarter
2nd Quarter
3rd Quarter
4th Quarter
CarrotG
APIACEAE
The cultivated carrot (Daucus carota) is one of 25 species in the genus. Only one, Daucus pusillus is native to the U.S. It does not occur in Utah.
CarrotQ
carota
Wild Carrot
Queen Anne's Lace
A HeracleumB
Heracleum (Cow Parsnip genus)
See species description locally
Cow ParsnipG
APIACEAEP
Cow ParsnipQ
sphondylium
Cow Parsnip
LigusticumB
Ligusticum (Lovage genus)
See species description locally
LovageG
APIACEAE
Water HemlockG
APIACEAEP
Water Hemlock
ConiumB
Osmorhiza (Sweet Cicely or Sweetroot genus)
Perennial herbs from elongate thick roots. Leaves basal and cauline, petioled, ternate or pinnate, the ultimate leaflets distinct, lanceolate to suborbicular, ours serrate to 3-5-lobed. Flowers in loose compound umbels, rays 3-14, ascending to spreading; involucre and involucel lacking or inconspicuous calyx teeth obsolete; petals white, yellow, purple, or pink; stylopodium conic. Fruit narrowly cylindric or club-shaped, somewhat flattened aB
t right angles to the commissure, obtuse to beaked at the apex, black at maturity, glabrous to bristly, the ribs threadlike; carpophore 2-cleft at the apex.
Sweet Cicely
SweetrootG
APIACEAE
APIACEAE
mbranous to corky lateral wings, or the fruit scarcely flattened and the lateral wings obsolete; dorsal ribs threadlike, wingless or narrowly winged (sometimes with well
developed
primulaceae
pyrolaceae
ranunculaceae
rhamnaceae
rosaceae
rubiaceae
ruppiaceae
salicaceae
salviniaceae
santalaceae
saxifragaceae
scrophulariaceae
selaginellaceae
simaroubaceae
solanaceae
sparganiaceae
tamaricaceae
typhaceae
ulmaceae
urticaceae
valerianaceae
verbenaceae
violaceae
viscaceae
vitaceae
zannichelliaceae
zygophyllaceae
The Shooting Star genus is a small one (14 species), mostly North American. They are perennial herbs growing from underground runners with fibrous roots. Leaves are all basal, with stalks, sometimes densely crowded (Photo 2).
Flowering stems carry a loose cluster of flowers (or only 1) nodding on slender stalks. Calyx is deeply lobed, with the lobes folded right back during flowering: as fruit develops the calyx lobes straighten up to enclose it. The 4 or 5 strongly colored petals are joi
ned at the very bottom, and dramatically folded back. Photo 1 shows petals of 2 flowers in the process of recurving, the top one just beginning, the other exactly at the half-way point.
Seeds are contained in a rounded capsule, which splits around.
We have 2 species, the delicate Alpine Shooting Star, which is quite common in the wet meadows and streambanks at high elevations (usually 4 petals), and the more robust Beautiful Shooting Star, which ranges from valleys to alpine (usually 5 p
1-seeded
1/16b
1/2-3E
1980u
1997a
2-12]
2-lobed
20-25y
Genus Common ListB
Other CommonB
Species per GenusB
S per G InformalB
caraway
carrot
cat's
catchfly
catchweed
cattail
cedar
centaury
centranthus
chamomile^
chamomile
dogfennel^
checkermallow
cherry
chess
chickweed
chicory
chrysanthemum
cicelyR
cinquefoil
clarkia
cleavers
cliffbrake
cliffrose
clover
cocklebur
collomia
columbine
comandra
coneflower
conyza
yptanth
cryptanth
cat's
cucumber
cudweeds
cudweed
everlastings
currant
currant
gooseberry
cypress
daisyd
dandelionZ
deadnettle
death
death
camas
desertP
desert
parsley
biscuitrootP
sorrel
dodder
dogbane
dogfennel
dogtooth
dogwood
douglas
douglas
dragonhead
dropseed
ducksmeat
duckweed
dustyi
dusty
maideni
dyer's
dyer's
elderberry
evening
evening
primrose
intact
interested
interlaced
intermediate
intermixed
intermountain
internally
internationalu
internode
internodes
interpretationu
interspersedE
intervals
intoA
intramarginal
intruded
intrusion
inverted
invested
invoiucre
involucelG
involucral[
involucrate
involucreG
involucres
inward
fleur-de-lis
genus
irregular
gular
Arnica (Arnica genus)
Perennial herbs, often rhizomatous. Leaves simple, the principal cauline ones opposite, (ours) entire to toothed. Heads moderately large, solitary to several; involucre top-shaped to hemispheric, the bracts herbaceous, in 2 series (ours), these subequal or equal and then appearing uniseriate; receptacle flat to convex, naked; ray flowers pistillate, yellow or orange, in some species lacking; disc flowers bisexual, yellow or orange; style branches truncate, short-B
hairy. Achenes cylindric or nearly so, 5-10-nerved; pappus of hairlike bristles, these minutely barbed to subplumose, white to tawny.
ArnicaG
ASTERACEAE
of a short crown.
Chamomile / Dogfennel
DogfennelG
ASTERACEAE
amomile / Dogfennel
terminatingj
ternateG
ternatelyA
terrestrial
tetradymia
tetradymia
horsebrush
genus
tetrapetala
texture
thalictrum
thalictrum
meadowrue
genus
thalli
thalloid
thanG
The Twistflower genus is medium sized, with about 40 species in the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico. Many of them are hairless, and frequently have a bluish tint to the leaves and stems.
Flowers are a most unusual brown-purple mixture, which is very distinctive. Seed pods are many times longer than thin, but nevertheless look quite solid.
We have a single species, the Heartleaf Twistflower.
TwistflowerQ cordatus
R"Heartleaf Twistflower
Twistflower
ThelypodiumB
Endl.
Thelypodium
See species description locally
ThelypodiumG
BRASSICACEAE
Twenty North American species make up the Thelypodium genus. We have a single species, apparently limited to alkaline solis or areas around warm springs.
individual species. The involucre, consisting of leaflike to membranous bracts around the flower head, has a distinct general pattern for each genus (though it doesn't hold in every case).
The first photo compares the two. Aster (R) usually has bracts that form overlapping series, like scales on a reptile ("imbricated"). The bracts can be quite green and almost leafy, or dry and membranous. Erigeron (L) usually has many fine bracts of about equal length, which are not organized like those
W of Aster. Typically they are no more than 1/16 inch across, have fine tips which tend to curl backwards.
Twelve species of Aster have been recorded for our area. The most common are the Everywhere Aster which ranges from the valleys to upper montane, and Engelmann's Aster which lives in woods and meadows in the middle and higher mountains.
engelmannii
foliaceus
frondosus
glaucodes
hesperius
integrifolius
occidentalis
pauciflorus
perelegans
alpigenus
alpigenus
dodder
dodecatheon
dodecatheon
shooting
genus
dogbaneV
dogfennel^
dogtooth
dogwood
dolabriform
dorsalE
dorsally
dorsiventrally
doubleA
douglas
downingia
draba
draba
whitlow
grass
genus
dragonhead
driedp
drooping
dropseed
opseed
Tapertip Hawksbeard
Mountain Hawksbeard
Slender Hawksbeard
Low Hawksbeard
Modoc Hawksbeard
Western Hawksbeard
Meadow Hawksbeard
ErigeronB
Erigeron (Fleabane genus)
Perennial or less commonly annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate, rarely entirely basal. Heads solitary to several, rarely numerous, occasionally without ray flowers; involucral bracts narrow (ours to about 1.5 mm wide), nearly equal to distinctly imbricate, herbaceous throughout or at least the inner partly chartaceous, acute to long-tapered and somewhat "tailed" at the apex; receptacle flat or nearly so, naked; ray flowers pistillate, the rays usually
ttata
BalsamrootQ
hookeri
macrophylla
sagittata
h elongate hairy tips. Achenes of the ray flowers 3-angled, those of the disc flowers compressed-quadrangular, usually glabrous; pappus typically lacking.
AsterG
ASTERACEAEP
Aster
R:Smooth Maple
Rocky Mountain Maple
Bigtooth Maple
Boxelder
SesuviumB
Sesuvium (Seapurslane genus)
Same as Family: Herbs or rarely subshrubs, often succulent. Leaves simple, opposite or appearing whorled, rarely alternate; stipules membranous or lacking. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymose clusters, bisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, hypogynous to epigynous; calyx 5-8-lobed or parted; stamens 5, each primary stamen divided into many secondary ones, some of these petaloid and sterile in one genbus; pistil 1, the ovary superior or inferior, 1-20B
-chambered, the style 1 or obsolete, the stigmas 1-20. Fruit a membranous to woody capsule or berrylike, seeds usually numerous.
Sea PurslaneG AIZOACEAEK
Sea PurslaneQ
verrucosum
portulacastrum
Seapurslane
AlismaB
E ChamomileG
ASTERACEAE
The traditional herb Camomile was prepared from Anthemis nobilis. Closely related plants from other genera were often called the same. This includes Chamomilla and Matricaria. Recent years have seen a compacting of the latter two genera into a single one: because it was named first Matricaria is retained as the name for both. This new usage will be reflected in subsequent editions of this work.
P ChamomileQ
recutita
suaveolens
R/Sweet False Chamomile
Chamomile
Pineapple Weed
ChrysanthemumB
1976).
ChrysanthemumQ"balsamita
leucanthemum
parthenium
Costmary
Ox-eye Daisy
Feverfew
ChrysothamnusB
Nutt.
Chrysothamnus (Rabbitbrush genus)
Shrubs or subshrubs. Leaves alternate, sessile or nearly so, mostly linear to narrowly elliptic, entire. Heads numerous, entirely of bisexual disc flowers, 4- or 5-flowered; involucre cylindric, the bracts in 3-6 horizontally graduated series, these more or less vertically aligned in 3-5 ranks, chartaceous thoughout to green-tipped or greenish along the midnerve; receptacle naked; corollas yellow, sometimes white; style branches flattened, terminatingB
in minutely hairy appendages. Achenes slender, terete and angled or flattened, glabrous to densely hairy; pappus of numerous, minutely barbed, hairlike bristles.
RabbitbrushG
ASTERACEAE
logy and anatomy of the achenes (see Tutin et al. 1976).
Crepis (Hawksbeard genus)
Annual to perennial taprooted herbs, usually with milky juice. Leaves chiefly basal, variously pinnately lobed to merely toothed or rarely entire, the stem leaves few, alternate, generally much reduced, occasionally bractlike or lacking. Heads 1-numerous, entirely of bisexual ray flowers; involucral bracts generally in 1 or 2 sets, the outer, when present, much shorter than the inner, often unequal and relatively inconspicuous, the inner or principal bracts e
longate and equal, in a few species the bracts imbricate; receptacle flat to convex, naked or somewhat hairy; rays yellow (ours), often fading to whitish in the dried specimen, style branches threadlike, long-tapered or truncate. Achenes terete or nearly so, gradually tapered to the summit but not distinctly beaked, smooth or 10-20-ribbed; pappus copious, of soft, white, hairlike bristles, these smooth or minutely barbed, falling separately or in clumps but not in a ring.
herbsB
herbs
shrubs
stems
branches
prostrate
ascending
herein
hermann
heron's
hesperis
heteromorphic
heterothecay
heterotheca
golden
aster
genusy
heuchera
heuchera
alumroot
genus
ASTERACEAE
The Cudweed genus is worldwide, with mote than 100 species. They can be annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs elsewhere. Typically they are covered with a mat of woolly hairs. Ray flowers are absent.
We have two species, both of wet areas:
Cottonbatting Cudweed a taller plant (2'6") of disturbed wet sites such as canal banks.
Lowland Cudweed a short plant (1-6 inches) of open wet areas, including more native sites.
Cudweed / EverlastingQ
chilense
palustre
R&Cottonbatting Cudweed
Lowland Cudweed
4A GrindeliaB
Willd.
Grindelia (Gumweed or Resinweed genus)
See species description locally
Gumweed
ResinweedG
ASTERACEAE
the key on the natur
slender, not jointed; perianth segments 6 in two similar series, free or nearly so, erect to spreading, petaloid at flowering, often becoming membranous and persistent in fruit; stamens 6, the filaments basally dilated, the expanded portion often fused to the base of the perianth segments; ovary superior, 3-chambered, in many species apically crested, the slender style with an entire or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit an ovoid to globose capsule, sometimes 3-lobed, often crested at the apex; seeds uC0sually 2 per chamber, obovoid, wrinkled, black.
Wild Onion
Wild GarlicG LILIACEAE
The Wild Onion genus is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, with about 500 species. They are all herbs, almost all with a strong aroma.
Many are cultivated for culinary use, others for their spectacular heads of flowers, which may be on a stem to 3 or 4 feet tall.
or sometimes pink; stamens 5-25; pistil 1, the ovary partially to completely inferior, with 1-5 free styles. Fruit a globose to ovoid pome; seeds 1-5, each enclosed in a hardened endocarp
HawthornG
ROSACEAE
The Hawthorn genus is large, with 150 species concentrated in the eastern part of North America, where it is extremely difficult to distinguish among them. They are shrubs or small trees, usually armed with thorns. Leaves are alternate, with stalks, and are variously toothed or lobed.
Flowers are in clusters, with 5 white (occasionaly pink) petals, spread widely. Fruit is commonly called a berry, but is actually a miniature apple ("pome") which may be yellow, red, purple or black.
Only
3 species are native to the whole Intermountain Region. One of these, the Douglas Hawthorn also occurs here, along with an escapee One-seed Hawthorn.
Golden Aster as an informal genus has about 20-25 species of annuals and perennials native to North America. Most are relatively hairy planta with multiple flower heads. Ray flowers are golden yellow.
Our only local plant is relatively short (to 18 inches), very hairy, and common in open sunny habitats. It has many flower heads. What to call it? There is more agreement about the common name Hairy Golden Aster than about the botanical name: technical arguments have left no consensus as toB
whether Heterotheca should be combined with Chrysopsis into a single genus, which would take the latter name. Meanwhile the plants smile on...
Golden AsterQ
villosa
Hairy Golden Aster
:A HieraciumB
olate, long-tapered, readily deciduous scales.
, long-tapered, readily deciduous scales.
039-026M
011-014N
005-023P
MonkeyflowerQ_floribundus
guttatus
lewisii
moschatus
rubellus
suksdorfii
tilingii
cardinalis
cusickii
Measly Monkeyflower
Seep Monkeyflower
Yellow Monkeyflower
Common Monkeyflower
Lewis's Monkeyflower
Musk Monkeyflower
Little Red Monkeyflower
Reddish Monkeyflower
Suksdorf's Monkeyflower
Miniature Monkeyflower
Tiling's Monkeyflower
Subalpine Monkeyflower
Hieracium (Hawkweed genus)
Perennial herbs with milky juice, from subrhizomatous bases with fibrous root systems; stems erect, often naked above. Leaves basal or the usually few stem leaves alternate, petioled below, often sessile above, the blades simple, ours entire or toothed. Heads 3-50, entirely of bisexual ray flowers, generally in small flat-topped clusters or in a paniculate inflorescence, rarely solitary; involucre cylindric to bell-shaped, the bracts green with membranous ma
rgins, imbricate or essentially in 2 series, the outer short, the inner long; receptacle naked, flat or nearly so; rays yellow, white, or orange, 3-5-toothed at the tips the teeth often thickened and incurved in age. Achenes cylindric or fusiform, 10-15-ribbed or merely striate, truncate to tapered above but not distinctly beaked; pappus of relatively few to numerous, white to tawny, minutely barred, fragile bristles.
7-032N
038-005P
Hawkweed
Helvetica
Geneva
Verdana
Times
ERPTH
MSPCA
NAMEA
Wasatch Species 010128.fm
RPTHA
Wasatch Species 010128.fm
ntosh HD:Desktop Folder:Graphics:Wasatch Project:Wasatch Species 010128
MSPCA
NAMEA
Wasatch Species 010128
RPTHA
Wasatch Species 010128
Iva (Sumpweed or Povertyweed genus)
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, herbage glabrous or pubescent. Leaves simple, opposite, at least below. Heads entirely of disc flowers, small, nodding, solitary in leaf axils or crowded in a paniculate inflorescence; involucre subhemispheric to top-shaped, of 3-10 equal to imbricate bracts in 1-3 series, in some species the bracts partially fused, ours herbaceous to somewhat green-membranous; receptacle flat, chaffy throughout or naked at the c
,enter, the receptacular bracts linear to spoon-shaped, pale to greenish; flowers greenish-white, the marginal ones pistillate with tubular or rudimentary corollas, the central flowers staminate with funnelform corollas to 6 mm long. Achenes wedge-shaped to obovoid, somewhat compressed; pappus none.
Sumpweed
PovertyweedG
ASTERACEAE
TarweedG
ASTERACEAE
The Tarweeds are a small genus of 18 species, from the western U.S. and South America. They are usually sticky and smell strongly of tar. A most unusual feature is that each of the bracts around the flower heads wraps around one of the outermost seeds (achenes) of the flowers, often completely enclosing it.
Ray flowers are yellow, very broad for their length, and with a 3-lobed tip. There are typically only one or a few.
Two species are native to our area, both annuals of dry open placesB
070-026M
087-015N
087-016P
TarweedQ
glomerata
gracilis
R7Mountain Tarweed
Tarweed
Slender Tarweed
Slender Madia
MatricariaB
Matricaria (Mayweed genus)
See species description locally
MayweedG
ASTERACEAE
TarweedG
ASTERACEAE
appus lacki
Skeletonweed is a small genus, mostly of western N. America. Botanists still have not decided exactly how to divide the plants.
They are more or less rushlike, with slender stems and small linear or scale-like leaves. Their juice is milky, like other members of the lettuce tribe.
Flowers are showy, because there are relatively few but large ray flowers, lavender, pink or white. These are usually notched on the end, giving an appearance of Pinks. One common name for them is "Rush Pink".
BEOur single species grows on the dry foothills, flowering May - July.
SkeletonweedQ dianthopsis
grandiflora
spinosa
R0Smoothseed Skeletonweed
Rushpink
Showy Rushpink
MachaerantheraB
re or less rushlike, with slender stems and small linear or scale-like leaves. Their juice is milky, like other members of the lettuce tribe.
Skeletonweed
trawberry
Avens
Oceanspray
Ivesia
Apple
Petrophytum
Ninebark
Cinquefoil
Cherry
Stone-fruits
Bitterbrush
Blackberry
Raspberry
Bramble
Burnet
Sibbaldia
Mountain Ash
Bedstraw
Cleavers
Rubia
Ditchgrass
Poplar
Cottonwood
Aspen
Willow
Waterfern
Mosquito Fern
Comandra
Alumroot
Jamesia
Woodland Star
Miterwort
Grass-of-Parnassus
Saxifrage
Indian Paintbrush
Blue-eyed Mary
Birdsbeak
Mudwort
Toadflax
Monkeyflower
Owl Clover
Lousewort
Beardtongue
Figwort
Kittentails
Mullein
Speedwell
Spikemo
Jimson Weed
Thornapple
Wolfberry
Desert-thorn
Tobacco
Groundcherry
Husktomato
Nightshade
Bur Reed
Tamarisk
Salt Cedar
Cattail
Hackberry
Pellitory
Nettle
Plectritis
Valerian
Vervain
Violet
Dwarf Mistletoe
Mistletoe
Woodbine
Grasswrack
Puncturevine
Caltrop
Cutleaf
Daffodil
Hedgehog Cactus
Twinflower
Bird's-foot Trefoil
Lotus
Sainfoin
Locust
Poppy
California Poppy
Tree-of-heaven
Henbane
Centranthus
oldenrod
Sowthistle
Sphaeromeria
Dandelion
Horsebrush
Townsendia
Goatsbea
The Bittercress genus is quite large (170 species), and occurs in most temperate regions. There are quite a few in western North America, but we have only one native, the Heart-leafed Bittercress. This is a handsome plant of midmontane to alpine, living streamside or in wet meadows.
A relative newcomer is Hairy Bittercress, a European species first found in our area in 1978. It grows in disturbed sites in the valleys and foothills.
The leaves of the bittercress have a pungent taste when B7chewed. They were named to indicate a medicinal value.
BittercressQ
cordifolia
hirsuta
concatenata
R(Heartleaf Bittercress
Hairy Bittercress
CardariaB
Desv.
MustardG
BRASSICACEAEP
MustardQ
kaber
nigra
oleracea
Camelina
kidney-shaped
kinds
kingsburyX
kittentails
knapweedh
knobs
knotweed
known
kochia
kochia
summer
cypress
genus
koeleria
labrador
lacerate
lackingA
lactuca}
lactuca
lettuce
genus}
ladder
ladies
lady's
lamium
lamium
deadnettle
genus
lance-cylindric
3-toothed
3-valved
3.5-12
4-12A
4-20i
4-anglede
4-chambered
4-grooved
4-lobed
4-merous
4-numerous
4-rayed
4-valved
drier, more open habitats.
P GoldenrodQHcanadensis
missouriensis
multiradiata
occidentalis
sparsiflora
Canada Goldenrod
Goldenrod
Missouri Goldenrod
Mountain Goldenrod
Low Goldenrod
Baby Goldenrod
Dwarf Goldenrod
Western Goldenrod
Slender Goldenrod
Alcove Goldenrod
SonchusB
Sonchus (Sowthistle genus)
Annual to perennial herbs with milky juice; stems erect, usually solitary. Leaves alternate or basal, usually auriculate-clasping, entire to toothed or pinnatifid, often with prickly margins or the teeth spine-tipped. Heads entirely of bisexual ray flowers, few to many in a variously branched inflorescence; involucre bell-shaped, the bracts imbricate in 3-5 series, often basally thickened in age; receptacle naked; rays yellow. Achenes oblanceolate to ellipti
sloughgrass
kuntze
theirk
thelypodium
themG
then`
theseB
thickL
thick-walled
thickenedn
thinG
thin-membranous
thinner
third
Bnc, subterete to strongly compressed, ribbed or striate, beakless; pappus of copious, soft, hairlike bristles.
SowthistleG
ASTERACEAE
2Sowthistles are a group of about 50 Old World species in the lettuce tribe - milky juice; only ray flowers are present, these numerous and yellow.
Our 3 species are imported weeds, growing to 6 feet tall in gardens and waste land in the valleys.
Leaves vary from spiny to prickly, and can be very large.
SowthistleQ
arvensis
asper
oleraceus
RGField Sowthistle
Prickly Sowthistle
Spiny Sowthistle
Common Sowthistle
SphaeromeriaB
Nutt.
Sphaeromeria
See species description locally
SphaeromeriaG
ASTERACEAE
015-001M
075-006P
Puncturevine / CaltropQ
terrestris
Puncturevine
Goathead
Caltrop
BahiaB
CutleafG
ASTERACEAE
AXBahia is a genus of about 15 species, occurring in the western U.S., Mexico, and Chile.
CutleafR
Cutleaf
A NarcissusB
DaffodilG
AMARYLLIDACEAE
VCultivated plants are derived from wild forebears, usually by selection of the favored types in nature. This is followed by breeding for larger size, tastier roots, showier flowers, etc., according to the horticulturist's needs. Daffodils and narcissus come from relatively humble ancestors, and have been bred for size, color and fragrance.
DaffodilR Daffodil
EchinocereusB
Hedgehog CactusG CACTACEAE
055-004M
054-002N
052-012P
Tamarisk / Salt CedarQ
ramosissima
tetrandra
RHSalt Cedar Tamarisk
Tamarix
Fourstamen Tamarisk
Small-flowered Tamarisk
perennial
scapose
herbs
rhizomes
bearing
fleshy
fibrous
perennialsL
perenniis
perfoliate
perianth
pericarp
perideridiaT
perideridia
yampah
genusT
perigynia
perigynium
perigynous
period
periodic
periphery
perityle
periwinkleW
persist
periphery
perityle
periwinkleW
persist
periphery
perityle
periwinkleW
persist
periphery
perityle
periwinkleW
persist
periphery
perityle
periwinkleW
persist
iphery
perityle
periwinkleW
persist
eriphery
periwinkleW
persist
ften yellow.
We have a single species in our area, the Oregon Grape. Around the state are a few more. Flowers are a rich yellow, followed by a dark blue berry.
The genus is frequently split into two, according to major characters of the leaves. Those with compound leaves containing several to many leaflets, and without spines on the stem (including Oregon Grape), are separated Bqout as Mahonia. Not all botanists accept this distinction, and the name will remain unchanged in the new edition.
BarberryQ
repens
AlnusB
Mill.
Alnus (Alder genus)
See species description locally
BarberryG
BERBERIDACEAE
Amsinckia (Fiddleneck genus)
Annuals, stems erect, simple or branched; herbage bristly-hairy throughout (ours). Leaves alternate, linear to ovate, generally entire. Flowers on coiled axes, these usually ebracteate, uncoiling and elongating with age; calyx 5-lobed to the base or nearly so, or occasionally some of the lobes laterally fused; corolla yellow to orange, narrowly funnelform to salverform, a crest minute or lacking; stamens included, the filaments short, the anthers oblong; s
tyles in some species of different lengths in different individuals, shorter than or exceeding the stamens, the stigma globose or nearly so. Nutlets 4, ovoid, angled, dorsally smooth or rough and often keeled, a prominent ventral keel extending from the tip to below the middle, the attachment scar small and situated near the base of the ventral keel; gynobase pyramidal, about half the length of the nutlets.
FiddleneckQ
retrorsa
tessellata
intermedia
bracteateC
bractlet
bractletsG
bractlikeG
bractsE
bramble
branch
trange fruits consist of a small tomato-like berry (which is edible) enclosed in an enlarged papery calyx. Although they are rarely used for food now, they are still grown as ornamentals.
We have a single species naturalized from the eastern U.S., known as the Virginia Groundcherry at the time of the first edition, but which has now been included within the Longleaf Groundcherry. It is uncommon, but may occsionally be found along roadsides.
096-010M
033-004N
033-005P
Groundcherry / HusktomatoQ/heterophylla
virginiana
longifolia
crassifolia
RpClammy Groundcherry
Eastern Groundcherry
Popweed
Virginia Groundcherry
Common Groundcherry
Common Ground-cherry
SolanumB
Hackelia (Tickweed or Wild Forget-Me-Not genus)
Biennial or perennial (rarely annual) taprooted herbs with or without a caudex; herbage pubescent throughout with coarse to fine, spreading to appressed hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, the basal or lower stem leaves generally petioled, the middle and upper leaves gradually reduced and becoming sessile. Flowers on 1-many, ebracteate, coiled axes, these ultimately elongating to form narrow to broad panicles; pedicels recurved in fruit; ca
lyx 5-lobed nearly to the base; corolla blue or white with blue markings, occasionally entirely white (in some species pink in the bud), rotate with a very short tube and a 5-lobed, abruptly flared limb, the typically yellow crest well developed but not closing the throat; stamens included, arising at about the middle of the tube; style shorter than the mature nutlets. Nutlets 4, ovate to lanceolate in outline, medially attached to a broad low gynobase, keeled ventrally on the upper one-ha
eth, not toward the sinuses between them; petioles of lower leaves sheathing only near the base, those above more prominently sheathing, the uppermost leaves often reduced to a bla
deless sheath. Flowers in 1-several compound umbels; involucre usually lacking, sometimes replaced by a bractlike, bladeless, sheathing petiole; involucel of entire bractlets or lacking; calyx teeth lacking or inconspicuous; petals white or rarely pink or yellowish; epigynous disc margins often somewhat lobed or wavy and broader than the immature fruit; stylopodium broadly low-conic. Fruit strongly compressed parallel with the commissure, the lateral ribs with broad, thin to corky wings; t
Goldenrods are familiar as garden plants and in the wild. About 100 species in the genus are mainly from North America. The typical image is of tall plants having a very long cluster of small golden flowers. That is true of some, but many are much shorter, despite having overall similarities that truly rank them as goldenrods. Borders of the genus are difficult to define precisely, and revisions are constantly occurring: Parry's Goldenweed is in process of becoming Parry's Goldenrod, while
Western Goldenrod is being moved out to a different genus.
Flower heads are small but numerous, giving a soft appearance. At first sight there may not seem to be any ray flowers, but there are typically about 10 small ones, only 1/20 inch long. Again, this adds to the soft appearance.
We have about 7 species including Parry's and Western.
Canada Goldenrod is the archetype, growing to 6 feet tall along streams and wet areas.
Other goldenrods rarely grow to half that height, and prefer
bellshaped
belowG
beneath
bentgrass
berberis
berberis
barberry
genus
Tetradymia (Horsebrush genus)
Low shrubs with rigid, usually hairy branches. Leaves alternate, narrow, entire, solitary or fascicled, the primary leaves in some species modified into spines. Heads entirely of disc flowers, clustered at the tips of branches or solitary in leaf axils; involucre cylindric to oblong, the bracts 4-6, equal, erect, laterally overlapping; receptacle naked; disc flowers 4-9, bisexual, yellow; anthers often somewhat tailed at the base; style branches variable.B
Achenes cylindric to obovoid, obscurely 5-nerved, glabrous to densely long-hairy; pappus of numerous, white, soft, minutely barbed, hairlike bristles.
HorsebrushG
ASTERACEAE
ebrushG
ASTERACEAE
obscurely 5-nerved, glabrous to densely long-hairy; pappus of numerous, white, soft, minutely barbed, hairlike bristles.
ASTERACEAE
OA TaraxacumB
Weber
ledum
ledum
labrador
genus
leersia
legume
lemma
lemmas
lemna
lemna
duckweed
genus
length
lengths
lengthwise
lengths
lengthwise
Sagittaria (Arrowhead genus)
Only one species locally.
E ArrowheadG
ALISMATACEAEK
+P ArrowheadQ
cuneata
latifolia
Wapato
Arrowleaf
AmaranthusB
Amaranthus (Amaranth genus)
Annual, rarely perennial, monoecious or dioecious, weedy herbs. Leaves alternate, petioled, entire to wavy-margined, the veins of the dorsal surface often white. Flowers clustered in leaf axils or crowded in terminal or axillary, simple or compound spikes, the staminate interspersed with the pistillate, each flower or flower cluster subtended by 2-several, green or red to purple, sometimes pungent-tipped bracts; sepals 1-5, free, membranous or herbaceous, i
Water PlantainG
ALISMATACEAEP
Water PlantainQ
gramineum
plantago-aquatica
RLNarrowleaf Water Plantain
Grass Alisma
Common Water Plantain
Water Plantain
SagittariaB
&e to tropical America, and has smaller violet flowers about 3 inches long.
Because of their striking foliage and flowers these are quite often cultivated. All parts of the plants are highly toxic, and somewhat narcotic. Fruits are round thorny "apples", also toxic, but not likely to be eaten.
134d-01M
100-033N
134d-02P
Jimson Weed / ThornappleQ wrightii
RCSacred Datura
Indian Apple
Angel's Trumpet
Jimson Weed
Thorn Apple
LyciumB
Lycium (Wolfberry or Desert-thorn genus)
See species description locally
Wolfberry
Desert-thornG
SOLANACEAE
*Matchweeds are mostly small shrubs of the western U.S. and adjacent Canada and Mexico. We have a single species, the Common Matchweed.
Branches die back partly each year, so the new growth arises out of a rounded mound, with dead twigs protruding. Yellow flowers are both ray and disc, but small.
P MatchweedQ
sarothrae
Broom Snakeweed
Matchweed
BerberisB
Berberis (Barberry genus)
See family description locally
BarberryG
BERBERIDACEAE
rs have large leaves. Flower heads are separately male or female. The bracts around the latter become hard and covered in hooked spines, creating the bur. Ray flowers are absent.
P CockleburQ
strumarium
circumscissileE
cirsiumn
cirsium
thistle
genusn
cited
clarkia
clasping
classificationk
clawed
claws
claytonia
claytonia
springbeauty
genus
cleavers
cleft]
cleistogamous
clematis
clematis
virgin's
bower
genus
cleome
cleome
beeplant
spider
flower
genus
cliffbrake
cliffrose
climbing
clinging
closed
closely
closing
clothing
clover
club-shapedR
clubshapedi
clumpsp
clusterE
clusteredE
different habitats:
C. purpurascens, with purple flowers, grows in the valleys;
C. longipes, with yellow flowers, grows mainly in the foothills and lower mountains;
C. hendersonii, with yellow flowers, grows in the high mountains on rocky slopes.
018-027M
018-013P
SpringparsleyQThendersonii
longipes
purpurascens
acaulis
lemmonii
purpureus
newberryi
bulbosus
Mountain Spring-parsley
Mountain Rock-parsley
Longfoot Springparsley
Long-stalk Springparsley
Purple Springparsley
Widewing Spring-parsley
DaucusB
Daucus (Carrot genus)
See species description locally
glabru
dietr
adans
beauv
benth
benth
bernh
berthel
bessH
bowden
maxim
camus
medic
moench
reichenb
grayj
berthel
weber
willd
petioleG
petioledE
petiolesC
petradoria
petrophytum
phacelia
phacelia
scorpionweed
genus
phalaris
phalaris
canary
grass
genus
phleum
phleum
timothy
genus
phlox
phlox
sweet
william
genus
phoradendron
phoradendron
mistletoe
genus
phragmites
phragmites
genus
physalis
physalis
groundcherry
husktomato
genus
physaria
physaria
twinpod
genus
physocarpus
physocarpus
ninebark
genus
picea
picea
spruce
genus
pickleweed
pimpernel
pinkG
pink-purplef
teral lobes 1acking or obscure; stamens 4, the lower pair the longer, the anther sacs conspicuously hairy, strongly divergent, confluent after dehiscence. Nutlets light to dark brown, angled, truncate to rounded at the apex, smooth or tuberculate, sometimes white-spotted.
DeadnettleG LAMIACEAEP
DeadnettleQ
amplexicaule
purpureum
R;Henbit
Deadnettle
Dead-nettle
Purple Deadnettle
Red Henbit
LeonurusB
Leonurus (Motherwort genus)
See species description locally
MotherwortG LAMIACEAEP
MotherwortQ cardiaca
Common Motherwort
LycopusB
to sheep and cattle when wilted as a result of inadequate moisture or unseasonal frost (Stoddart et al. 1949).
et al. 1949).
ListeraB
R. Br. Torr.
Listera (Twayblade genus)
See species description locally
E TwaybladeG
ORCHIDACEAE
Twayblades are a small group of 25 species of small orchids in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. They are named for the pair of leaves at mid stem.
Flowers are small and inconspicuous.
P TwaybladeQ
convallarioides
Broad-leaved Twayblade
SpiranthesB
Rich.
at mid stem.
Flowers are small and inconspicuous.
P TwaybladeQ
convallarioides
Broad-leaved Twayblade
SpiranthesB
Rich.
ids have leaves that remain through flowering. The White Bog Orchid is the most common. All three will be included in the genus Platanthera.
CypripediumB
labrador
labrador
ladder
ladies
ladies
tresses
lady's
lady's
slipper
larch
larkspur
laurel
lawnd
daisyd
layia
lettuce
leucelene
lewisia
licorice
lilac
littlew
little
gentian
little
polecat
little
sunflowerw
lloydia
locoweed
locust
loosestrife
lotus
lousewort
lovage
lovegrass
lover
StipaB
TrisetumB
TriticumB
CollomiaB
GiliaB
LeptodactylonB
gA LinanthusB
MicrosterisB
NavarretiaB
PhloxB
PolemoniumB
lA EriogonumB
OxyriaB
nA PolygonumB
RumexB
AdiantumB
qA AspidotisB
rA AspleniumB
AthyriumB
CheilanthesB
CryptogrammaB
CystopterisB
DryopterisB
PellaeaB
Elodea
See species description locally
ElodeaG
HYDROCHARITACEAEK
ElodeaQ
longivaginata
Waterweed
Serrate Elodea
HydrophyllumB
Hydrophyllum (Waterleaf genus)
Annual or more often perennial herbs with fleshy-fibrous roots arising from very short to well-developed rhizomes. Leaves alternate, mostly long-petioled, the blades variously lobed or pinnately divided. Flowers 5-merous, in modified cymose clusters with coiled axes, calyx lobed nearly to the base; corolla white to purple, bell-shaped, lobed to the middle or beyond; stamens exserted, arising at or near the base of the corolla tube, each filament flanked B
by a pair of linear, ciliate appendages, the latter fused with the corolla; style 1 with 2 short branches. Capsule globose, 1- chambered, 2-valved; seeds 1-3, subglobose, reticulate.
R. Br.
abrum
Make list
Inspect
Startup
Other
Species list
Species Informal
Informal name
048-017M
049-001P
Waterfern / Mosquito FernQ mexicana
Mexican Waterfern
Mosquitofern
ComandraB
Nutt.
Comandra
See species description locally
ComandraG
SANTALACEAEKKThis has only two species, ours and a closely related one in Balkan Europe.P
ComandraQ
umbellata
Bastard Toadflax
HeucheraB
1-chambered, each of the 2 carpels prolonged at the apex into a divergent short beak, the style essentially obsolete at the apex of each beak, the stigmas discoid, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule dehiscing from the apex, the portion of the capsule above the floral tube ultimately forming an obscure rim at the apex of the floral tube, the beaks thus not persistent and the capsule appearing circumscissile; seeds numerous, usually black and shiny at maturity, faintly pitted.
E MiterwortG
SAXIFRAGACEAE
ach beak, the stigmas discoid, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule dehiscing from the apex, the portion of the capsule above the floral tube ultimately forming an obscure rim at the apex of the floral tube, the beaks thus not persistent and the capsule appearing circumscissile; seeds numerous, usually black and shiny at maturity, faintly pitted.
Abies
Abronia
Achillea
Aconitum
Actaea
Adiantum
Adonis
Aegilops
Agastache
Agoseris
Agrohordeum (X)
Agropyron
Agrositanion (X)
Agrostis
Alisma
Allenrolfea
Allium
Alnus
Alopecurus
Althaea
Alyssum
Amaranthus
Ambrosia
Amelanchier
Amsinckia
Anagallis
Anaphalis
Anchusa
Androsace
Anemone
Angelica
Antennaria
Anthemis
Apera
Apocynum
Aquilegia
Arabidopsis
Arabis
Arceuthobium
Arctium
Arctostaphylos
Arenaria
Argemone
Aristida
Arnica
Arrhenatherum
Artemisia
Asclepias
Asparagus
Asperugo
Aspidotis
splenium
Aster
Astragalus
Athyrium
Atriplex
Avena
Azolla
Balsamorhiza
Barbarea
Bassia
Beckmannia
Bellis
Berberis
Mahonia
Berula
Betula
Bidens
Boisduvalia
Borago
Botrychium
Brassica
Brickellia
Bromus
Calamagrostis
Callitriche
Calochortus
Caltha
Calystegia
Camassia
Camelina
Camissonia
Campanula
Cannabis
Capsella
Cardamine
Cardaria
Carduus
Carex
Carum
Castilleja
Catabrosa
Ceanothus
Celtis
Cenchrus
Centaurea
Centaurium
Cerastium
Ceratophyllum
Cercocarpus
Chaenactis
Chamomilla
Cheilanthes
HempG
CANNABACEAE
The Hemp genus is of ancient linkage to the human race, so long that its history is obscure. Probably it originated in central Asia, and has been cultivated for two entirely different purposes.
First, its long stems have been used as a source of strong fiber (hemp); second, the female flower heads have been used as a source of psychoactive drugs (marihuana, hashish). For a time the different forms bred for these purposes were regarded as separate species, Cannabis sativa and C. indica. NoBKw, however, it is customary to view them as subspecies of the first named.
HempQ
sativa
R!Marijuana
Hashish
Grass
HumulusB
Humulus (Hops genus)
See species description locally
CAMPANULACEAEQ
laeta
CannabisB
arate male and female flowers. If the different sexes are on an individual plant the pattern is called monoecious, if on different plants it is called dioecious.
Ragweeds are monoecious. In our species clusters of tiny male flowers with their stamens dangle from the ends of the stems, while the female flowers are clustered below.
Our most common species is the Western Ragweed, A. psilostachya, which forms thick stands along the edges of many roads. Burweed, A. acanthicarpa, develops ragC-ged spines from the edges of its seed case.
RagweedQ?acanthicarpa
artemisiifolia
psilostachya
tomentosa
trifida
RYBurweed
Bur Ragweed
Common Ragweed
Western Ragweed
Bur Ragweed
Low Ragweed
Giant Ragweed
A AnaphalisB
ds. Burweed, A. acanthicarpa, develops rag
wapato
wasatchP
wasatch
biscuitrootP
wasatch
daisyq
wasatch
draba
wasatch
fleabaneq
wasatch
penstemon
waterC
water
beardgrass
water
clover
water
foxtail
water
groundsel
water
hemlockJ
water
water
lady's
thumb
water
milfoil
water
mudwort
water
plantainungent-tipped bracts; sepals 1-5, free, membranous or herbaceous, in some species purple-tinged to bB
right red; stamens (1-3)5; ovary superior, the styles 1-3. Fruit a membranous, 1-seeded, circumscissile capsule (ours), rarely dehiscing irregularly or indehiscent and a utricle; seeds erect, lenticular, shiny.
Amaranth / Pigweed
Pigweed G
AMARANTHACEAE
Amaranth / Pigweed
Pigweed G
AMARANTHACEAE
010-014N
096-022
genera listed above, we here follow the traditional treatment.
phoricarpos
taraxacum
False Dandelion, or Mountain Dandelion aptly describe the superficial resemblance between flower heads, but the leaves are usually much less "lion-toothed" than the original. The characteristic look of these flower heads is due to their being composed entirely of ray flowers with their petal-like extensions: since they protrude from all over the head, and not just from the sides, the result looks nothing like a traditional set of petals.
Like other members of this section of the family, A
goseris has milky juice. Leaves are all clustered at the base, and the naked stem carries a single showy head of yellow or orange flowers.
Of our three species, A. heterophylla is an annual that lives in the valleys and foothills. The other two are perennials. A. glauca is widespread and variable in character, while A. auriantica is definitely a mountain plant. Its orange flowers are unmistakable.
STERACEAE
cally
/ Myrtle
MyrtleG
APOCYNACEAE
incaB
096-009M
020-019N
089-006P
Poplar / Cottonwood / AspenQLacuminata (X)
angustifolia
balsamifera
fremontii
tremuloides
nigra
Lanceleaf Cottonwood
White Poplar
Narrowleaf Cottonwood
Balsam Cottonwood
Balsam Poplar
Black Cottonwood
Fremont's Cottonwood
Quaking Aspen
Quakey
SalixB
Heliotropium (Heliotrope genus)
See species description locally
HeliotropeG
BORAGINACEAE
The Heliotrope genus is named to mean "sun turner". It has about 200 species, which can be herbs or shrubs.
Flowers occur in long helical spikes similar to those of fiddlenecks. Flower color is usually white or blue.
There is just one species locally, the Salt Heliotrope.
065-012P
HeliotropeQ
curassavicum
Quail plant
Salt Heliotrope
LappulaB
Moench
Tickweed / Wild Forget-Me-NotQ
floribunda
micrantha
patens
HeliotropiumB
Heliotropium (Heliotrope genus)
See species description locally
Sagebrush / WormwoodQZarbuscula
biennis
dracunculus
ludoviciana
tridentata
tripartita
filifolia
michauxiana
Low Sagebrush
Biennial Wormwood
Tarragon
Louisiana Sagewort
White Sage
Louisiana Wormwood
Foothill Sage
Big Sagebrush
Common Sagebrush
Sagebrush
Three-tip Sagebrush
Threetip Sagebrush
Michaux's Wormwood
AsterB
Aster (Aster genus)
Annual, biennial, or more often perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed, usually sessile. Heads solitary to numerous, with both ray and disc flowers or rarely the ray flowers lacking; involucral bracts in several usually imbricate series, green throughout or green-tipped and chartaceous below, occasionally chartaceous throughout, narrow to broad, obtuse to acute or rarely short-tapered at the tips; receptacle flat to slightly convex, naked; ray flowers
bbed or smooth, usually glabrous; pappus none.
snowberry
soapwort
sorghum
sorrel
sowthistle
speedwell
sphaeromeria
spider
spike
spike
primrose
spikemoss
spikerush
spleenwort
sprangletop
springbeauty
springparsley
spruce
spurge
squirreltail
john's
starwort
starwort
chickweed
stickseed
stone-fruits
stonecrop
stoneseed
stoneseed
gromwell
puccoon
storksbill
storksbill
filaree
heron's
strawberry
sumac
summer
summer
cypress
sumpweed|
sumpweed
povertyweed|
eled or rounded on the back, rarely short-awned, the first 1-nerved or nerveless (rarely obsolete), the second 1-3-nerved; lemma similar to or somewhat firmer than the glumes, rounded on the back, 3-nerved, commonly obscurely so, obtuse to acute or awned from the tip, rarely from between short apical lobes, the callus inconspicuous, glabrous or in some species long-hairy. Caryopsis free from but mostly remaining enclosed within the lemma and palea.
MuhlygrassG
POACEAE
Muhylgrass has about 100 species, most diverse in the western U.S. Thsy are quite variable in size and growth habit. We have only 2 in our range, but Arizona has 45 species. Pull-up Muhly is a delicate annual, while Muhly Scratchgrass is a perennial.
ChrysanthemumG
ASTERACEAE
Botanists are divided as to where the lines should be drawn for including species in this genus - limiting it to just 3 species, or as many as 75. In the revision of Arnow's book that is underway, all present species will be changed:
These names have been used in Europe for many years.
All three are natives of EurBBope or Asia, have deeply lobed leaves, and are strongly aromatic.
amsinckia
astragalus@
clarkia@
deschampsia@
gilia@
tradymia@
Sphaeralcea (Globemallow genus)
Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base; herbage usually stellate throughout. Leaves simple, toothed to variously divided. Flowers in compact racemes or narrow panicles; bractlets subtending the calyx 0-3, deciduous soon after flowering; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, usually reddish-orange, rarely pink or lavender; filaments arising singly from the often pubescent staminal tube; stigmas globose. Schizocarp ultimately separating into 8-12 thick-walled meB
ricarps, each 1- or 2-seeded, stellate on the back and differentiated into a smooth dehiscent upper portion and a reticulate-veined indehiscent basal portion.
GlobemallowG MALVACEAEP
GlobemallowQ3coccinea
grossulariaefolia
angustifolia
parvifolia
RZScarlet Globemallow
Common Globemallow
Gooseberry Globemallow
Gooseberry-leaf Globemallow
MarsileaB
Stellaria (Starwort or Chickweed genus)
Annual to perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, entire; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, solitary or in bracteate cymes; sepals (4) 5, free or barely fused at the base; petals (4) 5, sometimes lacking, white, shallowly to deeply bilobed; stamens 10, occasionally fewer; styles 3 (4 or 5). Fruit an ovoid to lance-cylindric, 1-chambered capsule opening by 6 erect to slightly spreading teeth; seeds few to numerous, compressed-globose to somewhat kidnBTey-shaped or oblong in outline, nearly smooth to distinctly patterned or papillose.
Starwort
ChickweedG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
king them look as though there are 10 rather than 5.
Catchweed Bedstraw
Cleavers
Common Bedstraw
Twinleaf Bedstraw
Northern Bedstraw
Mexican Bedstraw
Rough Bedstraw
Shrubby Bedstraw
Small Bedstraw
Sweet-scented Bedstraw
RubiaB
Rubia
See species description locally
RubiaG RUBIACEAE
CThe Rubia genus has about 60 species in Eurasia, Africa and tropical America. They are perennial herbs with whorled leaves, and hooke prickles on stems and leaf veins.
Flowers are in clusters in leaf junctions, small and 5-parted. Fruits are fleahy. berry-like.
We have a single species, Madder, which was used for dying.
087-020M
087-019N
100-001P
RubiaQ
tinctorum
Madder
RuppiaB
Ruppia (Ditchgrass genus)
See species description locally
Brassica gives its name to the whole family. Economically it is the most important also, being home to the mustards and the cabbages in all their various forms - cabbage, sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower.
Plants tend to be coarse, leafy. Many contain mustard oils that give them their characteristic flavor; in large concentrations they can be harmful.
Flowers are yellow, often fading to white. Seed pods are cylindrical, not particularly long for the size of the plants, and have a "beak", a B
narrow end portion that lacks seeds.
There are no species native to our area. Those we have are agricultural escapes, not always identifiable.
058-012M
087-013N
050-023P
MustardQ
kaber
nigra
oleracea
R;Charlock
Wild Mustard
Black Mustard
Field Mustard
Birdrape
CamelinaB
Crantz
Camelina (False Flax genus)
See species description locally
BarbareaB
R. Br.
P Blackberry / Raspberry / BrambleQ
idaeus
leucodermis
parviflorus
RFWild Raspberry
Western Raspberry
Black Raspberry
Western Thimbleberry
SanguisorbaB
Sanguisorba
See species description locally
BurnetG
ROSACEAE
The Burnets are a small group of plants of the northern temperate regions, annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves are alternate, pinnately compound with serrated leaflets atteched to a central stalk. They easily fit in with leaves of some cinquefoils, etc.
Flowers are very different, however, in that they frequently are separate male and female flowers (rather than a single flower with both types of part), and the different sexes may be on different plants. Not only that, but they la
critical. Click the button for a summary table of our plants.
Among the more distinctive species are Tower Mustard, Skyrocket, Littleleaf, and Spreading Rockcresses.
027-001M
028-027N
052-031P RockcressQmconfinis
drummondii
glabra
hirsuta
holboellii
lemmonii
lyallii
microphylla
perennans
sparsiflora
pulchra
Spreadingpod Rockcress
Drummond Rockcress
Tower Mustard
Hairy Rockcress
Skyrocket
Holboell Rockcress
Lemmon's Rockcress
Lyall Rockcress
Littleleaf Rockcress
Small-leaf Rockcress
Common Rockcress
Sicklepod Rockcress
Sickle Rockcress
BarbareaB
R. Br.
so their pinks and lavenders do not make much of a show.
Fruits (seed pods) are the most distinctive feature for many rock-cresses: in particular their length, and how they stick up or down from the main stem can b
bells
MARIA
Wasatch Families.fp3
MSPCA
NAMEA
Wasatch Families
RPTHA
Wasatch Families
MARIA
Wasatch Species.fp3
MSPCA
NAMEA
Wasatch Species
RPTHA
Wasatch Species
KRPTH
MSPCA
NAMEA
Wasatch Species.fm
RPTHA
Wasatch Species.fm
MARIA
Wasatch Species.fp3
MSPCA
NAMEA
Wasatch Species
RPTHA
Wasatch Species
FMRLA
FMRLA
Family NameB
Wasatch Families
pecies.fp3
RPTHA
Wasatch Species.fp3
bluebell
genus
about
species
divided
between
bluegrass
genus
large
species
orchid
genus
habenaria
large
brome
chess
genus
about
species
temperate
genus
about
15-20
species
cooler
burdocks
european
plants
simi_
burnets
small
group
plants
northern
catchfly
genus
largest
family
containing
catchweed
madwort
genus
single
species
cattail
genus
about
species
temperate
centranthus
genus
about
dozen
species
annuals
cinquefoil
genus
pronounced
sinkfoil
leaves
cliffrose
genus
included
species
columbine
genus
about
species
temperate
north
dogwood
genus
cornus
about
species
mostly
051-007M
026-004N
092-008P
WhitetopQ
chalepensis
draba
pubescens
RWGlobe-podded Whitetop
Orbicular Whitetop
Heart-podded Whitetop
Whitetop
Hairy Whitetop
ChlorocrambeB
Rydb.
Chlorocrambe
See species description locally
Mountain MustardG
BRASSICACEAE
Chlorocrambe has one species in our area Mountain Mustard. It is a tall, very distinctive plant of the middle mountains.
"Chlorocrambe" means 'green cabbage', in the broad sense. Flowers are greenish.
064-019M
065-004N
041-017P
Mountain MustardQ
hastata
Mountain Mustard
Chlorocrambe
051-007M
026-004N
092-008
PanicgrassG
POACEAE
The name Panicgrass does not relate to hysteria, but to an old Latin name for Millet. The Panic Grass subfamily is named for this genus, which is the largest in the family. Most of its 300-500 species are in warmer regions, and only a few reach here.
Millet is a food crop of great importance in Africa.
Flowers and seeds are in a large open panicle, which is a structure having branchlets upon branchlets (Photo 2). We have 4 species, 2 of which are native.
075-028M
075-030N
075-029P
PanicgrassQ0capillare
dichotomiflorum
lanuginosum
miliaceum
R>Witchgrass
Fall Panicgrass
Woolly Panicgrass
Broomcorn Millet
PhalarisB
urs) or dull and wrinkled.
Tansy MustardG
BRASSICACEAE
The Tansy Mustard genus has about 40 species worldwide, in the temperate zones. They are usually annuals of various habitats.
Leaves and flowers make them fairly distinctive, easily recognizable as a group, but difficult to tell apart. The leaves are divided into narrow segments like a feather ("pinnate"), and the segments may again be divided similarly. Flowers are yellow, in clusters at the ends of branching stems. As the branches elongate a little cluster goes with it.
Seed pods dev
elop below the flowering section, and there may be hundreds on a mature plant. They range from short and fat to long and thin, depending on the species.
We have 4 species, one a weed (mostly of the valleys), the others native, ranging from the valleys to alpine.
Tansy MustardQ(californica
pinnata
richardsonii
sophia
Harebell / BellflowerQ
rapunculoides
rotundifolia
R%Creeping Bellflower
Rover Bellflower
A DowningiaB
Torr.
Downingia
See species description locally
E DowningiaG
CAMPANULACEAE
#Downingia has about 14 species, native to the western U.S. They are plants of wet habitats, small and soft stemmed.
Flowers are of the Lobelia type, with a 2-lobed upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip. We have a single species, the Shore Downingia which grows on mud flats at lower elevations.
P DowningiaQ
laeta
Shore Downingia
ichardsonii
sophia
DiplotaxisB
PineQ-contorta
flexilis
monticola
ponderosa
edulis
RTLodgepole Pine
Black Pine
Limber Pine
Western White Pine
Ponderosa Pine
Yellow Pine
PseudotsugaB
Carr.
Pseudotsuga (Douglas Fir genus)
See species description locally
Douglas FirG
PINACEAEP
Douglas FirQ
menziesii
Douglas Fir
Red Pine
PlantagoB
Plantago (Plantain genus)
Herbs or subshrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate or more often entirely basal in rosettes. Flowers 4-merous in peduncled, bracteate spikes or heads, usually bisexual; sepals often in dimorphic pairs; corolla membranous, salverform to funnelform, the lobes usually ultimately spreadinq or deflexed; stamens 4, the anthers often apiculate-tipped; ovary 2-4-chambered. Fruit a capsule, circumscissile at or below the middle.
blunt protuberance, this, in some spe
whitea
white
orchid
white
checker
mallow
white
clover
white
white
hawkweedz
white
poplar
white
sagea
white
stonecrop
white
stoneseed
white
sweetclover
white
tickweed
white
virgin's
bower
white
water
crowfoot
white-sage
whitecockle
whitemandarin
whitemandarin
twisted-stalk
whitestemu
whitestem
blazing
whitestem
goldenweedu
whitestem
gooseberry
whitetip
whitetip
clover
whitetop
whitlow
whorled
whorled
buckwheat
widewingL
widewing
spring-parsleyL
wideworld
wideworld
parnassia
widgeongrass
wildM
am-apple
barley
begonia
black
currant
candytuft
carrotM
cucumber
There are approximately 30 species in the Rocket genus, native to the Old World. Some of them are used as ornamentals, because of their large bright petals.
One species, Dame's Rocket has been cultivated here and is well established as an escape in several places.
032-016P
RocketQ
matronalis
Sweet Rocket
Dame's Violet
HutchinsiaB
R. Br.
Hutchinsia
See species description locally
HutchinsiaG
BRASSICACEAE
This is a small genus with only 3 species, all European, though one may also be native to North America. They are annuals with white flowers.
Our only species, Hutchins's Mustard, is a small sprawling plant, to about 4 inches high.
-30. The fruit is a "drupe" in which the seed proper (the meat of an almond, for instance) is enclosed in a hard shell, the whole being enclosed in a fleshy/juicy outer layer, with a skin.
Several main groups of familiar fruits are included, such as plums, peaches and cherries. In all of these groups there are species which are cultivated for their flowers rather than their fruit.
We have 1 native species, the Western Chokecherry. There are some escapes from cultivation: American Plum whC
ich may still persist, St. Lucie Cherry which can be found near the entrance station of Mill Creek Canyon, and Peach which may no longer be present out of cultivation here.
031-027M
024-003N
013-035P
Plum / Cherry / Stone-fruitsQ
americana
persica
virginiana
RDAmerican Plum
Wild Plum
Pottawattami Plum
Peach
Western Chokecherry
PurshiaB
lobesA
lobularia
locallyD
Draba (Whitlow Grass genus)
Mostly low, annual to perennial herbs from taproots, often with a simple or branched caudex, herbage glabrous (rarely) to densely pubescent with simple or variously branched hairs. Leaves alternate, or in some species entirely basal, entire or toothed, short-petioled to more often sessile, not stem-clasping. Flowers in simple or compound, ebracteate to partially bracteate racemes; sepals 4, slightly or not at all pouched at the base, mostly soon deciduous;
petals 4, white to cream or yellow, clawed, the blade entire or shallowly notched, or in D. verna deeply lobed, rarely the petals lacking; stamens 6. Fruit a silicle or silique, ovate to elliptic or linear, strongly compressed parallel to the replum, flat or twisted, straight or curved, the valves obscurely 1-nerved or nerveless, glabrous or pubescent; style lacking or short to long, the stigma subentire; seeds in 2 rows on each side of the replum, oval to suborbicular, compressed, minutel
; sepals 4, erect to widely spreading, the outer pair sometimes pouched at the base; petals 4, yellow or less often white to pale lavender, sometines red- or purple-tinged, entire at the apex; stamens 6. Fruiting racemes elongate to somewhat umbellate; pedicels ascending to reflexed; fruit of silicles, sessile to short-stipitate, globose, ovoid to obovoid or ellipsoid, in some species slightly compressed at right angles to or parallel with the replum; style slender, the stigma small, obscuCkrely 2-lobed; seeds 1-l5 on each side of the replum, suborbicular, plump to flattened, generally wingless.
BladderpodG
BRASSICACEAE
008-008M
034-014N
033-029P
BladderpodQ.garrettii
occidentalis
utahensis
fendleri
E#Peppergrass / Pepperweed
Pepperweed
Little Polecat is the sole member of its genus, which is closely related to Phlox. In recent work it is being included within that genus.
Little PolecatQ gracilis
Little Polecat
NavarretiaB
Ruiz. & Pav.
Navarretia
See species description locally
NavarretiaG
POLEMONIACEAE
et, Photo 3).
FlaxflowerQ
MicrosterisB
Greene
Microsteris
See species description locally
Little PolecatG
POLEMONIACEAE
Little Polecat is the sole member of its genus, which is closely related to Phlox.
Pntricate mechanisms operate to ensure pollination. Flowers change color once fertilized.
Seed pods are often hairy. The two valves may curl as they dry out (Photo 5).
We have five species, two low annuals (Short-stem and King's) and three perennials (Silvery, Heel-cup and Silky). The latter can be extremely difficult to tell apart.
LupineQXargenteus
brevicaulis
caudatus
kingii
sericeus
texensis
pusillus
latifolius
breweri
RYSilvery Lupine
Shortstem Lupine
Tailcup Lupine
Spurred Lupine
King's Lupine
Silky Lupine
MedicagoB
on the upper side. Legume usually oblong and laterally flattened, 1-chambered; seeds 2 or more. The f
sweet-cicelyR
sweetclover
sweetclovers
sweetpea
sweetpeas
sweetpeas
lathyrus
genus
vetches
vicia
genus
extreme
sweetvetch
sweetvetches
sweetvetches
rather
similar
milkvetches/locoweed
switched
swollen
sword
sword-like
sylvestris
symbiotic
symmetrical
synonymous
syriacum
syrian
systemz
tabacum
table
takey
taken
takes
taking
tallE
oatgrass
small
genus
species
european-nort
tallerV
tamarisk
shrubs
small
medium
trees
tamarix
SmelowskiaG
BRASSICACEAE
Smelowskia is a small genus of about 10 species, the name honoring the Russian botanist T. Smielowski. They are native to northern and central Asia, and western North America.
Our single species ranges from Alaska and the Yukon through to Nevada, Utah and Colorado. It is a plant of harsh conditions, and many Smelowskias grow in a compct cushion-like form, from which flowering stems stick up.
SmelowskiaQ calycina
Siberian Smelowskia
StreptanthusB
Nutt.
Streptanthus (Twistflower genus)
See species description locally
TwistflowerG
BRASSICACEAE
stribution.
033-030
PetrophytumQ
caespitosum
Tufted Rockmat
Rock Spiraea
The Prickly Pears constitute a large genus of around 200 species in the Americas. They are very difficult, sometimes confrontational and tenacious. Actually, the prickly Pears are only one part of the genus. At maturity all plants lack leaves, but may have them transiently during new growth. Stems are jointed and succulent. The Prickly Pears (Platyopuntias) have flattened joints, while the Chollas (Cylindropuntias) have cylindrical joints. None of the Chollas reaches into our area. Prickly
Pears reach up into Canada.
Characteristically, Opuntias have specialized areas of the joints called areoles from which arise spines (usually barbed) and much smaller glochids (minute, but wickedly barbed). Hybridization blurs the boundaries between species.
Flowers are large and spectacular, delicate shades of yellow, muted orange, pink and rose. Unfortunately, color is not very useful for identifying a plant, because most species exhibit a range of colors.
We have 3 species here. Bri
adoneus
alismaefolius
aquatilis
arvensis
circinatus
cymbalaria
eschscholtzii
flabellaris
flammula
glaberrimus
inamoenus
jovis
longirostris
macounii
orthorhynchus
repens
sceleratus
testiculatus
andersonii
Alpine Buttercup
Plantainleaf Buttercup
Plantain Buttercup
White Water Crowfoot
Hairleaf Water Crowfoot
Field Buttercup
Corn Buttercup
Ring Buttercup
Rocky Mountain Buttercup
Shore Buttercup
Marsh Buttercup
Eschscholtz Buttercup
Yellow Water Crowfoot
Spearwort
Creeping Spearwort
Sagebrush Buttercup
Pleasant Buttercup
Drab Buttercup
Utah Buttercup
Jupiter Buttercup
Longbeak Buttercup
Bristly Crowfoot
Macoun's Buttercup
Straightbeak Buttercup
Creeping Buttercup
Blister Buttercup
Bur ButtercB
ThalictrumB
Poverty WeedG
CHENOPODIACEAE
There are 3 species of Povrty Weed, all of western North America. They are all small annuals, flowers usually bisexual. Seeds are held vertical.
We have a single species in our area.
Poverty WeedQ
nuttalliana
Poverty
Patata
Poverty-weed
SalicorniaB
Salicornia (Pickleweed or Samphire or Glasswort genus)
Glabrous, succulent, halophytic herbs or subshrubs; stems and branches jointed at the nodes, the internodes fleshy and terete, the branches usually numerous, 2 per node and opposite on the stem. Leaves opposite, reduced to minute triangular scales, these membranous-margined, laterally united and sheathlike at the apex of each internode, the free tips acute and ascending to ultimately widely divergent. Inflorescence of usually nume
C{suckle, a woody vine ("real honeysuckle") is used in reclamation projects; it sometimes escapes and doesn't get reclaimed.
036-027M
004-011N
106-002P
HoneysuckleQ.involucrata
utahensis
tatarica
fragrantissima
RYBearberry Honeysuckle
Black Twinberry
Utah Honeysuckle
Twinsisters
Tatarican Honeysuckle
SambucusB
eople find it hard to believe that our natives are actually honeysuckle. Flowers are often strongly fragrant, especially in the evening. Red berries may be toxic.
Our two natives are the Utah Honeysuckle, and the Black Twinberry, both medium-sized shrubs of the middle mountains. Twinsisters is another shrub, one that escapes from cultivation and sometimes gets established in the foothills. Japanese Honey
Pheasant's EyeG
RANUNCULACEAE
The Pheasant's Eye genus is small, with about 20 species in Eurasia. Our only member is an escape from cultivation. Plants may be annual or perennial from a taproot. Leaves are greatly dissected into narrow segments, all on the stem.
Flowers are single, or in a simple cluster.
052-023M
052-024P
Pheasant's EyeQ
aestivalis
Pheasant's Eye
AnemoneB
AUThe Woodnymph genus has only the single species, where the description can be found.
133-019M
133-018P WoodnymphQ uniflora
R$Woodnymph
Single Delight
Wax Flower
PyrolaB
Pyrola (Wintergreen or Shinleaf genus)
Glabrous perennial herbs from slender rhizomes. Leaves evergreen, somewhat leathery, usually chiefly basal and on short basal branches, the stem leaves alternate, reduced to small scales. Flowers mostly 5-merous, in terminal racemes on erect to pendent pedicels; calyx shallowly to deeply lobed; petals free, often somewhat unequal, concave, erect to spreading, soon falling; stamens 10, curved inward, the anthers inverted and opening by 2 pores at B
the ends of short tubes terminal on the sacs; style straight or curved to one side, the stigma flat and shallowly 5-lobed or with 5 short erect lobes. Fruit a 5-lobed capsule; seeds numerous.
Montia has about a dozen species, generally resembling Springbeauty, and plants sometimes get shifted between the two genera. Range includes America, Australia and Siberia.
See Claytonia for a description that fits. Technical details (not fully agreed on) are all that separate them.
MontiaQ
chamissoi
Water Springbeauty
Toad-lily
A PortulacaB
Portulaca (Purslane genus)
See species description locally
PurslaneG
PORTULACACEAE
deschampsia
descurainia
dicentra
digitaria
diplotaxis
dipsacus
disporum
distichlis
dodecatheon
downingia
draba
dryopteris
echinocereus
echinochloa
echinocystis
elaeagnus
eleocharis
eleusine
elodea
elymus
elysitanion
elysitanion
epilobium
epipactis
equisetum
eragrostis
erigeron
eriogonum
erodium
erysimum
erythronium
eschscholzia
euclidium
eupatorium
euphorbia
eurotia
festuca
floerkea
fragaria
frankenia
fritillaria
fumaria
galium
gaura
gayophytum
gentiana
gentianella
geranium
hydrophyllum
hymenoxys
hypericum
iliamna
isatis
isoetes
juncus
juniperus
kalmia
kochia
lactuca
lamium
lappula
lapsana
lathyrus
layia
ledum
lemna
leonurus
lepidium
lesquerella
leucelene
ligusticum
linum
lithospermum
uShield ferns or Wood Ferns are a large cosmopoliitan genus. They are medium sized to large, growing in moist shady areas. Plants are deciduous, with old leaf bases remaining around the base. Leaves have two or three levels of subdivision into leaflets. Spores are produced in patches (sori) on the veins of the underside Photo 3).
We have a single species, the Male Fern.
101-022M
101-024P
Shield Fern / Wood FernQ
filix-mas
Male Fern
PellaeaB
Pellaea (Cliffbrake genus)
See species description locally
CliffbrakeG
POLYPODIACEAE
lobularia
lolium
lomatium
lonicera
lotus
lunaria
lupinus
luzula
lychnis
lycium
lycopus
lygodesmia
lysimachia
lythrum
machaeranthera
madia
malcolmia
malus
malva
marrubium
marsilea
matricaria
medicago
melica
melilotus
mentha
mentzelia
mertensia
microseris
microsteris
mimulus
mirabilis
mitella
moldavica
monardella
moneses
monolepis
montia
muhlenbergia
myosurus
myriophyllum
najas
narcissus
nasturtium
navarretia
nemophila
nepeta
nicotiana
oenothera
onobrychis
onopordum
opuntia
orobanche
orogenia
orthocarpus
oryzopsis
osmorhiza
oxalis
oxyria
oxytropis
pachistima
panicum
papaver
parietaria
parnassia
parthenocissus
pastinaca
pedicularis
pellaea
penstemon
perideridia
perityle
petradoria
petrophytum
phacelia
phalaris
phleum
phlox
phoradendron
phragmites
physalis
physaria
physocarpus
picea
pinus
plagiobothrys
plantago
plectritis
polanisia
polemonium
polygonum
polypodium
stellaria
streptanthus
streptopus
suaeda
swertia
symphoricarpos
taraxacum
clarkia
claytonia
clematis
cleome
collinsia
collomia
comandra
conium
conringia
convolvulus
conyza
corallorhiza
cordylanthus
corispermum
cornus
corydalis
cowania
crataegus
crepis
cressa
cryptantha
cryptogramma
cuscuta
cymopterus
cynodon
cynoglossum
cyperus
cypripedium
cystopteris
dactylis
dactyloctenium
danthonia
datura
daucus
delphinium
lobularia@
lycopus
mertensia@
polypogon@
sorghum@
thelypodium
gilia
glaux
glechoma
glyceria
glycyrrhiza
gnaphalium
goodyera
grindelia
habenaria
hackelia
halogeton
haplopappus
hedera
hedysarum
helenium
helianthella
helianthus
heliotropium
heracleum
hesperis
heterotheca
heuchera
hibiscus
hieracium
hippuris
holcus
holodiscus
holosteum
hordeum
humulus
hutchinsia
hydrophyllum
hymenoxys
hyoscyamus
hypericum
iliamna
isatis
isoetes
ivesia
jamesia
juncus
juniperus
kalmia
kochia
koeleria
lactuca
lamium
lappula
lapsana
larix
lathyrus
layia
ledum
leersia
lemna
leonurus
lepidium
leptochloa
leptodactylon
lesquerella
leucelene
leucopoa
lewisia
ligusticum
limosella
linanthus
linaria
linnaea
linum
listera
lithophragma
lithospermum
lloydia
polypogon
polystichum
populus
portulaca
potamogeton
potentilla
primula
prunella
prunus
pseudotsuga
psilocarphus
psoralea
pteridium
puccinellia
purshia
pyrola
quercus
ranunculus
raphanus
rhamnus
ribes
robinia
rorippa
rubia
rubus
rudbeckia
rumex
ruppia
sagina
sagittaria
salicornia
salix
salsola
salvia
sambucus
sanguisorba
saponaria
sarcobatus
saxifraga
scirpus
sclerochloa
scrophularia
secale
sedum
selaginella
senecio
sesuvium
setaria
shepherdia
sibbaldia
sidalcea
silene
sisymbrium
sisyrinchium
sitanion
smelowskia
smilacina
solanum
solidago
sonchus
sorbus
sonchus
sporobulus
stachys
stellaria
stipa
streptanthus
streptopus
suaeda
swertia
symphoricarpos
taraxacum
cass@
host@
torr@
1-10@
1-many@
1964@
2-numerous
2-several@
3-10@
3-toothed@
4-chambered
5-10@
abortion
about@
acute@
acutish
adherent
alkaline@
alopecurus
foxtail
genus
alternate
alternating@
among
angelica@
annual
annual
perennial
herbs
shrubs
leaves
alternate
usually
annual
perennial
herbs
stems
triangular
terete
usually
annual
perennial
taprooted
herbs
rarely
subshrubs@
annual
perennial
taprooted
herbs
herbage
usually
hairy
perennial
taprooted
herbs
herbage
usually
hairy
annual
perennial
herbs
rarely
small
shrubs
leaves
simp@
berry@
bisexual@
black@
hous@
astragalus
athyrium
atriplex
avena
azolla
bahia
balsamorhiza
barbarea
bassia
beckmannia
bellis
berberis
berula
betula
bidens
boisduvalia
borago
botrychium
brassica
brickellia
bromus
calamagrostis
callitriche
calochortus
caltha
calystegia
camassia
camelina
camissonia
campanula
cannabis
capsella
cardamine
cardaria
carduus
carex
carum
castilleja
catabrosa
ceanothus
celtis
cenchrus
centaurea
centaurium
centranthus
cerastium
ceratophyllum
cercocarpus
chaenactis
chamomilla
cheilanthes
chenopodium
chimaphila
chloris
chlorocrambe
chorispora
chrysanthemum
chrysothamnus
cichorium
cicuta
cinna
circaea
cirsium
sorghum
sparganium
spartina
spergularia
sphaeralcea
sphaeromeria
spiranthes
spirodela
sporobolus
stachys
stellaria
stipa
streptanthus
streptopus
suaeda
swertia
symphoricarpos
synthyris
tamarix
taraxacum
tetradymia
thalictrum
thelypodium
thlaspi
townsendia
tragopogon
tribulus
trifolium
triglochin
trisetum
triteleia
triticum
typha
ulmus
urtica
vaccaria
vaccinium
valeriana
veratrum
verbascum
verbena
veronica
vicia
viguiera
vinca
viola
wolffia
woodsia
wyethia
xanthium
xanthocephalum
zannichellia
zigadenus
Pickleweed, Samphire, or Glasswort occurs worldwide in saline habitats. There are 13 species recognized, but more study is needed. They are among the most salt-tolerant plants known, growing closest to the water near briny lakes. As one moves away from the lake itself, plants of decreasing tolerance make their appearance.
Stems are very succulent, made up of little cylindrical joints full of salt water. Leaves are tiny triangular wedges, barely visible at the junctions between joint. FlowB
ers are in small groups, carried in spikes. They are actually sunken into the flehy stem.
We have two species, the widespread annual Marshfire Pickleweed and the perennial Utah Pickleweed which grows in Utah and Death Valley, California.
sed, short-hairy, enclosed
above the pistillate; staminate flowers ebracteate, the calyx minute, membranous, and 3-5-parted, the stamens 3-5; each pistillate flower subtended by 2 bracts, these free or fused to some degree, the margins entire or toothed to lobed and the dorsal surface smooth or variously appendaged, a calyx lacking or occasionally present and similar to that of the staminate flowers (the pistillate bracts then lacking), the ovary ovoid, subglobose, the style 2-cleft to the base or nearly so. UtriclC
e compressed, vertical when enclosed by 2 bracts and horizontal when subtended by a calyx, the pericarp of the dried fruit membranous and usually free from the seed; seeds dimorphic or polymorphic in several annual species.
SaltbushG
CHENOPODIACEAE
078-033P
SaltbushQNargentea
canescens
confertifolia
gardneri
heterosperma
hortensis
patula
rosea
to form a small sinus, the upper pair prolonged within the spur; stamens numerous; pistils 3 (1-5). Fruit of erect to widely spreading follicles, seeds numerous. Species of Delphinium cause more cattle losses in Utah than any other poisonous plant; sheep and horses, however, are rarely affected (Stoddart et al. 1949). The annual garden larkspur, D. ajacis L., a native of Europe, sometimes persists in abandoned gardens or escapes to nearby fields.
LarkspurG
RANUNCULACEAE
thills to the subalpine, the other is a tall perennial that occurs only in the
004-010M
028-029N
037-006P
LarkspurQ
nuttallianum
occidentale
The Goosefoot family (literal translation of Chenopodium) is a large one, with 150 species in temperate regions. It is named for the fancied resemblance of some leaves to a goose's foot: not a bad resemblance compared with many such names. Leaves vary from succulent to average thin and broad.
Unlike the large Saltbush genus, flowers are almost always bisexual. Petals are lacking, but 5 (sometimes 2) calyx segments fold around to enclose the seed. Seeds are often somewhat flattened spheres
, squashed from above; however, they can also be squashed the other way like many of those in the Saltbush genus.
Three of our 8 species are derived from Eurasia, the rest are native with some being at home anywhere in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
The genus is notoriously difficult for even the experts. This has resulted in several name changes between the present edition and the one being prepared by Arnow.
rea. That is
flat to rounded, papillo
067-016M
067-017P AspidotisQ
densa
Pod Fern
Dense Lace Fern
E HalogetonG
CHENOPODIACEAE
Halogeton is one of three species from Asia, plants that thrive in a somewhat salty desert habitat. They are annuals with small succulent leaves, spine-tipped.
They contain oxalates, chemiscals that can be toxic.
078-036M
078-037N
079-016P HalogetonQ
glomeratus
Halogeton
KochiaB
Kochia (Summer Cypress genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs, stems erect, herbage conspicuously hairy to glabrate. Leaves alternate or opposite, linear, thin and flat or fleshy and terete, entire, often with clusters of secondary leaves in the axils of the primary ones. Flowers bisexual or pistillate, sessile, solitary or in small axillary clusters; calyx 5-lobed, enclosing the fruit, the lobes winged or otherwise appendaged at fruiting; stamens (3-4) 5; styles 2 (3)-cleft toBG the base or nearly so. Utricle horizontal, dorsiventrally compressed.
valves
variable
variably
variation
variousu
variouslyP
varying]
vascular
vegetative
vegetatively
veined
veinsE
velvetgrass
ventralj
ventrally
vertical
verticallyl
vestigial[
vetch
vicia
vicia
vetch
genus
viguiera
viguiera
goldeneye
genus
vincaW
vinca
periwinkle
myrtle
genusW
vinelike
vines
violet
Alkali Weeds are a small genus, very different from the typical members of the Morning Glory family. They are subshrubs, white hairy. Stems are not twining.
Flowers occur in the upper leaf junctions, on one side of the stem.
099-030M
099-031N
100-009P
Alkali WeedQ
truxillensis
Alkali Weed
CornusB
Cornus (Dogwood genus)
See species description locally
DogwoodG CORNACEAE
Alkali WeedG
CONVOLVULACEAE
Alkali Weeds are a small genus, very different from the typical members of the Morning Glory family. They are subshrubs, white hairy. Stems are not twining.
Flowers occur in the upper leaf junctions, on one side of the stem.
athyrium
athyrium
genus
atriplex
atriplex
saltbush
genus
attached
attachment
atypical
auricledv
and the dorsal surface smooth or variously appendaged, a calyx lacking or occasionally present and similar to that of the staminate flowers (the pistillate bracts then lacking), the ovary ovoid, subglobose, the style 2-cleft to the base or nearly so. Utricle compressed, vertical when enc
The Stonecrop genus is very large, with 450 species. Many of them are small plants with succulent leaves. There is usually a basal rosette, plus leaves along the stems. The stem leaves lack stalks, and are most frequently alternate. One of our local species, however, has opposite leaves.
Flowers have 4-5 sepals and 4-5 petals, usually appearing star-shaped. Typical colors are yellow, orange, or white. There are 2 stamens per petal. Seeds are contained in little capsule which split along oB
ne side.
We have 2 native yellow-flowered species, and a white-flowered species which has become well established in several places.
005-001M
010-032N
060-002P StonecropQ2debile
lanceolatum
album
rhodanthum
anglicum
RHOpposite Stonecrop
Lanceleaf Stonecrop
Common Stonecrop
White Stonecrop
EchinocystisB
T. & G.
o the base or nearly so. Utricle compressed, vertical when enc
subherbaceous^
submergedC
subobsolete
subopposite
suborbicularR
subplumose`
subrhizomatousz
subsalverform
subscaposeL
subsessileV
subshrubsB
subshrubs
shrubs
small
trees
deciduous
evergreen
erect
subtendedE
subtending[
subtending[
parish's
parish's
spikerush
parnassia
parrotbeak
parrotbeak
lousewort
parry`
parry
arnica`
parry
goldenweedu
parry
parry'su
parry's
goldenrodu
parry's
primrose
parsleyP
parsley
parsnipN
patata
patience
patience
peach
peach-leaf
peach-leaf
willow
peachleaf
peachleaf
willow
pearlwort
pearly\
pearly
everlasting\
peavine
pennycress
penstemon
pepper
peppergrass
peppermint
pepperplant
pepperweed
pepperwort
peregrineq
peregrine
daisyq
perennial
perennial
sweetpea
periwinkle
perplexing
perplexing
persian
persian
speedwell
petty
petty
spurge
phacelia
pheasant's
pheasant's
phlox
pickleweed
P FlatsedgeQ
esculentus
erythrorhizos
perigynium is a modified b
amphibium
aviculare
convolvulus
cuspidatum
douglasii
kelloggii
lapathifolium
minimum
persicaria
ramosissimum
viviparum
bistortoides
KWater Lady's Thumb
Water Smartweed
Prostrate Knotweed
Devil's Shoestrings
Chivalry Grass
Dishwater Grass
Black Bindweed
Dullseed Cornbind
Japanese Knotweed
Fleece Flower
Douglas Knotweed
Kellogg Knotweed
Pale Smartweed
Willow-weed
Broadleaf Knotweed
Spotted Lady's Thumb
Heart's-ease
Bushy Knotweed
Alpine Bistort
American Bistort
RumexB
entirelyP
enveloped
ephemeral
epigynousB
epilobium
epilobium
willowherb
willow-weed
genus
epipactis
epipactis
helleborine
genus
equalW
equally
equisetum
equisetum
horsetail
scouring
genus
equitant
eragrostis
eragrostis
lovegrass
genus
erectE
directly
disagreementu
disarticulating
discA
disc-lined
disc-shaped
discoid
disporum
disposed
dissectedL
distance
distichlis
distinctG
distinction
distinctlyC
distributed
ditchgrass
divergent
dividedB
documented
dorsally
dorsiventrally
doubleA
driedp
drooping
ract unique to the genus Carex. The margins of the bract are fused to form the saclike perigynium and in some species the line of fusion (dorsal suture) is visible near the apex of the dorsal aspect of the perigynium. Perigynia measurements as given in the keys include the beak. Species descriptions for this large genus are omitted as explained in the preface. Those interested in definitive treatments of Carex as it occurs in Utah or in the Intermountain Region may refer to Lewis (1958), HE,ermann (1970), and Cronquist et al. (1977).
SedgeG
CYPERACEAE
all opening at its summit, falling with the mature achene and appearing to form the outer portion of the fruit. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled in accordance with the number of the stigmas. The perigynium is a modified br
Navarretia is a small genus with about 30 species of small prickly annual herbs, mostly in the western U.S., plus two species in South America. Many including ours are prostrate and many-branched. Leaves are lobed featherwise, and the lobes may again be divided, with sharp prickles.
Flowers are typically 5-parted, in clusters with spine-tipped bracts and calyx lobes. Corolla is usually a small narrow trumpet with 5 lobes.
We have only the yellow-flowered N. breweri, although the blue-floB1wered N. intertexta occurs in the close vicinity.
094-005M
094-006N
094-009P
NavarretiaQ
breweri
intertexta
Pincushion Plant
PhloxB
cornaceae
crassulaceae
cucurbitaceae
cupressaceae
cuscutaceae
cyperaceae
dipsacaceae
elaeagnaceae
equisetaceae
ericaceae
euphorbiaceae
fabaceae
fagaceae
frankeniaceae
fumariaceae
gentianaceae
geraniaceae
grossulariaceae
haloragaceae
hippuridaceae
hydrocharitaceae
hydrophyllaceae
hypericaceae
iridaceae
isoetaceae
juncaceae
juncaginaceae
lamiaceae
leguminosae
lemnaceae
liliaceae
limnanthaceae
linaceae
loasaceae
lythraceae
malvaceae
marsileaceae
najadaceae
nyctaginaceae
onagraceae
ophioglossaceae
orchidaceae
orobanchaceae
oxalidaceae
polygonaceae
portulacaceae
primulaceae
Carex is a huge genus of about 2000 species worldwide. Members have single-sexed flowers in spikelets, the separate sexes being present on the same or on different plants. They also have the characteristic 3-sided stems of the family. Seeds are grainlike, covered by a specialized structure formed from bracts.
Differences among species depend on microscopic examination. Individual descriptions will not be given. Those needing more information should consult Volume 6 of "Intermountain FloraBV" by Cronquist et al., which includes superb line drawings to illustrate all species.
075-016M
075-014N
071-002P
Sedge
r firm beaklike structure with the style or the 2 or 3 stigmas exserted through a small opening at its summit, falling with the mature achene and appearing to form the outer portion of the fruit. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled in accordance with the number of the stigmas. The perigynium is a modified b
Buffaloberry is restricted to North America. All 3 species occur in Utah. They are shrubs, sometimes thorny. Male and female flowers are carried on separate plants. As is typical of the famaily, flowers are small and lack petals; sepals are sometimes colored, though. Fruits are fleshy drupes (cherry-like), but bitter. Mixed with sugar, buffalo meat, etc, they have been used for food.
Canada Buffaloberry (Soapberry) is known to be present here, in the mountains. It is native across the nor
thern U.S. and Canada. Leaves are green, rather than the common silvery color.
Silver Buffaloberry is being added to our list in the new edition of Arnow's book. Silvery leaves
Roundleaf Buffaloberry occurs to the south, common in places like Capitol Reef.
BuffaloberryQ
canadensis
rotundifolia
There are just 10 species in the Laurel genus, mostly of eastern North America. They include handsome shrubs such as the American Laurel, and the diminutive Swamp Laurel which occurs in our range.
Flowers are much more open and showy than in most of the family.
066-002P
LaurelQ
polifolia
Swamp Laurel
Bog Laurel
LedumB
Ledum (Labrador Tea genus)
See species description locally
Labrador TeaG ERICACEAE
Labrador Tea is a small genus of 2 or 3 shrub species in the Northern Hemisphere. They are evergreens, usually hairy.
Flowers have 5 sepals fused ino a ring; petals are mostly free and spreading.
We have a single species, the Western Labrador Tea.
xand the buildup in their tissues gives the plants some protection from herbivores. Plants of this type frequently have a distinctive odor.
Many Astragalus have no toxins, and are excellent forage plants - hence "Milkvetch".
Two of our more distinctive species are the diminutive Kentrophyta and the spectacular Utah Milkvetch. Outside our range is the Great Rushy Milkvetch.
066-020M
023-016N
024-029P
Locoweed / Milkvetch
utahensis
cicer
eurekensis
mollissimus
lonchocarpus
lentiginosus
desperatus
praelongus
episcopus
serpens
newberryi
whitneyi
cymboides
asclepiadoides
rafaelensis
preussii
coltonii
flavus
gate,
SpartinaB
Schreb.
Spartina (Cordgrass genus)
See species description locally
E CordgrassG
POACEAE
AqCordgrasses constitute a small genus of spreading grasses, with 16 species, half of which are native to the U.S.
P CordgrassQ gracilis
Alkali Cordgrass
SporobolusB
R. Br.
ellipsoida
ellipticl
elodea
elongateC
elongated
elongatingL
elymus
elymus
wildrye
genus
elysitanion
emended[
emergentC
emerging
emphasisq
enclosed
enclosing[
endocarp
enlarged
flowers or, if both in the same spike, the staminate flowers terminal and the spikes androgynous, or the pistillate flowers terminal and the spikes gynaecandrous; perianth lacking; staminate flowers of (2)3 stamens subtended by a staminate scale; pistill
Melicgrass
OniongrassG
POACEAE
AyOniongrass is a moderate-sized genus with 60 species in temperate regions. They are clump-forming, or spread by runners.
Melicgrass / OniongrassQ
bulbosa
spectabilis
Oniongrass
Purple Oniongrass
MuhlenbergiaB
Schreb.
Muhlenbergia (Muhlygrass genus)
Annuals to tufted or rhizomatous perennials, the rhizomes often covered with closely overlapping scales; stems simple or sparingly to freely branched. Leaf sheaths open, ligules membranous, auricles lacking. Inflorescence ar open or contracted to spikelike panicle; spikelets 1-flowered (sometimes 2-flowered in M. asperifolia), disarticulating above the glumes; glumes thin (ours) mostly subequal, shorter to occasionally slightly longer than the lemma, ke
stems
sterile@
stipules@
structure@
stylopodium@
subherbaceous@
subterete@
symmetrical@
terete@
terminating@
that@
their@
this@
tipped
together
toothed@
trailing@
tuberculate@
tufts
under
unequally@
united
usda@
usually
utricle
valves@
veratrum@
visible@
well-developed@
white-woolly@
windflower
with@
withering
within@
year@
barnyard
grass@
bower
buffaloberry@
chamomile
chickweed@
dropseed@
fritillary@
goosefoot
greasewood@
jacob's
labrador@
ragweed@
sage@
sweet
cicely
sweetroot@
tickweed@
aizoaceae@
cornaceae@
papaveraceae@
primulaceae
staminalX
staminateE
staminodal
staminode
staminodes
star-shaped
starwort
statesX
stellaria
stellaria
starwort
chickweed
genus
stellate
stemZ
stem-clasping
stemsG
loosestrife
lousewort
lovage
lovegrass
lover
lupine
mahogany
maideni
maidenhair
maidenhair
malcolmia
mallow
mannagrass
manzanita
maple
mare's
mare's
marigold
mariposa
mariposa
marsh
marsh
marigold
matchweed
mayweed
meadowrue
medick
melicgrass
melicgrass
oniongrass
merlin's
milkvetch
rweed
pepperweed
periwinkleW
periwinkle
myrtleW
pickleweed
pickleweed
samphire
glasswort
pigweed
plantainC
poisonK
poison
hemlockK
popcorn
popcorn
flower
povertyweed
prickly
prickly
puccoon
purslaneB
pussytoes
quillwort
rabbitbrush
radish
ragweed
resinweed
rockcress
sagebrusha
sagebrush
wormwooda
salsify
saltbush
samphire
sandspurry
sandwort
scorpionweed
scorzonella
scouring
Hitchcock et al. (1959) base their separation on the consistently 4-merous condition in Frasera and on a difference in basic chromosome numbers: 13 in Frasera and 9, 12, and 14 in Swertia. R
E JunegrassG
POACEAE
AaJunegrasses are a small genus of the Northern Hemisphere. Our only species is a native perennial.
Junegrass Q
macrantha
Junegrass
LeersiaB
Leersia
See species description locally
CutgrassG
POACEAE
Leersia or Cutgrass is a member of the Rice subfamily of grasses, and inhabit wet areas. They are perennials, spreading by underground runners. Leaves have backward-pointing sawtooth spines, which can easily cut hands.
CutgrassQ
oryzoides
Rice Cutgrass
LeptochloaB
Beauv.
about
about
species
reedgrass
described
about
species
ivesia
native
western
about
species
north
temperate
regions
hemispheresO
about
species
western
america
members
lettuce
about
species
clover
recognized
mainly
about
species
alkali-grass
genus
resident
about
species
mannagrass
occur
northern
hemisph
about
species
biennial
herbs
culinarry
abovei
absents
absinthea
absolutely
abundantP
abuse
acacia
acanthicarpa[
acaulisu
accept
accident
according
accountsW
accumulate
accurately
acerA
achene
achenes
actively
xfloret, rounded to keeled on the back, (1)3-5-nerved, acute at the apex; lemmas rounded on the back, long-hairy on the margins and often over the back, obscurely nerved, bifid at the apex, a stout, flat, twisted, and more or less bent awn arising between or just below the base of the acute to long-tapered lobes, the callus well developed and hairy; anthers often vestigial.
ly to strongly reflexed, glabrous to variously hairy on the back, the wings typically lightly fused at their tips and thus more or less enclosing the keel, the keel tapered toward the tip and curved to nearly straight; stamens 10, monadelphous, dimorphic: 5 filaments short with large basifixed anthers and 5 filaments long with small versatile anthers. Legume pubescent, laterally flattened, often slightly constricted between the 2-12 seeds.
Lupine
Our perennial species of Lupinus are poisonous to sheep when consumed in large quantities (USDA 1968). The annual L. pusillus Pursh, with racemes to 17 cm long, is reported from Salt Lake County by Welsh (1978a), but we have seen no specimens from other than western and southern Utah.
FABACEAE
Legume usually oblong and laterally flattened, 1-chambered; seeds 2 or more. The f
Corydalis (Scrambled Eggs genus)
Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs from fleshy roots or rhizomes; stems simple or branched, often hollow; herbage glabrous and usually glaucous. Leaves alternate, bipinnately to tripinnately compound. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical, short-pedicelled in terminal and axillary, bracteate racemes or panicles; sepals 2, membranous and bractlike, erect, usually deciduous at flowering; petals 4, yellow or white to pinkish, the outer 2 more or less fused bel
ow with the upper one broader than the lower and spurred, both erect or nearly so, keeled, and somewhat expanded to winged at the apex, the inner 2 erect, expanded and fused at the apex, clawed at the base; stamens 6, in sets of 3; style elongate, the stigma 2-lobed or longitudinally flattened and oblong. Capsule cylindric to ellipsoid or obovold, 2-valved; seeds round or nearly so, moderately compressed to plump, shiny, brown or black.
along a single suture, r
Cfarely circumscissile, globose to elongate, commonly remaining within the persistent calyx; seeds 1-4.
CloverG
FABACEAE
About 240 species of Clover are recognized. They are mainly of temperate climates in Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. Despite the name "trifolium", and popular legend, not all clovers have 3 leaves, though most do. Some species have 5 or even 9 leaflets in the palmate (hand-type) arrangements. They are annual or perennial herbs.
Flowers are typically tiny, clustered in dense heads. The petals stay around after fertilization, creating a sheath for the little pod.
Several species are impoB
rtant forage crops, and also replenish nitrogen in the soil by way of the bacteria in their root nodules.
We have 6 species, a mixture of native and introduced.
axilsE
axisP
azolla
azolla
waterfern
mosquito
genus
backC
backs
balloons
balsamrootc
balsomorhizac
balsomorhiza
balsamroot
genusc
bands
baneberry
banner
barbarea
barbarea
wintercress
genus
barbed]
barberry
barely
barkF
barley
barnyard
barredz
basalC
GENTIANACEAEK
CentauryQ
exaltatum
R&Exalted Centaury
Great Basin Centaury
GentianaB
Gentiana (Gentian genus)
See species description locally
GentianG
GENTIANACEAEK
GentianQ
affinis
calycosa
Rocky Mountain Pleated Gentian
GentianellaB
Moench
Gentianella
See species description locally
Little GentianG
GENTIANACEAEK
Little GentianQ amarella
R Little Gentian
Northern Gentian
SwertiaB
Centaurytion locally
Centaury
ss fused bel
andersonu
androgynous
androsace
androsace
jasmine
genus
anemone
anemone
windflower
genus
, minute, flat to subglobose. Fruit a glabrous or pubescent, sometimes glandular, spiny, or bristly berry, usually crowned with the persistent floral parts; seeds numerous. The genus Ribes is often included in the family Saxifragaceae.
Currant
GooseberryG
GROSSULARIACEAEK
Currant / GooseberryQJaureum
cereum
hudsonianum
inerme
lacustre
montigenum
viscosissimum
wolfii
Golden Currant
Lewis's Currant
Wax Currant
Squaw Currant
Wild Black Currant
Northern Black Currant
Whitestem Gooseberry
Black Prickly Currant
Swamp Black Gooseberry
Gooseberry Currant
Alpine Prickly Currant
Sticky Currant
Wolf's Currant
Rothrock's Currant
MyriophyllumB
Myriophyllum
See species description locally
E WaterleafG
HYDROPHYLLACEAEK
+P WaterleafQ
capitatum
occidentale
R8Ballhead Waterleaf
Capitate Waterleaf
Western Waterleaf
A NemophilaB
Nutt.
Nemophila
See species description locally
E NemophilaG
HYDROPHYLLACEAEK
+P NemophilaQ
breviflora
R Woodlove
PhaceliaB
Phacelia (Scorpionweed genus)
Annual to perennial, taprooted herbs; herbage usually hairy to some degree, often glandular. Leaves alternate throughout or the lowermost sometimes opposite, entire to pinnately compound. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, borne in what appear to be globose clusters but actually distributed along coiled axes, these elongating in age, the inflorescence then appearing racemose or paniculate; calyx lobed nearly to the base, the lobes sometimes unequal, often accrescent
HYDROPHYLLACEAEP WaterleafQ
capitatum
occidentale
the stigmas 2
001-023M
131-022N
125d-22P
BeardtongueQ
cyananthus
humilis
leonardii
montanus
platyphyllus
procerus
rydbergii
whippleanus
ambiguus
eatonii
palmeri
strictus
confusus
utahensis
Wasatch Penstemon
Blue Beardtongue
Low Penstemon
Leonard's Penstemon
Cordroot Penstemon
Broadleaf Penstemon
Littleflower Penstemon
Small-flower Penstemon
Rydberg's Penstemon
Whipple's Penstemon
Palmer's Penstemon
Scrophularia B
Scrophularia (Figwort genus)
See species description locally
FigwortG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
001-023P
BeardtongueQ
cyananthus
humilis
leonardii
montanus
platyphyllus
procerus
rydbergii
whippleanus
ambiguus
eatonii
palmeri
strictus
confusus
utahensis
john's
johnson
johnson
grass
johnswort
jointed
jointed
charlock
jointed
goatgrass
jones
jones
reedgrass
jones's
jones's
sedge
junegrass
juniper
juniper
mistletoe
jupiter
jupiter
buttercup
kellogg
kellogg
knotweed
kellogg's
kellogg's
sedge
kentrophyta
kentucky
kentucky
bluegrass
king's
king's
aster
king's
king's
ivesia
king's
lupine
king's
sandwort
king's
tansyaster
king's
yellow-flax
kinnikinnick
kitchenweed
kittentails
klamath
klamath
knapweedh
knotweed
kobresia
kobresia
sedge
labrador
laceM
lanceleaf
phacelia
lanceleaf
rockcress
lanceleaf
stonecrop
lanszwert's
lanszwert's
sweetpea
larch
large
large
collomia
large-valve
large-valve
species
phlox
brightly
colored
flowers
many-branched
manzanitas
manzanitas
especially
abundant
california
where
mapleA
marbles
march|
margin
margins
marigolde
marihuana
maritima
markedly`
markings
marsh
marshesx
marshfire
massed
masses
massive
mat-forming
matchweed
matchweeds
t on the upper portion.
E LousewortG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Owl CloverG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
spidus
Nodding Brome
Rattlesnake Chess
Mountain Brome
Fringed Brome
Ripgut Brome
Soft Chess
Smooth or Hungarian Brome
Japanese or Hairy Chess
Poverty Brome
Cheatgrass
Broncograss
Columbia Brome
CalamagrostisB
Adans.
Calamagrostis (Reedgrass genus)
Moderately tall, often rhizomatous perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat to inrolled; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to spikelike panicle; spikelets 1(2)-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and (in ours) prolonged behind the palea as a short, often hairy bristle; glumes longer than the floret, subequal, acute to long-tapered, rounded on the back or somewhat keeled, the first usually 1-nerved, the
Luzula (Woodrush genus)
Perennial herbs; stems slender, hollow, tufted or arising at intervals from rhizomes, in some species stoloniferous. Leaf sheaths closed, the blades flat, often ciliate. Inflorescence ranging from open, lax, and paniculate to compact and spikelike; flowers bisexual, each borne in the axil of a membranous bract and often immediately subtended by a pair of bractlets, the perianth persistent at fruiting, the stamens 6, the ovary 1-chambered, otherwise the flower s
Ttructure as for the Family. Capsules 3-valved, 1-chambered, the basal portion of the style occasionally persistent as a minute stylar beak; seeds 3, mostly ellipsoid, smooth or faintly reticulate, apiculate to rounded at the apex, often attached to the ovary by short, white, hairlike fibers, in some species with a fleshy basal appendage.
WoodrushG JUNCACEAEK
generally terminal and compound, of 1-many variously disposed, essentially cymose clusters, the latter usually subtended by 1-several membranous or leaflike bracts, the lowermost (involucral) bract of the inflorescence ranging from membranous and inconspicuous to leaflike and much longer than the inflorescence, in some species terete, stiffly erect, and appearing to be a continuation of the stem, the inflorescence then apparently lateral; flowers bisexual, few to many per cluster or rarely
solitary, each flower sessile or pedicelled in the axil of a usually membranous bract, the perianth in some species immediately subtended by 2(3) membranous bractlets; perianth persistent at fruiting, the 6 segments in 2 subequal series, the inner generally the shorter, otherwise the flower structure as for the family. Capsules 3-valved, 1- or 3-chambered, the basal portion of the style often persistent as a minute stylar beak; seeds numerous, ellipsoid to fusiform, minutely reticulate, o
lobularia@
annual
perennial
taprooted
herbs
usually
milky
juice@
branched@
drupe@
imbricate@
perennial@
perennial
scapose
herbs
rhizomes
bearing
fleshy
fibrous@
racemose@
rarely@
stems@
lovage@
attracting@
deal@
everlasting@
fell@
inches@
levisticum@
male@
species@
sweet-cicely@
horsebrush
genus
about
species
drier
parsnip
genus
native
eurasia
where
there
about@
wintercress
genus
species
range
plants
twigs@
beckwithii@
subulata@
great
basin
centaury@
smotherweed@
Redtop
BentgrassG
POACEAE
Bentgrass is a large genus of 100 species, occurring from the subactic to the tropics (at high elevations. About 40 species are native to the U.S., four of them locally plus the introduced Creeping Bentgrass. Local species include high altitude grasses of the alpine region.
Redtop / BentgrassQ1exarata
humilis
hyemalis
stolonifera
thurberiana
RZSpike Redtop
Alpine Redtop
Ticklegrass
Redtop Bentgrass
Creeping Bentgrass
Thurber Redtop
AlopecurusB
maritimus
parviflorus
Alkali Birdsbeak
Limosella B
Limosella (Mudwort genus)
See species description locally
MudwortG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
There are about 12 species of Mudwort occurring around the world. They are small annuals or perennials growing next to water, often submerged.
We have a single species
MudwortQ aquatica
Water Mudwort
Linaria B
Mill.
the valleys (Photo 1). Another is quite common in the Kolob area of Zion National Park (Photo 2).
094-013M
045-008P Birdsbeak
irdsbeak
sessileV
sesuviumB
sesuvium
seapurslane
genusB
setaria
setaria
bristlegrass
genus
setsp
settling
severalW
several-flowered
several-nerved
several-seeded
sexes
shaden
shallowly]
shape
shaped
sharp
sharply
R(Cloverhead Horsemint
Stinking Horsemint
NepetaB
Nepeta
See species description locally
Cat MintG LAMIACEAEP
Cat MintQ
cataria
Catnip
PrunellaB
Prunella (Selfheal genus)
See species description locally
SelfhealG LAMIACEAEP
SelfhealQ vulgaris
Common Selfheal
Heal-all
SalviaB
Salvia (Sage genus)
See species description locally
SageG LAMIACEAEP
SageQ*sclarea
azurea?
lyrata?
aethiopis
dorrii
Clear-eye
Clary Sage
Clary
StachysB
Stachys
See species description locally
lycopus
water
horehound
bugleweed
genus
lygodesmia
lygodesmia
skeletonweed
genus
lysimachia
lythrum
lythrum
loosestrife
genus
machaeranthera
machaeranthera
tansyaster
genus
madia
madia
tarweed
genus
mahogany
maideni
maidenhair
majorj
malcolmia
mallow
malodorous
malus
malus
apple
genus
malva
malva
mallow
genus
mannagrass
manyB
many-barbed
many-flowered
many-rayed
many-seeded
manzanita
mapleA
margin
marginalG
marginally}
margined
LeonurusB
MotherwortG LAMIACEAE
LycopusB
LAMIACEAE
LycopusB
LycopusB
o many per cluster or rarely solitary, each flower se
The Woodland Stars are a small genus of 9 species, endemic to (occurring only in) western North America. They are perennial herbs growing from roots that have tiny bulbs attached. These are important for survival in times of environmental stress. One of our species also has them growing at leaf junctions and elsewhere along the stem (Photo 2). Leaves are both basal and on the stem, with deep lobes.
Flowers are 5-parted, occasionally less, carried in a loose cluster at the top of flowering
stems. Petals are white, often deeply divided, giving the flowers a delicate starry appearance.
We have 3 species. Slender Woodland Star is known only from the foothills in our area, while the others (Fringecup Woodland Star and Smallflower Woodland Star) frequently grow together in the foothills and midmontane areas. Upper part of road in City Creek Canyon is a good place to find them, although they are quite common elsewhere.
Woodland Stars illustrate the difficulties that arise with
rregularly angled. Species of Zigadenus (occasionally spelled Zygadenus) are among the most toxic plants in the western U.S. Although poisonous to all animals, only sheep are affected on open range (Stoddart et al. 1949). Except during the settling of the West, cases of human poisoning from Zigadenus have been relatively rare. In 1979, however, three persons were treated at the Poison Control Center, Salt Lake County, following ingestion of some portion of the root of Z. paniculatus.
Death CamasG LILIACEAEP
Death CamasQ
elegans
paniculatus
venenosus
RfMountain Death Camas
Elegant Death Camas
Foothill Death Camas
Meadow Death Camas
Watson's Death Camas
FloerkeaB
Willd.
Floerkea
See species description locally
Floerkea
compressedC
compressed-globose
compressed-quadranguc
concave
concealed
concentric
condition
cone-shaped^
coneflower
cones
confinedL
confluentL
congested
something
someties
sometime
sometimesG
somewhatV
soonX
sooner
sorghum
sorghum
about
species
perennials
native
sorrel
sounds
source
sourness
southK
southernO
southwestc
southwestern
tone-fruitsG
ROSACEAE
y, convex receptacle, the whole often surrounded by the erect, accrescent sepals.
FritillariaB
Fritillaria (Fritillary genus)
Perennial herbs with slender scapes or unbranched leafy stems, arising from bulbs consisting of several fleshy scales, and usually with numerous small offset bulblets. Leaves alternate or whorled, sessile, linear to narrowly elongate. Flowers showy, bisexual, ebracteate, solitary and terminal or 2-several on recurved peduncles; perianth bell-shaped, the 6 free segments in two series, usually spreading but not recurved; stamens 6, arising from the receptasisting of several fleshy scales, and usually with numerous small offset bulblets. Leaves alternate or whorled, sessile, linear to narrowly elongate. Flowers showy, bisexual, ebracteate, solitary and terminal or 2-several on recurved peduncles; perianth bell-shaped, the 6 free segments in two series, usually spreading but not recurved; stamens 6, arising from the recepta
or Dogtooth Violet genus)
See species description locally
Z species description locally
CinquefoilG
ROSACEAE
The Cinquefoil genus (pronounced "sinkfoil" for 'five leaves') is very large and complicated, with 250-500 species in north temperate areas. Research, using modern methods to probe relationships, has shown that it "must be" divided into smaller units. Click "Summary Table" for an overview.
The typical Cinquefoil is a herb with alternate leaves that are compound, either palmately like a lupine, or pinnately like a pea. Flowers are easily mistaken for Buttercups and vice-versa: five sepals
Blazing StarG LOASACEAEP
Blazing StarQ-albicaulis
dispersa
laevicaulis
pterosperma?
RaWhitestem Blazing Star
Chinese Blazing Star
Entire Mentzelia
Blazing Star
Beautiful Blazing Star
LythrumB
Lythrum (Loosestrife genus)
See species description locally
LoosestrifeG
LYTHRACEAEP
LoosestrifeQ
salicaria
Purple Loosestrife
AlthaeaB
Althaea (Hollhock genus)
See species description locally
E HollyhockG MALVACEAEP HollyhockQ
rosea
Common Hollyhock
HibiscusB
Hibiscus (Rose Mallow genus)
See species description locally
calystegia
calyxB
camas
camassia
camassia
camas
genus
camelina
camelina
false
genus
camissonia
campanula
campanula
harebell
bellflower
genus
campion
canary
cancer-root
cannabis
cannabis
genus
cannot
caplike
capsella
capsuleB
Zigadenus (Death Camas genus)
Perennial herbs from onionlike bulbs (ours) or rhizomes; stems simple, leafy near the base, herbage glabrous. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, often glaucous. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, in terminal bracteate racemes or panicles; perianth white to greenish- or yellowish-white, saucer-shaped to bell-shaped, persistent, the 6 segments free or fused to the lower part of the ovary, in two similar series, lanceolate to ovate or obovate, often greenish and
more or less clawed at the base with 1 or 2 yellow to green glands near the base of the limb; stamens 6, the filaments often basally dilated, the anthers basifixed, broader than long, cordate at the base, the pollen sacs confluent, opening across the rounded apex and on the sides, often appearing peltate after dehiscence; ovary superior to one-third inferior, 3-chambered, the styles 3, persistent, the stigmas minute and entire to obscurely lobed. Capsules 3-lobed; seeds numerous, smooth, i
Sidalcea (Checkermallow genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, herbage usually stellate to some degree. Leaves frequently palmately lobed. Flowers sometimes unisexual in part, borne in loose or spikelike racemes; calyx 5-lobed, sometimes subtended by a solitary bractlet; petals 5, white or pink to lavender-purple, conspicuously ciliate on the claws, usually erose to deeply notched; stamens numerous, arising from the pubescent staminal tube in groups, the anthers of pistillate flowers steriB
le or rudimentary; styles 5-10, the stigmas linear. Schizocarp ultimately separating into 5-10 mericarps, each 1-seeded, often short- beaked.
CheckermallowG MALVACEAEP
CheckermallowQ'neomexicana
oregana
candida
malviflora
RCNew Mexico Checkermallow
Oregon Checkermallow
White Checker Mallow
SphaeralceaB
St. Hill
OASACEAEP
Blazing Star
ooth, i
!RxFlat-topped Cancerroot
Corymbose Cancerroot
Clustered Broomrape
Clustered Cancerroot
Cancer-root
One-flower Cancer-root
OxalisB
Oxalis (Woodsorrel genus)
See species description locally
WoodsorrelG
OXALIDACEAE
Woodsorrel is a large worlwide genus of herbs (800 species), most frequent in warmer regions. Leaves are typically clover-like, the three leaflets folding down their midribs at night.
Flowers are 5-petalled, most commonly yellow, white, pinkish or violet. A few are used as ornamentals.
WoodsorrelQ
corniculata
Creeping Woodsorrel
ArgemoneB
Argemone (Prickly Poppy genus)
See species description locally
Lady's SlipperG
ORCHIDACEAE
The Lady's Slipper genus contains about 25 species from North America and Eurasia. Unlike the Coralroot orchids they fit the general idea, with relatively big flowers. They are perennial herbs with large leaves.
Flowers are one to several in a cluster at the ends of stems. The dramatic feature, which gives the genus it name, is one petal (the "lip") which is inflated into a large slipper-like pouch.
We have 2 local species, the Yellow Lady's Slipper which is very rare here (one populatiByon with just a few plants), and the Brown Lady's Slipper which has at least one good-sized population near Lake Blanche.
055-012M
055-007N
090-018P
Lady's SlipperQ
calecolus
fasciculatum
RJYellow Lady's Slipper
Lady's Slipper
Brown Lady's Slipper
Purple Slipper
A EpipactisB
Bog Orchid / Rein OrchidQ7dilatata
hyperborea
sparsiflora
unalascensis
zothecina
RpWhite Bog Orchid
Northern Bog Orchid
Canyon Bog Orchid
Watson's Bog Orchid
Alaska Rein Orchid
Alaska Bog Orchid
Spike PrimroseQ glabella
Smooth Spike Primrose
CamissoniaB
Camissonia
Annual or perennial taprooted herbs or rarely subshrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed to pinnatifid, greatly reduced upward. Flowers generally in spikes or racemes; sepals (3) 4, arising with the petals and stamens at the apex of a floral tube, reflexed at flowering; petals yellow, rose-purple, or white; stamens (4) 8; ovary inferior and 4-chambered, with a globose or depressed-globose stigma. Capsules sessile or pedicelled, cylindric, straight or contorted; seeds in 1B
or 2 rows in each of the 4 chambers, usually adhering to the central partition following dehiscence of the valves, lacking tufts of hair.
CamissoniaFqRaven (1969) separates Camissonia from Oenothera on the bases of floral biology and anther and stigma morphology.G
ONAGRACEAE
BoisduvaliaB
nakedZ
nameu
narrowb
narrowedZ
narrower}
narrowlyL
nasturtium
native
naturalu
natureq
navarretia
nearG
nearby
nearest
nearlyC
stipulesA
stoddart
stoloniferous
stolons
stomata
stone-fruit
stonecrop
stoneseed
storksbill
stoutG
straightC
strawberry
streptanthus
streptanthus
twistflower
genus
streptopus
streptopus
twisted-stalk
genus
striatee
strictly
stronglyG
Clarkia has 41 species, almost all limited to western North America. They are annual herbs, growing from a taproot. Leaves are simple, lower ones opposite, while the upper may be alternate.
Flowers are usually single in the upper leaf junctions. Sepals and petals are 4, the sepals being folded back at flowering. Petals are colored in reds, blues and violets.
Seed capsules are 4-sided.
ClarkiaQ
rhomboidea
R&Rhomboid Clarkia
Broad-leaved Clarkia
A EpilobiumB
our 3 species will now be renamed, restoring generic names from earlier times. Plants are small and rather fleshy parasites, never common so they always come as a surprise. Lacking chlorophyll they are yellow, pink, brown or purple. In normal circumstances they are seen only when flowering.
Flowers are tubular with 2 lips divided into 5 lobes, the lobes being uch shorter than the tubular part.
Plants are parasitic on a wide raB
nge of hosts.
Of our 3 species the Clustered and Single-flowered Broomrapes will be included in Aphyllon, while the third will be in Myzorrhiza.
Broomrape / Cancer-root
ORCHIDACEAE
en reproducing vegetatively by means of stolons, rhizomes, underground rosettes of incipient leaves, or from fleshy red bulblike offsets (turions) which persist about the base of the stem of the previous year Leaves opposite or alternate, sessile or petioled, entire or toothed. Flowers bisexua1, radially or weakly bilaterally symmetrical, borne in simple or compound, bracteat
e racemes, occasionally solitary in the axils of leaflike bracts; sepals 4, arising with the petals and stamens from the receptacle or from the apex of a floral tube; petals white or pink to rose-purple, often notched to 2-lobed at the apex; stamens 8 in 2 whorls; ovary inferior, the stigma 4-lobed or entire and club-shaped to subglobose. Capsules narrowly subcylindric, sometimes tapered to the apex or club-shaped, terete or 4-angled, 4-chambered, sometimes imperfectly so. Seeds mostly obl
alternatingV
althaea
althaea
hollhock
genus
although
alumroot
always
alyssum
amaranthE
amaranthusE
amaranthus
amaranth
genusE
ambrosia[
ambrosia
ragweed
genus[
amelanchier
amelanchier
serviceberry
genus
americau
american
among
amounts
amsinckia
amsinckia
fiddleneck
genus
anagallis
anagallis
pimpernel
genus
anaphalis\
anaphalis
pearly
everlasting
genus\
anatomyk
anchusa
coral-like
corallorhiza
corallorhiza
coral
genus
cordate
cordgrass
cordylanthus
cordylanthus
birdsbeak
genus
corispermum
corispermum
bugseed
genus
corkyG
corky-wingedG
corms
a well-developed floral tube, ultimately reflexed; petals 4, yellow or white, often fading to pink, red, or purple, mostly obcordate, not clawed at the base; stamens 8; ovary inferior with a deeply 4-lobed stigma. Capsules membranous toBO woody, straight or partially coiled, 4-chambered; seeds lacking tufts of hair.
Evening PrimroseG
ONAGRACEAE
BotrychiumB
Grape FernG
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
CorallorhizaB
Chat.
CynodonB
DactylisB
DactylocteniumB
>A DanthoniaB
DeschampsiaB
@A DigitariaB
DistichlisB
EchinochloaB
EleusineB
ElymusB
The Bog or Rein Orchid genus (Habenaria) is a large one (500 species, widespread in temperate to tropical regions) that is being dismantled by modern research, but at the informal level the plants remain recognizably related. Hybridization in some groups makes them especially difficult. A single stem rises up to 2'6", with or without leaves. Along the upper half of the stem are a number of small white or green-white flowers.
Flowers vary from 1/5 to 1/2 inch long, but individually not ve
ry showy. The overall spikes, especially of the White Bog Orchid, can be quite appealing, though. They are all perennial herbs.
We have 4 species:
Alaska Rein Orchid has leaves that wither before flowering, and small greenish flowers. It will become Piperia unalascensis.
White, Northern and Canyon Bog Orchids have leaves that remain through flowering. The White Bog Orchid is the most common. All three will be included in the genus Platanthera.
Bog Orchid / Rein Orchid
ColumnsB
intergeneric hybrids are more closely related to each other than are many of the Triticeae species traditionally aggregated within a single genus. In attempts to effect a more natural grouping, a number of alternative classifications have been proposed, but none has gained wide acceptance. While fully acknowledging the artificial nature of the boundaries separating the genera listed above, we here follow the traditional treatment.
POACEAE
Wheatgrasses are a large genus (100 species) of cooler regions in either hemisphere. They are important as native and introduced range grasses, several of them reaching 3 feet or more tall. Quackgrass is an aggressive weed.
080-012M
075-008N
076-011P
WheatgrassQfcristatum
dasystachyum
elongatum
intermedium
repens
scribneri
smithii
spicatum
trachycaulum
triticeum
species are, in fact, such hybrids. Stebbins and Walters (1949) acknowledge that the parents of these
Camissonia has about 60 species, mostly in western North America. They are annual or perennial herbs, with an occasional subshrub. Leaves, when present on the stem, are alternate, but otherwise are only present as basal. Typically they open in the morning and fade the same day, but a few open in the evening.
Flowers have sepals that fold back at flowering time. Petals may be showy or small, yellow, or sometimes lavender-purple or white.
Only two species were known to enter our range, butB/ several more have been found in recent years.
CamissoniaQ7boothii
scapoidea
tanacetifolium
multijuga
eastwoodiae
R&Booth's Camissonia
Scapose Camissonia
Circaea B
Circaea
See species description locally
Enchanter's NightshadeG
ONAGRACEAE
papaveraceae
pinaceae
plantaginaceae
poaceae
polemoniaceae
polygonaceae
polypodiaceae
portulacaceae
potamogetonaceae
primulaceae
ls and the upper sepal, the whole forming a hood enclosing the column and much
of the lip, the lip basally grooved and partially enclosing the column, with a minute to conspicuous callus on either side at the base, the expanded, often wavy-margined, apical portion spreading or recurved; column short, tipped by the 2-toothed rostellum; anther 1, the pollinia 2. the 2-toothed rostellum; anther 1, the pollinia 2. often wavy-margined, apical portion spreading or recurved; column short, tipped by the 2-toothed rostellum; anther 1, the pollinia 2.
Marsilea (Water Clover genus)
See species description locally
Pepperwort
Water CloverG
MARSILEACEAEP
Pepperwort / Water CloverQ
vestita
Common Pepperwort
Water Clover
NajasB
Najas (Waternymph genus)
See species description locally
WaternymphG
NAJADACEAEP
WaternymphQ
guadalupensis
Najad
Southern Waternymph
AbroniaB
Juss.
Abronia (Sand Verbena genus)
See species description locally
Sand VerbenaG
NYCTAGINACEAEP
Sand VerbenaQ
fragrans
argillosa
R,Snowball Sand Verbena
Fragrant Sand Verbena
A MirabilisB
short-awned; lemmas membranous to hardened, 3.5-12 mm long (ours), (3)5-7-nerved, usually obscurely so, distinctly rounded on the back (ours) with the margins usually inrolled at maturity, gradually tapered from near midlength or below to an acute, rarely minutely bifid apex, our species awnless or with an awn to 13 mm long; stamens 3 in the perennial species, 1(3) in the annuals. Caryopsis free or fused with the palea.
E LovegrassG
POACEAEP Lovegrass
PhysocarpusB
(Camb.) Maxim.
Physocarpus (Ninebark genus)
Shrubs, bark exfoliating, herbage pubescent to some degree with fine stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, usually palmately 3-5-lobed; stipules inconspicuous or lacking. Flowers bisexual, in mostly compact racemes or corymbs, more or less densely stellate, floral tube hemispheric to top- or bell-shaped, disc-lined; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the summit of the floral tube; petals 5, white, suborbicular, scarcely exceeding the sepa
ls, soon deciduous; stamens 20-40; pistils 1-5, the ovaries superior, sometimes partially fused, each with a slender style and a globose stigma. Fruit of 1-several follicles, atypical in opening on both sutures; seeds (1) 2-5, pear-shaped, hardened, shiny.
NinebarkG
ROSACEAE
NinebarkG
ROSACEAE
pussytoes]
ragweed[
sagebrusha
yellowcress
lowlands
lowland
cudweeds
lucerne
lupine
lyall
lyall
rockcress
macoun
macoun
wildrye
macoun's
macoun's
buttercup
madder
enhair
maidenhair
maidenhair
spleenwort
mallow
man's
mannagrass
manyface
manyface
groundsel
mapleA
mapleleaf
mapleleaf
goosefoot
marbles
mare's
mare's
marigolde
marijuana
mariposa
maritime
maritime
arrowgrass
marshb
marsh
arrowgrass
marsh
asterb
marsh
betony
marsh
buttercup
marsh
marigold
marsh
yellowcress
marsh-elder
marshfire
marshfire
pickleweed
matchweed
matvetch
mayweed^
mayweed
chamomile^
mazama
mazama
collomia
meadowp
meadow
barley
Crested Wheatgrass
Fairway Wheatgrass
Thickspike Wheatgrass
Tall Wheatgrass
Intermediate Wheatgrass
Quackgrass
Scribner Wheatgrass
Spreading Wheatgrass
Western Wheatgrass
Bluestem
Bluebunch Wheatgrass
Slender Wheatgrass
Annual Wheatgrass
Agrositanion (X)B
Bowden
Agrositanion
A hybrid genus resulting from crosses between species of Agropyron and Sitanion (Bowden 1967)
POACEAE
AxThis is a hybrid between Wheatgrass (Agropyron) and Squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix) (Stebbins et al. 1946, Bowden 1967).
saundersii
saxicola
small
small
alyssum
small
bedstraw
small
collomia
small
popcorn
flower
small-flower
small-flower
penstemon
small-flowered
small-flowered
tamarisk
small-leafG
small-leaf
angelicaG
small-leaf
rockcress
small-leavedG
small-leaved
angelicaG
small-seeded
small-seeded
alfalfa
dodder
smaller_
smaller
burdock_
smallflower
smallflower
dragonhead
smallflower
miterwort
smallflower
woodland
smallwing
smallwing
sedge
smartweed
smelowskia
smilacina
smoke
smoothA
smooth
crabgrass
smooth
daisyq
smooth
fleabaneq
smooth
mapleA
smooth
hungarian
brome
smooth
scouring
smooth
spike
primrose
smooth
sumacF
smooth
willowherb
smoothpod
smoothpod
alyssum
smoothseed
smoothseed
skeletonweed
) acknowledge that the parents of these
greasewood
gromwell
groundcherry
groundsel
groundsmoke
gumweed
hackberry
hairgrass
halogeton
hardgrass
hare's
hare's
harebell
hawksbeard
hawkweed
hawthorn
heath
hedgehog
hedgehog
cactus
hedgenettle
heliotrope
hellebore
helleborine
hemlockJ
henbane
heron's
heron's
holly
holly
hollyhock
holosteum
honeysuckle
horehound
hornwort
horsebrush
horsemint
horsetail
hound's
hound's
tongue
huckleberry
husktomato
hutchinsia
hymenoxys
hyssop
indian
indian
paintbrush
inkweed
iodine
iodine
ivesia
jacob's
jacob's
ladder
jamesia
jasmine
jimson
jimson
joe-pyer
joe-pye
weedr
john's
junegrass
juniper
kittentails
knapweed
knotweed
notweed
knotweed
smartweed
). Leaflets are usually split into narow segments (Photo 1).
Flowers are in tight clusters at the ends of leafless stems (Photo 2). The 5 petals are yellow or white. Fruits are single-seeded achenes.
We have 2 species. Quite common in upper mountains is the Gordon's Ivesia, yellow flowers, upright s
items. A rare species, occurring only in the high local Wasatch and Uinta mountains is Utah Ivesia, which has white flowers and sprawling stems.
Studies published in 1995 showed that the large Cinquefoil genus (Potentilla) was a mixture of several components that are now separated. But it also showed that Ivesia belonged with the pruned version of Cinquefoil.
T. & G.
AvensG
ROSACEAEP
AvensQ1aleppicum
macrophyllum
rossii
triflorum
urbanum
LIMNANTHACEAEP
FloerkeaQ
proserpinacoides
False Mermaid
Linum B
Linum (Flax genus)
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually narrow, sessile and entire. Flowers in racemes or panicles of cymes, sepals and petals 5, free, the latter in 2 series, longer than the sepals and soon falling; stamens 5, the filaments often basally fused and forming a short tube, rudimentary staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens and prolonged at the apex of the tube as minute teeth; pistil 2-5-chambered, each chamber subdivided by the intruB
sion of a false septum; styles 2-5, free or basally fused. Fruit a capsule, often short-beaked, opening by 10 valves; seeds flat.
FlaxF~Linum usitatissimum L. is the flax of commerce, the fabric linen being derived from its fibers and linseed oil from its seeds.G
LINACEAEP
Smilacina
Rhizomatous perennial herbs; stems simple, erect. Leaves entirely cauline, alternate, numerous, sessile or short-petioled, not or scarcely reduced upward. Flowers small, bisexual, borne in a terminal panicle or raceme, the pedicels jointed just below the flowers; perianth white, the 6 free segments in two similar series; stamens 6, arising just above the base of the perianth segments, the filaments slender or dilated, the anthers versatile, dehiscing laterally; ovary superior,Bk 3-chambered, the style short and usually obscurely 3-lobed. Fruit a globose berry; seeds i-6, subglobose.
E SmilacinaG LILIACEAEP SmilacinaQ
racemosa
stellata
R>False Solomon Seal
Wild Lily-of-the-valley
Stellate Smilacina
StreptopusB
Michx.
Streptopus (Twisted-stalk genus)
See species description locally
HedgenettleG LAMIACEAEP
HedgenettleQ
palustris
officinalis
R#Woundwort
Hedgenettle
Marsh Betony
LemnaB
Lemna (Duckweed genus)
Floating or submerged, colonial, thalloid plants; thalli flat or somewhat inflated, orbicular to oblong in outline, 0-3 (5)-nerved, each with a single root arising from near the center of the green to purple-red lower surface, or occasionally some of the thalli rootless; vegetative buds and rarely flowers borne within lateral reproductive pouches, the plants reproducing chiefly by vegetative means with juvenile thalli emerging from the lateral pouches, these oft
W the developing capsule; corolla mostly blue, white, or purple, generally broadly funnelform with no sharp distinction between the tube and throat; stamens arising at about the same level on the corolla tube, the filaments usually unequal in length and often hairy near the base; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid, seeds 1-10 per chamber.
Jacob's LadderG
POLEMONIACEAE
The Jacob's ladder genus has about 20 species, mostly American with a few in Europe. They can be very handsome plants. Foliage is often sticky-haired, and sometimes smelly. Leaves alternate along the stem, each being compounded from many leaflets, or divided into lobes. All but one are perennials.
Flowers come in clusters, and most frequently are open blue or white bowls, very pretty.
We have 5 species, all of which have managed to retain their names over the past 20 years.
es, the inflorescence subtended by scalelike to leaflike bracts; sepals 6, white to cream or yellow, often tinged with pink, red, or purple, in 2 series of 3 each, the outer oblong or oval to obovate, equal to or somewhat wider or shorter than the inner, fused to some degree, rounded to wedge-shaped or tapered and stalk-like at the base; stamens 9, the filaments often long-hairy near the base; styles 3 with subglobose stigmas. Achene 3-angled or rarely lenticular, sometimes winged.
Wild BuckwheatG
POLYGONACEAE
Jacob's LadderQEfoliosissimum
micranthum
occidentale
pulcherrimum
viscosum
caeruleum
lA EriogonumB
Michx.
r chamber.
laments usually unequal in length and often hairy near the base; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid, seeds 1-10 per chamber.
Water Horehound / BugleweedQ
americanus
asper
R#American Bugleweed
Rough Bugleweed
A MarrubiumB
Marrubium (Horehound genus)
See species description locally
E HorehoundG LAMIACEAEP HorehoundQ
vulgare
Common Horehound
MenthaB
Mentha (Mint genus)
Perennial or rarely annual aromatic herbs from rhizomes. Leaves opposite, sessile or short-petioled, toothed. Flowers bisexual or pistillate, in whorls, these arising from leaf axils and the clusters remote, or subtended by bracts and forming a dense, terminal, spikelike inflorescence; calyx radially symmetrical or in a few species obscurely 2-lipped, 10-nerved, 4(5)-lobed; corolla 4-lobed and nearly radially symmetrical, the upper lobe entire or notched, slightly
canada
fleabaneo
canada
goldenrod
canada
milkvetch
canada
thistlen
canada
white
violet
canada
wildrye
canary
canary
grass
cancer-root
cancerroot
candytuft
canyon
canyon
orchid
capillary
capillary
gilia
capitate
capitate
waterleaf
caraway
carolina
carolina
cranesbill
carolina
foxtail
carolina
lovegrass
carolina
nightshade
carolina
whitlow
grass
carpet
carpet
phlox
carrotM
carson's
carson's
phacelia
casey's
casey's
corydalis
cat's
cat's
cat-tail
catchfly
catchweed
catchweed
bedstraw
catnip
catseye
cattail
caudate
caudate
willow
cedar
centaury
central
central
prickly
chain
chain
speedwell
sneezeweedv
common
sowthistle
common
sunflowerx
common
twinpod
common
water
plantainC
arenaria
arenaria
sandwort
genus
areolate
areoles
argemone
argemone
prickly
poppy
genus
arise
arisingA
aristida
aristida
three-awn
genus
he base, the style undivided or shallowly cleft, and the pappus of minutely barbed or more coarsely branched bristles, the latter club-shaped in outline; pistillate flowers with a threadlike tubular corolla and a 2-cleft style. Achenes terete or slightly compressed; pappus of numerous, soft, hairlike bristles united at the base and generally falling in a ring.
E PussytoesG
ASTERACEAE
AnthemisB
Cryptanth or Cat's Eye is a large genus of about 150 species of small annual to perennial herbs, mostly in western N. America or the Andean region of S. America. The Intermountain Region is especially rich, with 64 species.
Plants are usually low-growing, hairy, with white, cream or yellow flowers. These are typically small, 1/16 to 1/8 inch across, but sometimes almost 1/2 inch. Nutlets are not hooked, and may be smooth or rough.
We have 3 species. Dwarf Cat's Eye is a familiar plant ofB
rocky slopes in the foothills and higher, flowers to 2/5 inch; the others are tiny plants of openings in the trees; foothills and above.
021-027M
060-017P
Cryptanth / Cat's EyeQjaffinis
humilis
torreyana
sp. 1
confertiflora
cinerea
johnstonii
rollinsii
flavoculata
flava
crassisepala
R9Ally Cryptanth
Dwarf Catseye
Cat's Eye
Torrey Cryptantha
timothy
toadflax
tobacco
tongue
townsendia
tree-of-heaven
trefoil
tresses
triteleia
turkeyQ
turkey
peasQ
twayblade
twinflower
twinpod
twisted-stalk
twistflower
valerian
velvetgrass
verbena
vervain
vetch
violet
virgin's
virgin's
bower
wallflower
wallrocket
waterC
water
clover
aternymph
weedr
wheat
wheatgrass
whitetop
whitlow
whitlow
grass
buckwheat
cucumber
geranium
hollyhock
licorice
onion
garlic
wildrye
william
willow-weed
willowherb
willowherb
willow-weed
windflower
wintercress
wintergreen
wintergreen
shinleaf
wolfbane
woodreed
woodrush
woodsorrel
wormwooda
yarrow
yellowcress
aceraceae
MyriophyllumG
HALORAGACEAEK
MyriophyllumQ spicatum
R"Water Milfoil
Naked Water Milfoil
HippurisB
Hippuris
See species description locally
Mare's Tail
Early botanists treated Hippuris as a monotypic genus. Recent workers in both North America and Europe have named additional species based on variations in leaf morphology. McCully and Dale (1961) found that plants of diverse origin developed similar leaves when grown under uniform conditions and, conversely, plants from a single population displayed great diversity in leaf morphology when grown under different conditions. For this reason, they question the validity of recognizing variatioB5n in leaf morphology even at the infraspecific level.
HIPPURIDACEAEK
Mare's TailQ vulgaris
Mare's Tail
Common Mare's Tail
ElodeaB
Michx.
l'her
lindl
maxim
medic
michx
mitch
moench
mutis
mutis
benth
rockmat
presl
planch
presl
pursh
tourn
tourn
adans
berthel
weber
willd
visible
vithe
vulgare
wallflower
wallrocket
waterC
waterfern
waterleaf
watermeal
waternymph
wavyG
wavy-marginedE
weakly[
wedge-shaped|
weedr
weedyE
wellL
well-defined
sunflower
sweetR
sweet
alyssum
sweet
cicely
sweetrootR
sweet
william
sweetclover
sweetpea
sweetpea
peavine
sweetrootR
sweetvetch
swertia
oatgrass
tamarisk
tamarisk
cedar
tansy
tansy
mustard
tansyaster
tarweed
teasel
thelypodium
thistle
thornapple
three-awn
tickweed
tickweed
forget-me-not
timothy
toadflax
tobacco
tongue
townsendia
tree-of-heaven
trefoil
tresses
triteleia
turkeyQ
turkey
peasQ
twayblade
twinflower
twinpod
twisted-stalk
twistflower
valerian
grass
cucumber
forget-me-not
garlic
geranium
hollyhock
licorice
morning
glory
onion
garlic
willow-weed
willowherb
everlasting\
fairy
fairy
bells
false
false
false
hellebore
fescue
fiddleneck
figwort
filaree
fingergrass
fleur-de-lis
flatsedge
flaxflower
fleabane
fleur-de-lis
floerkea
flower
forget-me-not
o'clock
foxtail
fritillary
fumitory
garlic
gaura
gentian
geranium
giant
giant
hyssop
gilia
glacier
glacier
dogtooth
violet
glasswort
glechoma
hawkweed
heliotrope
hemlockJ
heron's
heron's
honeysuckle
horehound
hornwort
hornwort
coontail
horsebrush
horsemint
horsetail
horsetail
scouring
hound's
hound's
tongue
beggar's
huckleberry
hyssop
inkweed
povertyweed|
Brassica (Mustard genus)
Annual or perennial taprooted herbs (ours) or rarely subshrubs; herbage glabrous or pubescent with mostly coarse, simple hairs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed to pinnatifid, the basal commonly petioled and rosette-forming, those of the stem gradually reduced upward, generally sessile and often auriculate-clasping. Flowers in racemes; sepals 4, erect to spreading; petals 4, yellow, often fading to white; stamens 6. Fruit a glabrous or hairy, subterete to 4
"-angled, tardily dehiscent silique, commonly somewhat constricted between the seeds, the valves 1-3-nerved, the style prominent, often terminating an indehiscent, terete to strongly compressed beak, the stigma obscurely 2-lobed; seeds in 1 or 2 rows on each side of the replum, subglobose.
MustardG
BRASSICACEAE
sparsiflora
pulchra
BarbareaB
Senecio (Groundsel or Butterweed genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs. Leaves alternate, simple and entire to bipinnatifid. Heads small to medium, 1-many; involucre cylindric to hemispheric, the bracts herbaceous to subherbaceous, in 1 or essentially 2 horizontal ranks, principal bracts 8-25, linear, equal, usually somewhat overlapping laterally, sometimes with only the alternate bracts membranous-margined, often thickened along the midrib and sonewhat keeled, especially belo
w, minutely ciliate and often black at the tips, adjoining bracts sometimes fused, especially near the base; outer involucral bracts (when present) usually much shorter and narrower than the inner ones, occasionally black-tipped, 1 or 2 of them sometimes subtending the involucre, receptacle flat to convex, naked; ray flowers pistillate, fertile, yellow (ours) to orange-red or sometimes lacking; disc flowers bisexual, fertile, the style branches somewhat flattened and minutely hairy at the
Haplopappus (Goldenweed genus)
Taprooted herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or entirely basal, entire to bipinnatifid. Heads solitary to numerous, involucre cylindric to hemispheric, the bracts numerous, subequal to strongly imbricate, herbaceous to subherbaceous throughout or chartaceous below and green-tipped; receptacle flat to slightly convex, naked; ray flowers few to numerous, pistillate, generally fertile, the rays yellow (ours) to cream or lacking; style bra
nches of the disc flowers flattened, with elongate, obtuse to long-tapered, minutely hairy appendages. Achenes terete or angled, variously hairy; pappus of numerous, unequal white to tan, minutely barbed, usually persistent, hairlike bristles. Cassini's original spelling of the generic name was Aplopappus, but the name Haplopappus is conserved by international agreement. Disagreement exists as to whether or not Haplopappus constitutes a natural grouping of species. Some workers prefer to t
ecently, however, the 5-merous S. bimaculata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Hook. of Japan was reported to have a basic number of 13 (Moore 1973). Allred (1976) assigned Utah plants to different genera based on habit and habitat, placing the robust S. radiata with greenish-white flowers and a tolerance for dry habitats in Frasera and the slender S. perenniis with darker colored flowers and a higher moisture requirement in Swertia. The morphological and ecological variation within Asian species of Swer
tia, however, bridges what might appear to be a basis for such a separation. The 4-merous S. tetrapetala Pall., for example, is a low, slender, taprooted annual with a dark blue corolla, growing in sandy, grassy sites at low elevations, whereas the 5-merous S. bimaculata reaches a height of 8 dm, has a creamy white, green-spotted corolla, and occupies wet places in lowlands and mountains. The two genera are herein merged, following St. John (1941 ) and Correll and Johnston (1970).
ladies
tresses
genus
about
species
herbs
ferns
primarily
tropical
perhaps
hundred
lady's
slipper
genus
contains
about
species
large
worldwide
broomrape
genus
being
subdivided
lewisias
named
after
meriwether
lewis
explorer
lovegrasses
constitute
large
genus
species
lupine
genus
about
species
biggest
concentra
maidenhair
genus
about
species
worldwide
meadowrues
genus
about
species
temperate
medick
alfalfa
genus
centered
mediterranean
monkeyflower
genus
about
species
western
monkshood
wolfsbane
genus
about
species
synonymous
strength
origin
common
pussytoes
obvious
origin
arnica
unclear
about
species
chickweed
chicory
chrysanthemum
cicelyR
cinquefoil
clarkia
cleavers
cliffbrake
cliffrose
clover
cocklebur
collomia
columbine
comandra
coneflower
conyza
coontail
coral
coral
cordgrass
cotton
cotton
thistle
cottonwood
parsnipN
cowcockle
crabgrass
crazyweed
crowfoot
cryptanth
cucumber
cudweed
currant
cutgrass
cutleaf
cypress
daffodil
daisy
dandelionZ
deadnettle
death
death
camas
desertP
desert
parsleyP
desert-thorn
ditchgrass
dodder
dogbane
dogfennel
dogtooth
dogtooth
violet
dogwood
douglas
douglas
downingia
dragonhead
nhead
nhead
onhead
nhead
gonhead
fleabane
fleur-de-lis
flower
forget-me-not
o'clock
foxtail
assignedk
asterb
aster
aster
genusb
astragalus
astragalus
locoweed
milkvetch
genus
asymmetrical
Wached
attachment
atypical
auricledv
clayt
copel
crantz
heynh
dietr
dougl
dougl
lindl
duhamel
forsk
forsk
camus
camus
gaertn
grayj
greene
griseb
heister
heynh
hoffmH
hoffm
bessH
horkel
horkel
schleid
R~Purple Peavine
Rydberg's Sweetpea
Thickleaf Sweetpea
Lanszwert's Sweetpea
Longtooth Sweetpea
Utah Sweetpea
Perennial Sweetpea
LupinusB
Lupinus (Lupine genus)
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually palmately compound, the leaflets 3-17, entire; stipules membranous, fused to the base of the petiole. Flowers in terminal, sometimes headlike racemes; calyx 2-lipped, divided almost to the base, the tube often slightly pouched to short-spurred near the base of the ventral side; corolla papilionaceous, mostly blue to lavender or white to cream, the banner commonly medially grooved and the sides slight
alpinus
argophyllus
beckwithii
canadensis
cibarius
diversifolius
geyeri
kentrophyta
miser
utahensis
cicer
eurekensis
mollissimus
lonchocarpus
lentiginosus
desperatus
praelongus
episcopus
serpens
newberryi
whitneyi
cymboides
asclepiadoides
rafaelensis
preussii
coltonii
flavus
Alpine Milkvetch
Silverleaf Milkvetch
Meadow Milkvetch
Beckwith Milkvetch
Canada Milkvetch
Browse Milkvetch
Meadow Milkvetch
Mesic Milkvetch
Geyer Milkvetch
Matvetch
Spiny Milkvetch
Gray Kentrophyta
Weedy Milkvetch
Utah Milkvetch
Chickpea Milkvetch
Lesser Rushy Milkvetch
GlycyrrhizaB
Glycyrrhiza (Wild Licorice genus)
See species description locally
Wild LicoriceG
FABACEAE
e glabrous or rarely hairy near the tip, the stigma minute. Fruit a sessile or stipitate legume, flat to much inflated, subglobose to narrowly elongate,
Blueberry, Huckleberry, Bilberry, Cranberry, Whinberry, etc., etc. There are about 400 species in this large genus, spread around the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Many are important fruit crops, for humans as well as animals. Given the number of species it is not surprising they come in various forms: shrubs, a few trees; creeping, upright; evergreen, deciduous; dry slopes, bogs.
Our two species are both low-growing deciduous subshrubs, with thin leaves. Fruits are typical BMlittle blueberries, rather sparse. Try a few, and leave the rest for grouse.
061-022M
043-023N
065-021P
Blueberry / HuckleberryQ
cespitosum
scoparium
myrtillus
R?Dwarf Bilberry
Dwarf Huckleberry
Broom Huckleberry
Grouseberry
A EuphorbiaB
Cenchrus (Sandbur genus)
See species description locally
SandburG
POACEAEKgThe Sandbur genus is a small one, with 20 species, mostly American. See the species for a description.
SandburQ
longispinus
Longspine Sandbur
ChlorisB
Chloris (Fingergrass genus)
See species description locally
FingergrassG
POACEAE
A]Fingergrass has about 50 species in warmer regions. It has only been found once in our area.
FingergrassQ
verticillata
Windmill Grass
CinnaB
Cinna (Woodreed genus)
See species description locally
edgrass
Chess
CalamagrostisB
Adans.
owden
three-awn
three-tipa
three-tip
sagebrusha
three-toothed
three-toothed
saltbush
threeleaf
threeleaf
lewisia
threesquare
threetipa
threetip
sagebrusha
thumb
thurber
thurber
redtop
thyme-leaf
thyme-leaf
speedwell
thyme-leaved
thyme-leaved
speedwell
thyme-leaved
spurge
thymeleaf
thymeleaf
spurge
ticklegrass
tickseed
tickweed
tidytips
tiling's
tiling's
monkeyflower
timber
timber
oatgrass
timothy
mousetail
toad-lily
toadflax
tobacco
tolmie's
tolmie's
clover
tongue
toothed
toothed
spurge
torrey
torrey
alkaligrass
torrey
cryptantha
torrey
torrey's
torrey's
seepweed
torrey's
spikerush
tower
tower
mustard
POACEAE
curus
lace-fern
ladder
ladies
lady's
lady's
slipper
lambsquarters
lanceleaf
lanceleaf
cottonwood
lanceleaf
figwort
lanceleaf
phacelia
lanceleaf
rockcress
lanceleaf
springbeauty
lanceleaf
stonecrop
lanszwert's
lanszwert's
sweetpea
larch
large
large
collomia
large-valve
large-valve
largeleaf
largeleaf
avens
larkspur
laurel
leafyb
leafy
asterb
leafy
jacob's
ladder
leafy
jacobsladder
leafy
lousewort
leafy
pondweed
leafy
spurge
leafybractb
leafybract
asterb
least
least
lewisia
lemmon's
lemmon's
rockcress
lemon
lemon
scurfpea
lemonadeF
lemonade
sumacF
leonard's
leonard's
penstemon
leopard
leopard
lesserW
lesser
duckweed
eniumB
Willd.
Willd.
{e-producing cones are on a pale unbranched stem, separate from the main stems which will grow and spread by runners. In the others the cones are borne at the tops of the stems.
Meadow Horsetail is a classic branched horsetail, with separate reproductive stems (Photo 1). Here the regular stems are only just beginning to branch.
The other photos are of single-stemmed species.
030-004M
113-030N
120-003P
Horsetail / Scouring RushQ&arvense
hyemale
laevigatum
variegatum
RdField Horsetail
Meadow Horsetail
Common Scouring Rush
Smooth Scouring Rush
Variegated Scouring Rush
ArctostaphylosB
Adans.
Arctostaphylos (Manzanita genus)
See species description locally
E ManzanitaG ERICACEAE
CONVOLVULACEAE
/The Bindweed genus Convolvuluv is very similar outwardly to the Morning Glory genus Calystegia, but closer examination shows them to be not very closely related. There are about 250 species, mostly in temperate regions.
We have no native species, our only member being the noxious weed Field Bindweed.
007-001M
099-029N
019-011P
Bindweed / Wild Morning GloryQ arvensis
Field Bindweed
Creeping Jenny
CressaB
Cressa
See species description locally
Alkali WeedG
CONVOLVULACEAE
descriptionH
ulating above the glumes; glumes unequal, shorter than the lowermost lemma, acute to obtuse, rarely awn-tipped, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved; lemma rounded or in one species distinctly keeled on the back, (3)5-9-nerved, entire or bifid at the apex, unawned or with an awn arising below the apex, commonly from between the teeth, the callus glabrous when present; palea 2-nerved, the nerves keeled and ciliate. Caryopsis adherent to the palea, bearing at the apex a persistent, mi
Saltgrass is a genus of 4 species, occurring in saline meadows in the Americas. Only one occurs here, forming extensive patches in the salty flats. A most unusual feature is that flowers of the two sexes are on separate plants (dioecious).
075-026M
077-013P SaltgrassQ
spicata
Saltgrass
Alkali Grass
EchinochloaB
Beauv.
Echinochloa (Barnyard Grass genus)
See species description locally
Barnyard GrassG
POACEAE
AvThis is a small genus of 20-30 species from warm regions. Barnyard Grass is our sole representative, possibly native.
076-006M
073-011P
Barnyard GrassQ
crusgalli
Barnyard Grass
Wild Millet
EleusineB
Gaertn.
on separate plants (dioecious).
hardgrass
hardgrass
hardgrass
genus
single
member
hardstem
hare's
harebell
harmful
harsh
harsher
hashish
occasionally short-awned; lemmas membranous to hardened, 3.5-12 mm long (ours), (3) 5-7-nerved, usually obscurely so, distinctly rounded on the back (ours) with the margins usually inrolled at maturity, gradually tapered from near midlength or below to an acute, rarely minutely bifid apex, our species awnless or with an awn to 13 mm long; stamens 3 in the perennial species, 1 (3) in the annuals. Caryopsis free or fused with the palea.
Fescue
raceme or a narrow to open panicle, spikelets 2-12 (20)-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the uppermost floret reduced; glumes unequal, shorter than the lowermost lemma, the first 1-nerved and acute, the second usually 3-nerved, sometimes obscurely so, acute to
E LovegrassG
POACEAE
Many contemporary North American and European taxonomists assign the annual fescue species to the genus Vulpia. The annual species are distinct from the perennial ones in having cylindric caryopses and mostly cleistogamous florets with 1 or less often 3 (variable within any one species) stamens rather than ovoid-ellipsoid caryopses and chasmogamous florets with 3 stamens. Such minor differences occur within many genera, however, and their recognition at the level of genus would appear to sB
erve no useful purpose.
POACEAE
The Fescue (pronounced 'fesk') genus has about 100 species in temperate and cool regions. They grow in tufts,and are perennial. Both native and introduced species are valuable forage plants.
FescueQ@arundinacea
bromoides
myuros
octoflora
ovina
pratensis
subulata
E LovegrassG
POACEAEP Lovegrass
Seepweed
InkweedG
CHENOPODIACEAE
The Seepweeds (about 115 species) occur worldwide in saline habitats. They generally have somewhat fleshy leaves, sometimes spiny-tipped, and can be annuals, perennials, or shrubs. Two of our three species are annuals, the other a small shrub or subshrub.
Flowers are usually bisexual, with 5 lobes in the calyx (no petals). As seeds mature the lobes develop various bumps and knobs which help in identification.
016-012M
078-022N
079-009P
Seepweed / InkweedQ&calceoliformis
occidentalis
torreyana
R@Broom Seepweed
Western Seepweed
Bush Seepweed
Torrey's Seepweed
MannagrassG
POACEAE
About 30 species of Mannagrass occur in the Northern Hemisphere. They are tall plants of aquatic and marsh habitats, and are a valuable resource for birds.
MannagrassQ
grandis
striata
R$American Mannagrass
Fowl Mannagrass
HolcusB
Holcus (Velvetgrass genus)
See species description locally
VelvetgrassG
POACEAE
Velvetgrass is a genus with 8 species of velvety perennials. They are native to the Old World, two having been introduced in the U.S.
VelvetgrassQ
lanatus
Common Velvetgrass
HordeumB
P Lovegrass
skeletonweed
slipper
smartweed
smelowskia
smilacina
smotherweed
sneezeweed
snowberry
soapwort
sorghum
sorrel
sowthistle
speedwell
sphaeromeria
spider
spider
flower
spike
spike
primrose
spikemoss
spikerush
spleenwort
sprangletop
springbeauty
springparsley
spruce
spurge
squirreltail
john's
starwort
stickseed
stone-fruits
stonecrop
stoneseed
storksbill
strawberry
sumac
summer
summer
cypress
sumpweed
sunflowerw
sweetR
sweet
alyssum
sweet
cicelyR
sweet
william
sweetclover
sweetpea
sweetroot
sweetvetch
swertia
oatgrass
tamarisk
tansy
tansy
mustard
tansyaster
tarweed
teasel
thelypodium
thistle
thornapple
three-awn
tickweed
lovage
lupine@
motherwort@
panicgrass@
poppy
ragweed@
skeletonweed@
sweet
william
timothy@
wallflower
water
hemlock@
woodbine
aizoaceae@
cornaceae@
papaveraceae@
primulaceae
1981@
20-25@
5-lobed@
single
species
twinflower
occurs
around
northern
abound@
about
achenes
actually
adds@
allergies
amaranth@
apart@
apots
appear
applied@
around
aspidotis
small
genus
species
western
classification@
cluster@
comes@
conium@
considered@
coulter's@
cudweed@
Hordeum (Barley or Foxtail genus)
Solitary or more often tufted annuals or perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades usually flat, ligules membranous, mostly short; auricles developed or lacking. Inflorescence a dense, solitary, terminal spike or spikelike raceme, the rachis readily disarticulating at the nodes at maturity (continuous in H. vulgare): spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each node of the rachis (ours), the central spikelet generally sessile with a well-developed, fertile floret,
the lateral spikelets short-pedicelled (sessile in H. vulgare) with staminate or rudimentary florets (fertile in H. vulgare); glumes borne in front of the enclosed floret, awnlike throughout or somewhat flattened for a short distance above the base, slender to relatively stout, scabrous or ciliate; lemma firm, rounded on the back, obscurely 5-nerved, normally awned, the rachilla often prolonged behind tne palea as a bristle and rarely bearing a rudimentary floret.
agrass
MuhlygrassQ
asperifolia
filiformis
R!Muhly Scratchgrass
Pull-up Muhly
RA OryzopsisB
Michx.
Oryzopsis (Ricegrass genus)
See species description locally
E RicegrassG
POACEAE
AEThe Ricegrass genus has about 20 species in cool and temperate areas.
P RicegrassQ
hymenoides
Indian Ricegrass
PanicumB
nerveless (rarely obsolete), the second 1-3-nerved; lemma similar to or somewhat firmer than the glumes, rounded on the back, 3-nerved, commonly obscurely so, obtuse to acute or awned from the tip, rarely from between short apical lobes, the callus inconspicuous, glabrous or in some species long-hairy. Caryopsis free from but mostly remaining enclosed within the lemma and palea.
PellaeaB
P!Pickleweed / Samphire / GlasswortQ
europaea
utahensis
RCMarshfire Pickleweed
Annual Samphire
Utah Pickleweed
Utah Samphire
SalsolaB
Salsola
See species description locally
Russian ThistleG
CHENOPODIACEAE
The Russian Thistle genus has about 100 species worldwide, only one of which occurs here. They are annuals or subshrubs. When out of their native habitats they can become serious weeds. Typical form of those established in the U.S. is the tumbleweed: a highly branched tough annual of rounded form, as much as 2-3 feet tall, and the same across.
Leaves are modified to become spiny; calyx and bracts around the flowers are modified to become spiny.
027-018M
120-013N
018-030P
Starwort / ChickweedQDcalycantha
jamesiana
longipes
media
nitens
obtusa
umbellata
nemorum
Calyxeye Starwort
Calyx Starwort
Tuber Starwort
James's Chickweed
Longstalk Starwort
Common Chickweed
Handsome Starwort
Blunt Starwort
Umbrella Starwort
Umbellate Starwort
VaccariaB
Medic.
Vaccaria (Cowcockle genus)
See species description locally
E CowcockleG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
APThere is only a single secies of Cowcockle, a native of the Mediterranean area.
P CowcockleQ
pyramidata
Cowcockle
PachistimaB
Pachistima
See species description locally
Mountain LoverG
CELASTRACEAE
ombinations will inevitably be encountered. Identification should then be made to the species the plant in question most closely resembles.
POACEAE
BThe Bluegrass genus is very large, with 150 to 200 species or more, mostly of temperate and arctic regions. They are of modest height, annuals or perennials. A number are used in lawns, although Annual Bluegrass dies off in the fall, leaving brown spots. We have about a dozen species, split between native and introduced.
P BluegrassQjalpina
annua
bulbosa
compressa
fendleriana
glauca
leptocoma
nervosa
palustris
pratensis
secunda
trivialis
Alpine Bluegrass
Annual Bluegrass
Winter Bluegrass
Bulbous Bluegrass
Canada Bluegrass
Muttongrass
Greenland Bluegrass
Bog Bluegrass
Wheeler Bluegrass
Fowl Bluegrass
Kentucky Bluegrass
Sandburg Bluegrass
Rough Bluegrass
XA PolypogonB
Desf.
ReedG
POACEAE
The Common Reed Phragmites australis is one of 3 species in the genus, and the most widely dispersed. The genus is in the Arundina subfamily, its tribe being typically very tall, and including the ornamental Pampas Grasses.
ReedQ
australis
Common Reed
PhragmitesB
Trin.
Phragmites (Reed genus)
See species description locally
ReedG
POACEAE
The Common Reed Phragmites australis is one of 3 species in the genus, and the most widely dispersed. The genus is in the Arundina subfamily, its tribe being typically very tall, and including the ornamental Pampas Grasses.
Polypogon (Beardgrass genus)
Annuals or perennials; stems tufted, typically decumbent at the base and abruptly bent at the nodes. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a spikelike, cylindric to elliptic panicle, sometimes irregularly lobed; spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating below a short, persistent segment of the pedicel (or near its base), the spikelet and pedicel segment falling together, the rachilla not prolonged behind the pa
lea; glumes equal or nearly so, about 2 mm long (ours), much exceeding the floret, laterally compressed and keeled, acutish or narrowly tapered to an entire or minutely bifid apex, unawned or awned from the tip, sometimes from between minute teeth, in our species scabrous to minutely pubescent; lemma transparent, shiny, minutely erose-toothed at the apex, unawned or the awn delicate, straight, and readily deciduous, in our species to about 3 mm long.
Beardgrass
dropseed
ducksmeat
duckweed
dustyi
dusty
maideni
dwarf
dwarf
mistletoe
dyer's
dyer's
elderberry
elodea
enchanter's
enchanter's
nightshade
englishd
english
daisyd
euclidium
evening
evening
primrose
everlasting\
fairy
fairy
bells
false
false
false
hellebore
fescue
fiddleneck
figwort
filaree
fingergrass
flatsedge
flaxflower
fleabane
fleur-de-lis
floerkea
flower
forget-me-not
o'clock
foxtail
021-015M
116-034N
072-008P
Sweet WilliamQ@hoodii
longifolia
pulvinata
austromontana
muscoides?
divaricata
R^Hood's Phlox
Carpet phlox
Wild Sweet William
Longleaf Phlox
Alpine Tufted Phlox
Cushion Phlox
PolemoniumB
Polemonium (Jacob's Ladder genus)
Annual or perennial herbs; herbage usually glandular, often malodorous. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid or more often pinnately compound with opposite to offset, entire or dissected leaflets, the upper 3-7 often confluent on the rachis. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes or rarely solitary; calyx uniformly herbaceous at flowering or occasionally with short narrow membranous intervals below the sinuses, becoming chartaceous at fruiting, not ruptured by
C{sely to finely cross-wrinkled and sometimes brown-spotted when mature, the margins inrolled around the edges of the palea.
BristlegrassG
POACEAE
Our two Bristlegrasses are European natives that behave as weeds here. The genus is large, 125 species, annuals and perennials of temperate to tropical regions.
BristlegrassQ
verticillata
viridis
R$Bur Bristlegrass
Green Bristlegrass
SitanionB
Sitanion (Squirreltail genus)
See species description locally
SquirreltailG
POACEAE
AuSquirreltails are only 2 or 3 species, and known to hybridize with members of both the Wildrye and Bentgrass genera.
Gilia
Annual to perennial herbs from taproots. Leaves alternate or the lowermost sometimes opposite, simple, entire or toothed to pinnately or ternately lobed or dissected, mostly strongly reduced upward, occasionally the leaves entirely basal. Flowers solitary and axillary or in terminal and axillary cymose clusters; calyx tube with herbaceous segments alternating with membranous ones, scarcely accrescent and usually ruptured by the developing fruit, the 5 apical teeth equal in length;B
corolla bell-shaped to funnelform or salverform; stamens arising from the corolla tube, generally at the same level; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule subglobose to obovoid, seeds 1-many per chamber.
GiliaF
Grant's (1956) separation of Ipomopsis from Gilia is poorly defined morphologically, being based upon minor characters, none of which are exclusive to one genus or the other.
panicgrass
parsleyP
parsnipH
pearlwort
pearly\
pearly
everlasting\
peasQ
peavine
pellitory
pennycress
peppergrass
pepperweed
pepperwort
perityle
periwinkle
petradoria
petrophytum
pheasant's
pheasant's
pickleweed
pigweed
pimpernel
pipsissewa
plantainC
plectritis
poisonK
poison
hemlockK
polanisia
polecat
polypody
pondweed
popcorn
popcorn
flower
poplar
poppy
poverty
poverty
povertyweed
prickly
prickly
gilia
prickly
prickly
poppy
primrose
psilocarphus
puccoon
puncturevine
purse
purslaneB
pussytoes
quillwort
rabbitbrush
radish
and a single European species. The latter, Cockle, was recently moved into this genus from another: Lychnis alba becomes Silene pratensis.
Our native species are all small, from the tiny stemless Moss Pink to Drummond's Campion at 2 feet. Seed capsules usually open by 3, 6 or 10 teeth.
Campion / Wild Pink / CatchflyQ;acaulis
antirrhina
douglasii
drummondii
menziesii
vulgaris
Mosspink
Moss Campion
Sleepy Catchfly
Annual Catchfly
Douglas Campion
Drummond Campion
Drummond Catchfly
Menzies' Campion
Menzies' Catchfly
SpergulariaB
(Pers.) J. & C. Presl
BeardgrassG
POACEAE
Beardgrasses are a small group of 10 species, with 2 in our area. A third listed here has been reassigned to Agrostis semiverticillatus. They are low to medium-sized annuals or perennials, preferring moist soil.
BeardgrassQ,interruptus
monspeliensis
semiverticillatus
R>Ditch Beardgrass
Rabbitfoot Grass
Beardgrass
Water Beardgrass
PuccinelliaB
Parl.
nutely bifid apex, unawned or awned from the tip, sometimes from between minute teeth, in our species scabrous to minutely pubescent; lemma transparent, shiny, minutely erose-toothed at the apex, unawned or the awn delicate, straight, and readily deciduous, in our species to about 3 mm long.
secunda
trivialis
DropseedG
POACEAE
AQDropseed is a large genus of 100 species, richest in warmer regions of the world.
DropseedQ
airoides
cryptandrus
Alkali Sacaton
Sand Dropseed
StipaB
Stipa (Needlegrass genus)
Tufted perennials. Leaf sheaths open; the blades mostly inrolled; ligules membranous or rarely a ring of hairs; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to spikelike panicle; spikelets 1-flowered, the floret terete and hardened at maturity, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes membranous to papery, the first commonly longer than the second, both exceeding the body of the lemma, 1-5(9)-nerved, acute to long-tapered at the apex; lemma thin or hardened at mat
pericarp), obovate and slightly compressed, often reddish, readily falling from the floret at maturity.
genus
geranium
geranium
geranium
genus
avens
genus
giant
gilia
given
glabrate
glabrousF
Wee of the lemma a
RJField Chickweed
Mouse-ear Chickweed
Bering Chickweed
Bering Sea Chickweed
A HolosteumB
Holosteum
See species description locally
E HolosteumG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
AmThere are 6 species of Jagged Chickweed, all Eurasian. Our only example is a small weed of the dry foothills.
P HolosteumQ
umbellatum
Jagged Chickweed
Holosteum
LychnisB
Lychnis (Whitecockle genus)
See species description locally
WhitecockleG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
barnyard
grass
beardgrass
beardtongue
bedstraw
beeplant
beggar's
beggar's
beggarticks
bellflower
bells
bentgrass
bermuda
bermuda
grass
bindweed
birch
bird's-foot
bird's-foot
trefoil
birdsbeak
biscuitroot
bitterbrush
bittercress
blackberry
bladder
bladder
bladderpod
blazing
blazing
bleedingheart
mustard
blue-eyed
blue-eyed
grass
blue-eyed
bluebells
blueberry
bluegrass
orchid
boneset
borage
bower
bracken
bramble
brickellbush
bristlegrass
brome
brookgrass
broomrape
buckthorn
buckwheat
alkaline
alkaloid
allenrolfea
allium
allium
onion
garlic
genus
allred
almost
alnus
alnus
alder
genus
alongP
alopecurus
alopecurus
foxtail
genus
alternateB
nd often erose
C'Caryopsis free of the lemma and palea.
E Bluegrass
Many Poa species are known to reproduce by means of unfertilized seed (apomixis), producing offspring genetically identical to the parent (biotypes). Each biotype has the potential for maintaining itself as a constant genetically pure line for an indefinite number of generations. Although generally reproductively isolated from other biotypes of the same species, occasional sexual reproduction does occur between biotypes. The resulting offspring, being infused with a new source of genetic m
curring as consistently correlated combinations of characters in plants having a reasonably wide distribution need be given taxonomic recognition. We have designed the key to the species to provide as many clues as possible. Because of the complexity within the genus, however, plants with unusual character c
Setaria (Bristlegrass genus)
Annuals or perennials. Leaf sheaths open, often compressed and keeled; the blades flat or folded to inrolled; ligules membranous-based with a fringe of hairs; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a densely flowered, usually cylindric, bristly spikelike panicle, the spikelets subsessile or short-pedicelled, in clusters on short branches, some or all of them subtended by 1-several conspicuous bristles (reduced panicle branches); spikelets dorsiventrally compresse
d to subterete, 2-flowered, the lower floret sterile or staminate, the upper fertile, disarticulating below the glumes but above the bristles; glumes unequal, acute to obtuse, the first triangular and less than one-half the length of the spikelet, 1-5-nerved, basally clasping, the second from one-half to as long as the spikelet, 5-9-nerved; reduced lower lemma similar to the second glume, equal to or rarely exceeding the spikelet, fertile upper lemma planoconvex, firm to hard, usually coar
A<Wheat is a small genus of 15-20 species in Europe and Asia.
087-010P
WheatQ aestivum
Wheat
CollomiaB
Nutt.
Collomia
Annual or perennial herbs; stems simple or branched, erect to prostrate. Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, simple and entire or variously cleft. Flowers solitary or in headlike clusters, terminal on stems and branches or occasionally appearing to arise in the axils of subtending branches; calyx tube membranous to papery by flowering, nearly uniform in texture, expanded and abruptly angled outward just below the sinuses between the teeth, accrescent and not ruptured by the
Triticum (Wheat genus)
See species description locally
WheatG
POACEAE
A<Wheat is a small genus of 15-20 species in Europe and Asia.
history of name changes. At the time of the first edition of Arnow's book 60 species were included, but a major revision was underway. There is now wide agreement as to how the 60 species should be reclassified - each of our 4 species ends up in a diferent genus! Changes are given under individual plants.
We have 4 species locally, only 1 of which reveals itself to the average hiker. That, of course is the familiar Scarlet Gilia (Gilia aggregata), which goes to the genus Ipomopsis. The otClher 3 have much smaller white to bluish flowers, and are smaller plants of the valleys and lower mountains.
069-024M
003-037N
115-013P
Gilia
069-024M
003-037N
115-013P
Gilia
SquirreltailQ
hystrix
Squirreltail
SorghumB
Moench
Sorghum
See species description locally
SorghumG
POACEAE
Sorghum is one of about 35 species of perennials native mostly to Africa. Our local one is an import, grown for forage and escaping.
SorghumQ
halepense
Johnson Grass
d when mature, the margins inrolled around the edges of the palea.
BristlegrassG
POACEAEP
BristlegrassQ
viridis
SitanionB
Sitanion (Squirreltail genus)
See species description locally
Rumex (Dock or Sorrel genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, some species dioecious or polygamous; herbage glabrous or scabrous to minutely blunt-hairy; stems and fruiting calyx often red or red-tinged. Leaves alternate, usually petioled, often large, entire or wavy-margined; stipules membranous and strongly sheathing. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, on slender, usually jointed, ultimately recurved pedicels in numerous, remote to contiguous whorls borne in panicles; sepals
(4) 6, subequal at flowering, in 2 series, the outer 3 herbaceous, not enlarged in fruit, often united at the base, subtending the inner sepals and mostly inconspicuous, the inner 3 (sometimes called valves) expanding with the developing fruit, becoming membranous and often strongly reticulate-veined, frequently bearing grainlike swellings on the midvein at maturity; stamens 6; styles 3, free or basally fused, the stigmas with numerous, threadlike branches. Achene sharply 3-angled, pale to
C; dark brown, usually smooth, enclosed by the inner sepals.
SorrelG
POLYGONACEAE
The Dock or Sorrel genus contains many species familiar as weeds or natives. Plants are often rather coarse, with thick stems and large leaves. Foliage contains quantities of oxalic acid sufficient to make them hazardous for livestock. Conversely, the sharpness has led to some of them being cultivated as green vegetables. The weak acid also functions to relieve the sting of nettles. The word sorrel denotes sourness.
Flowers are in whorls around stems and branches, the whorls making an alm
029-011M
006-023N
078-017P
Dock / SorrelQlacetosella
crispus
dentatus
maritimus
obtusifolius
patientia
paucifolius
salicifolius
venosus
hymenosepalus
, free or basally fused, the stigmas with numerous, threadlike branches. Achene sharply 3-angled, pale to
rR'Maidenhair Spleenwort
Green Spleenwort
AthyriumB
Athyrium (Lady Fern genus)
See species description locally
E Lady FernG
POLYPODIACEAE
The Lady Ferns are primarily tropical, woth perhaps a hundred species. They are medium to large in size, inhabiting moist places. leaves are compound with 2 or 3 successive divisions. We have a single species.
P Lady FernQ
filix-femina
Common Lady Fern
CheilanthesB
Cheilanthes
See species description locally
Lip FernG
POLYPODIACEAE
ty; stamens 6; styles 3, free or basally fused, the stigmas with numerous, threadlike branches. Achene sharply 3-angled, pale to
various knotweeds such as the native Kellogg's Knotweed (Photo 1) and the ubiquitous weed Devil's Shoestrings.
"Persicaria" will be used for the various Smartweeds, Lady's Thumbs, Bistorts, etc, in which leaves are larger and softer, and flowers are concentrated into a single cluster at the tips of stems and branches (photos 2 and 3). This genus is named after the original Lady's Thumb from Eurasia, Polygonum persicaria, which also occurs here as a weed.
We have about a dozen species, spCslit between the two groups, plus two that are placed in other genera. All are listed here under their older names.
067-019M
041-004N
014-008P
Knotweed / Smartweed
E PolanisiaG
CAPPARACEAEK
-P PolanisiaQ
dodecandra
Clammy Weed
023-003M
003-012N
102-016P
SpringbeautyQ4cordifolia
lanceolata
perfoliata
sibirica
virginica
ROHeartleaf Springbeauty
Heartleaf Montia
Lanceleaf Springbeauty
Miner's Lettuce
LewisiaB
Pursh
Lewisia
Fleshy, glabrous, perennial herbs from a globose corm or a thick fleshy root surmounted by a short caudex; stems or scapes 1-several, sometimes jointed. Basal leaves usually numerous, the petiole base largely membranous, the blades sometimes terete or nearly so, the stem leaves lacking or, if present, mostly opposite or whorled, often bractlike. Flowers generally bracteate, solitary or clustered; sepals 2 and herbaceous or 4-9 and wholly or partially petaloid, free, often unequa
Springbeauty
olata
perfoliata
sibirica
virginica
92-034P
Springbeauty
Ceanothus (Wild Lilac genus)
See species description locally
Wild LilacG
RHAMNACEAE
Wild Lilac describes some, but not all of the 45 species of Ceanothus, which is known by the botanical name because of the many ornamental plants derived from it. They can be shrubs or sprawling plants, evergreen or deciduous, with or without thorns, with showy or inconspicuous flower clusters. Fruits are round dry capsules.
All but one or two of the species occur in California, mainly in mountain brush communities.
Our only representative is the Mountain Lilac which is a fairly common sB
hrub.
034-027M
073-036P
Wild LilacQ
velutinus
fendleri
prostratus
R$Mountain Lilac
Snowbrush
Deer-brush
Rhamnus
nder dripping cliffs and hanging gardens. Leaflets are round to triangular in outline. It occurs in warm regions of both Old and New Worlds, including several Utah counties. Not known from here.
Maidenhair FernQ
pedatum
capillus-veneris
R=American Maidenhair
Northern Maidenhair Fern
Maidenhair Fern
qA AspidotisB
Copel.
Aspidotis
See species description locally
E AspidotisG
POLYPODIACEAE
Aspidotis is a small genus with 3 species in the western U.S. and 1 in Africa.They are small crack-growers, with very divided leaves, the stalks being dark and wiry. Spores are borne under the narrow leaflets, whose edges are rolled back.
Beeplant
Spider FlowerG
CAPPARACEAE
Bee Plants (Cleome) comprise about 200 species, mostly in the New World tropics and subtropics. There are generally 3 leaflets on each leaf. Plants are annuals.
Our 2 species (Yellow Bee Plant and Rocky Mountain Bee Plant) have exuberant displays of yellow or purple flowers. A striking feature of these is the very long stamens which protrude from the mouth of the flower, giving a fuzzy appearance to the whole. Both species grow on waste land and roadsides. As the plant continues to grow, B2seed pods develop and the flowering stems extend.
033-017M
000-003N
041-032P
Beeplant / Spider FlowerQ
lutea
serrulata
R(Yellow Beeplant
Rocky Mountain Beeplant
A PolanisiaB
Polanisia
See species description locally
dactylis
dactylis
orchard
grass
genus
dactyloctenium
daisyd
dandelionZ
dangerous
danthonia
danthonia
oatgrass
genus
dark]
dark-veined
darker
datura
datura
jimson
thornapple
genus
daucusM
daucus
carrot
genusM
deadnettle
death
deciduousW
decumbentX
decumbent-based
decurrentn
deeplyW
definitive
deflexed
LYPODIACEAE
CystopterisB
Bernh.
, stigma, or chromosome number to warrant recognition of more than one genus.
POLYGONACEAE
RumexB
$18, not joined. Frequently they are not all the same size; white or pink, salmon or deep rose.
Seeds are in a capsule.
We have 3 species, two of which are reasonable common tiny plants of th high mountains; the other (Bitterroot) is known locally from a single population in the foothills.
065-024M
063-036N
125d-019P
LewisiaQ
pygmaea
rediviva
triphylla
RILeast Lewisia
Dwarf Lewisia
Bitterroot
Threeleaf Lewisia
Fewleaf Lewisia
MontiaB
Montia
See species description locally
MontiaG
PORTULACACEAE
wo of which are reasonable common tiny plants of th high mountains; the other (Bitterroot) is known locally from a single population in the foothills.
PORTULACACEAE
HutchinsiaQ
procumbens
Hutchins' Mustard
Slenderweed
IsatisB
Isatis (Woad or Dyer's Woad genus)
See species description locally
s WoadG
BRASSICACEAE
/There is only one Dyer's Woad as far as most people are concerned, but in fact there are about 60 species in the Isatis genus. They are mostly erect Eurasian herbs, which can be annual to perennial.
An unusual feature of the genus is that the seed pods hang down, and contain a single large flat seed.
023-027M
026-023N
006-030P
Woad / Dyer
s WoadQ
tinctoria
Dyer's Woad
LepidiumB
reichenb
rockmat
grayj
salisb
salisb
schleid
schrad
schreb
sloughgrass
spach
tourn
tourn
adans
berthel
weber
willd
0.3-1.2
0.8-3
buffaloberry
bugleweed
bugseed
bulrush
burdock
burnet
buttercup
butterweed
cactus
california
california
poppy
caltrop
camas
camissonia
campion
canary
canary
grass
cancer-root
caraway
carrot
cat's
cat's
catchfly
catchweed
cattail
cedar
centaury
centranthus
chamomile
checkermallow
cherry
chess
fritillary
fumitory
garlic
gaura
gentian
geranium
giant
giant
hyssop
gilia
glacier
glacier
glasswort
glechoma
globemallow
glory
goatgrass
goatsbeard
goldeny
golden
astery
goldeneye
goldenrod
goldenweed
goodyera
gooseberry
goosefoot
goosegrass
grape
grape
grass
grass-of-parnassus
grasswrack
Chimaphila (Pipsissewa genus)
See species description locally
PipsissewaG
PYROLACEAE
`The Prince's Pine or Pipsissewa genus consists of 4 or 5 species of evergreen subshrubs, occurring in the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Leaves are clustered, and lance-shaped, with obvious teeth (Photo 1).
Flowers are in a cluster of 1-10, opening flat (Photo 2); fruit a round capsule.
We have a single species, growing in moist forests.
044-016M
122-005P
PipsissewaQ
umbellata
Prince's Pine
Pipsissewa
MonesesB
Salisb.
Moneses
See species description locally
E WoodnymphG
PYROLACEAE
e. The 5 sepals are broad, attached by a slender base. Petals alternate with these, often in a contrasting color (Photo 2). The base of each petal is drawn out into a long hollow tube, with a bulb at the end containing nectar. There are numerous stamens.
Seeds are contained in a cluster of 5 follicles (capsules that split down 1 side: Photo 3).
Given the spectacular flowers, it is not surprising that many are cultivated.
089-021N
013-018P ColumbineQ1caerulea
flavescens
scopulorum
micrantha
formosa
R3Colorado Columbine
Blue Columbine
Yellow Columbine
CalthaB
Caltha
See species description locally
Marsh MarigoldG
RANUNCULACEAE
E Columbine
Anemone (Windflower genus)
Perennial herbs from a caudex or rhizome. Basal leaves petioled and mostly palmately compound with toothed to variously dissected leaflets, sometimes withered by flowering or lacking; stem leaves in 1 or 2 whorls (involucres), each involucre with 2-4 sessile or petioled, simple or compound leaves. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, solitary and terminal on each of 1-5 peduncles arising from the apex of the stem, the peduncle, when solitary, s
ubtended at the base by a single involucre of leaves or, when multiple, all but the central peduncle bearing, in addition to the primary involucre, a secondary one of reduced leaves at or above the base; sepals 4-20, petaloid, white or variously colored; stamens numerous, shorter than the sepals, pistils numerous. Fruit of numerous, glabrous or short-hairy to long-woolly achenes, these persisting in a terminal headlike cluster after the sepals have fallen; style at fruiting short and glabr
leaf-like
leafless
leaflet
leafletsA
leaflikeb
leafyb
leaning
learnX
learnedX
leastP
leathery
leavez
leavesA
s strongly reflexed; stamens 4 or 5, opposite the corolla lobes and connivent around the style, the filaments short, broad, and free or fused, the anthers long and basally attached, the connective between the anthers conspicuous, at least at the base, usually deeply colored and smooth or wrinkled; style threadlike, slightly exceeding the stamens, the stigma globose or nearly so. Capsule ovoid, 1-chambered, 5-valved, dehiscent along the valves from the apex (ours), sometimes circumscissile C[near the apex and the tip falling with the style; seeds numerous, minute, ovoid or angled.
Shooting StarG
PRIMULACEAE
, usually deeply colored and smooth or wrinkled; style threadlike, slightly exceeding the stamens, the stigma globose or nearly so. Capsule ovoid, 1-chambered, 5-valved, dehiscent along the valves from the apex (ours), sometimes circumscissile
mewhat leathery, usually chiefly basal and on short basal branches, the stem leaves alternate, reduced to small scales. Flowers mostly 5-merous, in terminal racemes on erect to pendent pedicels; calyx shallowly to deeply lobed; petals free, often somewhat unequal, concave, erect to spreading, soon falling; stamens 10, curved inward, the anthers inverted and opening by 2 pores at B
the ends of short tubes terminal on the sacs; style straight or curved to one side, the stigma flat and shallowly 5-lobed or with 5 short erect lobes. Fruit a 5-lobed capsule; seeds numerous.
Wintergreen / Shinleaf
ShinleafG
PYROLACEAE
s description locally
, 5-valved, dehiscent along the valves from the apex (ours), sometimes circumscissile
Q?columbiana
hirsutissima
occidentalis
orientalis
ligusticifolia
R{Rocky Mountain Clematis
Sugarbowls
Lion's Beard
Blue Clematis
Purple Virgin's Bower
Oriental Clematis
White Virgin's Bower
DelphiniumB
Delphinium (Larkspur genus)
Annual or (ours) perennial herbs with fibrous or fleshy roots, stems simple or sparingly branched. Leaves alternate, kidney-shaped to suborbicular, usually palmately lobed or divided. Flowers bisexual, bilaterally symmetrical, 1-many, in terminal racemes or panicles; sepals 5, petaloid, similar in color to the petals, the uppermost prolonged into a spur; petals 4, the lower pair typically somewhat hairy, with narrow claws and blades often cleft at the apex
Virgin's BowerG
RANUNCULACEAE
The Groundsmokes (Gayophytum) are a "complex" in which it is difficult to tell where one species ends and another begins, because of complicated genetics. Coventionally, nine "species" are recognized, occurring in the western parts of North and South America.
They are generally similar to the small Willowherbs (Epilobium), but lack tufts of hair on the seeds, and more immediately useful, their sepals fold back at flowering time. Flowers open in the morning and fade the same day.
Two speB
cies occur locally, and a third is being added to the new edition of Arnow's book. They are not easy to tell apart without a good magnifier or microscope.
GroundsmokeQ racemosum
ramosissimum
diffusum
RCGroundsmoke
Kitchenweed
Branchy Groundsmoke
Branching Groundsmoke
A OenotheraB
ONAGRACEAE
Rose MallowG MALVACEAEP
Rose MallowQ
trionum
Flower-of-an-hour
IliamnaB
Greene
Iliamna (Wild Hollyhock genus)
See species description locally
Wild HollyhockG MALVACEAEP
Wild HollyhockQ
rivularis
R"Mountain Hollyhock
Wild Hollyhock
MalvaB
Malva (Mallow genus)
See species description locally
MallowG MALVACEAEP
MallowQ neglecta
Cheeses
Cheeseweed
Mallow
SidaB
See species description locally
SidaG MALVACEAEP
SidaQ
hederacea
Alkali Mallow
Dollar Weed
SidalceaB
petype
phacelia
phainopeplas
pheasant's
phlox
phoradendron
photob
photo1
photograph
photos
photosynthesis
phragmites
physically
pickleweed
pickleweed
samphire
glasswort
occurs
worldwide
saline
pictureq
pigweedE
piles
pimpernal
pincushions
ulorum
micrantha
formosa
CalthaB
Caltha
See species description locally
Marsh Marigold
The two species of Euclidium are native to Eurasia. They are annual plants with unlobed leaves along the stem, few at the base.
Numerous tiny white flowers are carried in a long spike.
Our species is the Syrian Mustard, Euclidium syriacum, an occasional weed.
P EuclidiumQ syriacum
Syrian Mustard
Syrian Weed
HesperisB
Hesperis
See species description locally
RocketG
BRASSICACEAE
tal-like. Petals are mostly 5, but can be 16 or more, usually yellow, sometimes white. Stamens are numerous.
Fruits are a dense cluster of achenes (single seeds with a thin covering).
Some of our species are very attractive, others quite nondescript. Photos 1-3 are chosen to show noteworthy features of the genus:
1 Plantainleaf Buttercup has simple leaves, and variable number of petals;
2 White Water Crowfoot is aquatic, white-flowered, and has highly divided leaves;
eolate, short- to long-clawed, each with a gland (nectary) usually covered by a minute scale just above the base or claw; stamens 5-numerous; pistils 4-numerous, the style short to lon
The Meadowrues are a genus of about 80 species in temperate parts of North America and Eurasia. They are leafy perennials with stems to 3 feet tall in our species. Leaves are compound with 3 stalked leaflets, these being further compound. Top surface is usually green, the lower surface pale green. Overall the foliage is very attractive.
Flowers are inconspicuous, mostly whitish or greenish, with some purple. They lack petals. Frequently the male and female flowers are on separate plants, B
an uncommon condition known as dioecy.
Small clusters of seeds are carried at the ends of stems and branches (Photo 3).
We have two species, one of which is very common, the other rare in this area.
006-001M
064-002N
013-019P MeadowrueQ
fendleri
sparsiflorum
R6Fendler Meadowrue
Fewleaf Meadowrue
Montane Meadowrue
A CeanothusB
of stems and branches.
hort to lon
Potentilla (Cinquefoil genus)
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnately or palmately compound; stipules typically well developed, herbaceous to membranous. Flowers bisexual, solitary and terminal or in terminal and axillary cymes; floral tube saucer- to bowl-shaped usually gland-lined; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the summit of the floral tube, spreading to erect and alternating with mostly shorter and narrower, entire or toothed bractlets; petals 5, yellow to o
ccasionally white or reddish to purple, soon falling; stamens 10-30 (40), the filaments not flattened, the anthers basifixed; pistils numerous, on a hemispheric to cone-shaped receptacle, the ovaries superior, each with a straight, often glandular-roughened style arising from the apex, side, or base of the ovary, jointed at the base and readily deciduous. Fruit of numerous achenes on a dry, sometimes hairy, convex receptacle, the whole often surrounded by the erect, accrescent sepals.
ChorisporaB
R. Br.
Chorispora (Blue Mustard genus)
See species description locally
and five yellow petals, an open bowl with many stamens. Easy distinctions (usually): Cinquefoils have 5 small bracts alternating with the sepals (Photo 2), and their sepals fold up to cover the fruits (Photo 3).
Fruits are single-seeded achenes, a cluster of which are covered by the sepals.
We have about a dozen species, ranging from the valleys to alpine, dry to wet sites. Used extensively in xeriscape gardening is the wonderful Shrubby Cinquefoil (Photo 1), which is most frequently seeC
n in the higher mountains.
066-009M
051-033N
043-024P
CinquefoilQranserina
biennis
concinna
diversifolia
fruticosa
glandulosa
gracilis
norvegica
ovina
rivalis
hippiana
erecta
, jointed at the base and readily deciduous. Fruit of numerous achenes on a dry, sometimes hairy, convex receptacle, the whole often surrounded by the erect, accrescent sepals.
CynoglossumB
Cynoglossum (Hound's Tongue or Beggar's Lice genus)
See species description locally
Hound's Tongue
Beggar's LiceG
BORAGINACEAE
Hound's Tongue or Beggar's Lice genus has about 80 species, and is cosmopolitan. None are native to our area, but the single invader has made its way into a variety of habitats, It seems to be itegrated into the local community, rather than taking it over as some other weeds do.
031-031M
001-028P
Hound's Tongue / Beggar's LiceQ
officinale
Hound's Tongue
Houndstongue
HackeliaB
flowersA
This genus was named after David Townsend, an amateur botanist of the first part of the nineteenth century. Townsendia has about 25 species in the western states of the U.S. and adjacent parts of Canada and Mexico.
They are usually low-growing daisy-type plants with blue or white ray flowers. In many cases the flowering stem does not elongate, so the heads nestle in a cluster of leaves on the ground.
We have a single species, the Mountain Townsendia, which I have not yet located. The phoB=tograph is of Townsendia incana which occurs widely in Utah.
083-022P
TownsendiaQ
montana
incana
parryi
Mountain Townsendia
TragopogonB
Members of the Blackberry, Raspberry or Bramble genus can be very hard to distinguish, for various reasons. About 200-700 species have been described in northern temperate regions, and high parts of the tropics. We have only a few, and identification is easier.
They are usually thorny shrubs with leaves that are pinnately compound (separate leaflets arranged along a central stalk) or palmately lobed (like a Maple leaf). Thorns and prickles often are on leaf stalks, sepals and fruit stalks
L as well.
Flowers are in small clusters, with 5 petals usually 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, white or pink. Fruit, the berry, is a cluster of drupelets - like tiny one-seeded cherries.
We have just 3 species, the Wild Raspberry (upright canes), the Black Raspberry (sprawling brambles), and the Western Thimbleberry (huge palmate leaves).
007-015M
002-015N
060-020
Heuchera (Alumroot genus)
Perennial herbs from a simple or branched caudex, often with stout scaly rhizomes, flowering stems slender, naked or bracteate to more or less leafy; herbage often glandular-hairy to some degree. Basal leaves prominent, long-petioled, suborbicular, palmately lobed and usually crenate; stem leaves, when present, alternate and much reduced; stipules membranous, partially to completely fused with the base of the petiole. Flowers usually bisexual, radially or bil
aterally symmetrical, borne in an elongate, open to spikelike panicle or rarely in a raceme; floral tube yellow-green or reddish, saucer- to bell-shaped or subcylindric; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the apex of the floral tube, often unequal; petals 5, rarely fewer or lacking, white to greenish, clawed, the blade linear to broad, entire; stamens 5 (sometimes 1 or more of these rudimentary), opposite the sepals; pistil 1, the ovary partially to almost completely inferior
Sphaeromeria is a small genus of herbs and half-shrubs which are native to the western U.S. They have a somewhat sagebrush-like odor.
We have a single species, the Differentleaf Sphaeromeria, mostly growing in cracks in limestone cliffs.
SphaeromeriaQ
diversifolia
Differentleaf Sphaeromeria
OA TaraxacumB
Weber
Taraxacum (Dandelion genus)
See species description locally
E DandelionG
ASTERACEAE
Salix (Willow genus)
Dioecious, prostrate to erect shrubs or less often trees, pollinated by insects and to some extent by wind. Leaf buds covered by a single, nonresinous, caplike scale; leaves simple, alternate, mostly short-petioled, varying from linear to lanceolate or elliptic to oblanceolate, in a few species suborbicular or obovate, the margins entire or toothed to obscurely wavy; stipules often conspicuous and persistent, especially on young vegetative shoots. Catkins appearin
g before, with or after the leaves, sessile or stalked, erect to spreading or rarely pendulous, with either staminate or pistillate flowers or, in atypical plants a single cat kin bearing flowers of both sexes; each flower subtended by a small, entire or rarely toothed bract (scale), the latter often variably shaped within a species, the perianth represented by 1 or 2 (rarely more) nectary glands these often obscured by the hairs of the catkin axis or by the scales; staminate flowers consi
sting of 2 or less often 3-5 (10) stamens, the filaments free or partially to com pletely fused, glabrous or hairy, the anthers 0.3-1.2 mm long (ours); pistillate flowers consisting of a solitary, sessile or stipitate pistil with 1 style and 2 entire or bilobed stigmas, occasionally the style obsolete. Capsule lanceolate to ovate in outline, 1-chambered, 2-valved; seeds minute, oblong, with long silky hairs.
Willow
3). We have about a dozen species, plus several beautiful ornamentals such as the Globe Willow.
130-009M
065-015P
Willow
ies descriptions vary from one manual to another. The measurements h
The Honeysuckle genus has about 150 species, mostly spread around the Northern Hemisphere. Two are native to our area, and at least two others have escaped cultivation and become naturalized.
Plants are shrubs or woody vines. Leaves are in pairs from opposite sides of the stem, and flowers of our native species are paired on short stalks. Most honeysuckles have narrow bell-shaped flowers, regular in shape. Some, however, are obviously non symmetrical - "petals" flare widely from a short t
ubular section. Because the most familiar garden honeysuckles are of this type, many people find it hard to believe that our natives are actually honeysuckle. Flowers are often strongly fragrant, especially in the evening. Red berries may be toxic.
Our two natives are the Utah Honeysuckle, and the Black Twinberry, both medium-sized shrubs of the middle mountains. Twinsisters is another shrub, one that escapes from cultivation and sometimes gets established in the foothills. Japanese Honey
N purple to lavender, pink, or white, never yellow; style of the disc flower 2-branched, the branches flattened, with marginal stigmatic lines and acute to long-tapered appendages. Achenes more or less compressed, with 1 or more ribs on each face, hairy or glabrous; pappus of hairlike bristles, rarely with an outer series of scales.
Aster
DaisyG
ASTERACEAE
This is the genus after which the family ASTERACEAE was named. "Aster" means star, referring to the radiating ray flowers, which resemble petals of a typical flower. There are as many as 200 species recognized, although the relationships are being revised as modern methods are applied. Most bloom late summer - early fall.
Asters (Aster) and Daisies (Fleabanes, Erigeron) often confuse the novice. It is relatively easy to tell the groups apart, but it can be extremely difficult to identify
The Stickseed genus is closely related to the Tickweed genus (Hackelia), and species have been reassigned from one to the other as more research is done. There are about a dozen widely distributed species.
Like the Tickweeds thay have small blue and/or white flowers that give rise to little nutlets with barbed prickles. In our range there are two species, both looking like miniature forget-me-nots, with tiny blue flowers about 1/10 inch across. They are certainly native to Europe, but mayB$ also be native to the western U.S.
P StickseedQ
echinata
redowskii
R/European Stickseed
Bluebur or Desert Stickseed
LithospermumB
E StickseedG
BORAGINACEAE
HeliotropeG
BORAGINACEAEP
HeliotropeQ
curassavicum
cynodon@
erigeron@
erysimum@
euclidium@
glechoma@
lobularia@
myriophyllum@
psoralea@
sagittaria@
townsendia@
vinca@
tribulus@
acanthicarpa
acanthium
acanthoclada
acaulescens
acaulis
acetosella
acicularis
acuminata (X)
acuminatum
acutifolia
acutiloba
acutus
adoneus
adunca
aegyptium
aequalis
aestivalis
aestivum
aethiopis
affinis
africana
aggregata
airoides
albicaulis
albiflorum
albomarginata
albomarginatum
album
albus
aleppicum
alismaefolius
alnifolia
alpigenus
alpina
alpinum
alpinus
alternans
altissima
altissimum
alyssoides
amarella
ambiguum
ambiguus
americana
americanus
amphibium
amplectens
amplexicaul
amplexicaulis
amplexifolius
amygdaloides
anagallis-aquatica
anagalloides
andersonii
andromedea
androsaemifolium
anglicum
angustifolia
angustifolium
annua
annuus
anomala
anomalus
anserina
antirrhina
aparine
apetalus
aphanactis
applegatei
approximata
aquatica
aquatilis
aquilinum
arachnoidea
arbuscula
arctica
arcticus
arenarioides
argentea
argenteus
argophyllus
arguta
aristata
aristatum
arizonica
arizonicum
armata
artemisiifolia
arundinacea
arvense
arvensis
asarifolia
asper
asperifolia
desert-parsley
devil'se
devil's
beggartickse
devil's
lettuce
devil's
shoestrings
dewey
dewey
sedge
diamondleaf
diamondleaf
saxifrage
differentleaf
differentleaf
sphaeromeria
diplotaxis
dishwater
dishwater
grass
ditch
ditch
beardgrass
ditchbankb
ditchbank
asterb
ditchgrass
dodder
dogbane
dogcamomile
dogcamomile
mayweed
dogfennel
dogtooth
dogtooth
violet
dogwood
dollar
dollar
doublecomb
doublecomb
draba
douglasJ
douglas
campion
douglas
dusty
maideni
douglas
dustymaideni
douglas
douglas
hawthorn
douglas
knotweed
Comandra
See species description locally
Salixs species are known to hybridize more or less freely in nature. Although familiarity with individual species makes for ready recognition of some such hybrids, the overall process of hybridization and introgression inevitably results in an occasional plant whose identity is obscure. Another difficulty in identifying species of Salix lies in the importance of examining at least the pistillate catkins as well as mature leaves, the two not always being simultaneously available. Immat
ure leaves and those of catkin-bearing branches do not serve for identification purposes because they often differ from the fully expanded blades of vegetative branches in shape pubescence, and the nature of the margins, as well as in size. Unless otherwise specified, leaf descriptions, as presented here, apply only to the mature blades of vegetative branches. Because of the complexity within the genus, details of species descriptions vary from one manual to another. The measurements h
bracts". Details of the bracts play an important role in identifying plants.
Flowers usually include both disc and rays, the latter being typically yellow. We have about 15 species in the area. It is proposed to move 4 of them to another genus Packera.
Groundsel / ButterweedQ
amplectens
atratus
canus
crassulus
eremophilus
fremontii
hydrophilus
integerrimus
multilobatus
serra
streptanthifolius
triangularis
vulgaris
flaccidus
jacobaea
Showy Alpine Groundsel
Alpine Groundsel
Black Groundsel
Woolly Groundsel
Gray Groundsel
Mountain Meadow Groundsel
Thick Groundsel
Desert Groundsel
Cut-leaved Groundsel
Fremont Groundsel
Water Groundsel
Columbia Groundsel
Wet-the-Bed
Gauge Plant
Lobeleaf Groundsel
Uinta Groundsel
Butterweed Groundsel
Saw Groundsel
Manyface Groundsel
Arrowhead Groundsel
Arrowleaf Groundsel
Common Groundsel
Solidago
Common Name
CommentsR
Genus
Species
GenusX#Genera of the Central Wasatch FrontY
CLOSE
FILEZ
QUIT[
COLUMN
LAYOUT
Genus List
Species List
Genus about
Family
Species per Genusm
Genus Common List
Perityle
See species description locally
PerityleG
ASTERACEAE
Rock Daisy genus has about 50 species of the western U.S. and Mexico. They are herbs or small shrubs. Flowers are mostly yellow, occasionally white, occasionally the ray flowers missing.
PerityleQ
stansburii
R+Stansbury's Rock-daisy
Stansbury Rockdaisy
PetradoriaB
Greene
Petradoria
See species description locally
PetradoriaG
ASTERACEAE
There is only a single species of Rock Goldenrod. It seems extravagant to make a new genus for just one species, but it does seems distinct from each of its closest relatives such as the true Goldenrods.
Groundcherry
HusktomatoF
The leaves and unripe fruit of species of Physalis are suspected of being poisonous (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 1977). The ripe fruit, however, is palatable, some native species having been selected by plant breeders for cultivation (Harrington 1967).G
SOLANACEAE
The Groundcherry genus has about 100 species. They are mainly in the temperate and tropical Americas. A very distinctive feature is the calyx: as the fruit develops the calyx enlarges into a papery bladder which completely encloses the tomato-like berry.
Plants are annuals, or somewhat shrubby perennials with simple alternate leaves. Flowers are mostly single, drooping, and yellowish. They are 5-parted, the calyx strongly so, while the corolla may have just hints of distinct lobes.
The syx; seeds few to numerous, flattened, suborbicular to kidney-shaped, finely pitted.
The Indian Paintbrushes are a very colorful genus, albeit with a palette heavily biased towards the reds and oranges. Altogether there are about 200 species, mostly in western North America, and mostly perennial. Photo 2 shows our only annual,the Marsh Indian Paintbrush. Many species are semi-parasitic - they get some of their nourishment by infiltrating the roots of other plants, particularly sagebrush in our region, but still carry out their own photosynthesis.
What we think of as "the
flower" is actually a cluster of small flowers. These individually are built along the lines of those shown in the close-up in Photo 1. At the base of each flower is a soft bract, colored red: unusually short in theis species, with many paintbrushes this is the source of color. Running over half the length is the red calyx, from which protrudes the yellow-green corolla. The long lobe of the corolla covers the stamens, while the short one is a mere green knob.
Seeds are contained in a dry
capsule that is held upright, and splits across the top (Photo 3).
We have 7 species here, from the Early Paintbrush (April in the valleys and foothills, Photo 3) to the Sticky Paintbrush.
080-034M
094-015N
052-019P
Indian PaintbrushQxapplegatei
chromosa
exilis
linariifolia
miniata
rhexifolia
sulphurea
flava
indivisa
arachnoidea
hispida
scabrida
%Sticky Indian Paintbrush
Wavy-leaf Paintbrush
Desert Indian Paintbrush
Early Indian Paintbrush
Common Paintbrush
Marsh Indian Paintbrush
Annual Paintbrush
Narrowleaf Indian Paintbrush
Linearleaf Paintbrush
Wyoming Paintbrush
Scarlet Paintbrush
Rosy Indian Paintbrush
Sulphur Indian Paintbrush
Collinsia B
Nutt.
Collinsia
See species description locally
ndric, seeds smal
Saxifraga (Saxifrage genus)
Annual or perennial, sometimes scapose herbs; flowering stems 1-several, simple or branched above; herbage stipitate-glandular to some degree or occasionally glabrous throughout. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire or toothed to lobed, sometimes with bulblets in the axils; stipules obsolete, entirely fused with the petiole bases. Flowers radially symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical, rarely apetalous, hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous, generally
in cymes or cymose panicles, occasionally appearing racemose or rarely solitary, sometimes replaced by bulblets; floral tube, when present, saucer- to bell-shaped; sepals 5, arising with petals and stamens at the apex of the floral tube or from the receptacle when a floral tube is lacking; petals usually 5, white (commonly flecked with yellow or red) to greenish or purple, sessile or distinctly clawed, the blade entire; stamens 10, in some species arising from the sepals, the filaments sle
lovageO
lovegrasses
lovelyW
lover
lovers
low-growingV
lowerL
lowest
lowlands
lowlandsi
lucie
ludoviciana}
lumber
lupine
lupines
lupinus
lupulus
lychnis
lymph
lythrum
e or 3-toothed at the tip; stamens 4, didynamous, arising near the summit of the corolla tube, included in the upper lip, the anther sacs unequally attached to the filaments, one terminal, the other pendulous from the apex or sometimes absent; stigma unlobed, terminating in a minute tuft of hair. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid seeds few to many, reticulate or pitted.
paintbrush
panicgrass
parsleyP
parsnipH
pearlwort
pearly\
pearly
everlasting\
peasQ
peavine
pellitory
pennycress
peppergrass
peppergrass
pepperweed
pepperweed
pepperwort
pepperwort
water
clover
perityle
periwinkleW
periwinkle
myrtleW
petradoria
petrophytum
pheasant's
pheasant's
pickleweed
pickleweed
samphire
glasswort
pigweedE
pimpernel
pipsissewa
plantainC
plectritis
cherry
stone-fruits
poisonK
poison
hemlockK
polanisia
polecat
polypody
pondweed
popcorn
popcorn
flower
poplar
poplar
cottonwood
aspen
poppy
poverty
puncturevine
caltrop
purse
purslaneB
pussytoes
quillwort
quillwort
merlin's
grass
rabbitbrush
radish
ragweed
raspberry
redtop
redtop
bentgrass
000-006M
016-029N
094-007P
ToadflaxQ
genistifolia
vulgaris
RCDalmatian Toadflax
Butter and Eggs
Butter and Eggs
Common Toadflax
Mimulus B
Mimulus (Monkeyflower genus)
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely low shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Flowers strongly to slightly bilaterally symmetrical, solitary in the leaf axils; calyx tubular or bell-shaped, generally strongly keeled on the nerves, the apical teeth equal or unequal, less than half the length of the tube; corolla yellow, rose-purple, or red, often red-spotted in the throat, strongly to weakly 2-lipped, with 2 vertical, often hairy ridges on the ventralB
portion of the throat; stamens 4, didynamous; stigmas 2, free or sometimes fused on the lateral margins and funnel-shaped. Capsule cylindric, often enclosed in an accrescent calyx; seeds numerous, yellowish, reticulate to smooth or nearly so.
ifolia
vulgaris
E BirdsbeakG
SCROPHULARIACEAEP Birdsbeak
A Make list
Inspect
Startup
Other
Species list
Species Informal
A Veronica B
Veronica (Speedwell genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody-based; stems erect or prostrate. Leaves simple, opposite or those within the inflorescence alternate. Flowers solitary and axillary or in terminal or axillary racemes; sepals 4 (5), free or nearly so, often in 2 opposing pairs; corolla blue to violet or white, inconspicuously bilaterally symmetrical, with a very short tube and a broadly flaring, 4-lobed limb, the upper lobe larger than the other 3, the whole readilyB
deciduous; stamens 2, exserted; stigmas minute, globose or nearly so. Capsule flattened, commonly notched or 2-lobed at the apex; seeds few to many, flattened, smooth or roughened.
re usually solitary on a stalk in Moth Mullein (Photo 3).
005-012M
010-014N
096-022P
MulleinQ
blattaria
thapsus
virgatum
A Veronica B
bitterbrush
bittercress
blackberry
blackberry
raspberry
bramble
bladder
bladder
bladderpod
blazing
blazing
bleedingheart
mustard
blue-eyed
blue-eyed
grass
blue-eyed
bluebells
blueberry
blueberry
huckleberry
bluegrass
orchid
orchid
bonesetr
borage
bower
bracken
bramble
brickellbush
bristlegrass
brome
brome
chess
brookgrass
broomrape
broomrape
cancer-root
buckthorn
buckwheat
buffaloberry
bugleweed
bugseed
bulrush
burdock
burnet
buttercup
buttercup
crowfoot
butterweed
cactus
california
california
poppy
caltrop
camas
camissonia
campion
campion
catchfly
canary
canary
grass
cancer-root
etimes winged.
E LeuceleneG
ASTERACEAE
Leucelene consisted for many years of this single species, a low-growing daisy-like plant of dry open places. Once it was realized that it had many resemblances to those of a different genus (Chaetopappa), they were all included in the latter.
P LeuceleneQ
ericoides
Rose Heath
LygodesmiaB
D. Don
Lygodesmia (Skeletonweed genus)
See species description locally
SkeletonweedG
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
The Ragweed genus is a scourge to many people, because the pollen of several species (not all) causes allergies that affect nose and eyes. Oils in the leaves give the whole group a characteristic, fairly pleasant odor. Telling the ragweeds apart can be difficult, because it may require a close look at the developing fruit.
Although a majority of plants are bisexual, having both male and female parts in a single flower, ragweeds and some other genera, and even some whole families, have sep
s fuubtending at least the outer flowers, the stamens with filaments fu
peregrinusq
perennialC
perennial
herbs
rhizomes
these
sometimes
bearing
tubers
perennial
annual
herbs
shrubs
stems
erect
decumbentX
perennial
infrequently
annual
glabrous
herbs
stems
terete
culate or pitted.
Owl CloverG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
031-017M
123-022P
Sumpweed / PovertyweedQ
axillaris
xanthifolia
R7Poverty Sumpweed
Poverty Weed
Marsh-elder
Rag Sumpweed
LactucaB
Lactuca (Lettuce genus)
Annual or perennial herbs with milky juice; stems erect, usually solitary; herbage glabrous or in some species spiny to prickly-bristly. Leaves alternate entire to pinnately lobed. Heads entirely of bisexual ray flowers, several to numerous in a paniculate inflorescence; involucre cylindric, in some species abruptly expanded at the base, often bell-shaped at fruiting, the bracts erect-appressed in 2 or more series, usually imbricate, herbaceous with narrow memb
The Nightshade genus is one of the huge ones, with 1500 species. They can be annual or perennial; herbs, shrubs or vines, etc. What links them all are details of their flower and fruit structure. Many of them are highly toxic and cause death in humans and livestock: the Powell expedition was nearly wiped out by eating potato leaves. Despite this, they are an important source of foods with potato tubers being a major supplier of starch, plus the fruits of tomatoes, egg-plants and peppers.
Flowers are 5-lobed discs, with the stamens tightly grouped around the style. Fruit is a berry, juicy as in tomatoes, or dry as in peppers. Again, these are often poisonous, sometimes intensely so. Calyx often encloses the fruit, but is not bladdery.
We have 6 species of Nightshade to be found out of cultivation, only the Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) might be native here, although I have not encountered it. By far the commonest is Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), a vine of the moist
GenusF
AuthorH
DescriptionJ
Common NameL
CommentsN
FamilyP
Family DescriptionR#Genera of the Central Wasatch FrontS
CARD
LAYOUTT
CLOSE
FILEU
QUITV
FINDY
Genus about
. Individually they are small, but the clusters can be very showy.
We have 2 speciesB
Prostrate Vervain is a prostrate annual (Photo 2), found in disturbed places, especially dry and dusty ones.
Blue Vervain is an upright perennial with spikes of blue flowers (photos 1 and 3: dark spikes in Photo1 are not from the Vervain).
133-028
seedsA
seepweed
segment
LARIACEAE
A Veronica B
lleinG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
A Veronica B
HULARIACEAE
A Veronica B
ribulusB
<This is a huge genus of nearly 1000 species of herbs and shrubs. They are closely allied to Brickellia, lack ray flowers, and have disc flowers that are pink, purple, blue or white, never yellow.
Only the Spotted Joe Pye Weed is native to the Wasatch Front, and is very uncommon - I have never seen it in the wild.
Joe-Pye Weed / BonesetQ
maculatum
R"Spotted Joe-Pye Weed
Joe-Pye Weed
GnaphaliumB
ULMACEAE
CElms are a small genus (20 species) of trees, which can be over 100 feet tall. Leaves are alternate, usually serrated. Flowers are inconspicuous, usually wind-pollinated. Fruits are winged samaras.
Although they are widely cultivated as shade trees, elms have serious problems of brittleness and susceptibility to disease.
pumila
Siberian Elm
(Chinese Elm)
ParietariaB
Parietaria (Pellitory genus)
See species description locally
E PellitoryG
URTICACEAE
The Pellitory genus has about 20 species worldwide. They are annual or perennial herbs without stinging hairs. Leaves are to 3 inches long, rounded or lance-shaped.
Flowers are inconspicuous, in small clusters, and lacking petals. Most are either male or female, others are bisexual.
tansy
tansyaster
taperedp
taprootG
taprootedZ
taprootsP
tar-scented
taraxacum
taraxacum
dandelion
genus
tardily
tarweed
tawny`
taxau
teasel
teethG
temporarily
tendril
s than any other, the ingestion of potato vines, sprouts, peelings, or spoiled potatoes not infrequently causing death in livestock, rarely in humans (Kingsbury 1964).
NightshadeG
SOLANACEAE
SparganiumB
Characters of the family.E
Bur ReedG
SPARGANIACEAE
TamarixB
A single species of Twinflower occurs around the Northern Hemisphere. The genus is named to honor Linnaeus, the founder of the current system for naming plants.
089-002M
089-003P
TwinflowerR
Twin-flower
Twinflower
LotusB
Bird's-foot Trefoil
Lotus
FABACEAE
LEGUMINOSAE
Bird's-foot Trefoil is the name given to mant plants because of the resemblance of their three-pronged leaves to a bird's foot. "Lotus" has absolutely nothing in common with the fabled water-lilies of the East. The genus is quite large, with 100 species occurring in warm temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Some are planted as a forage crop.
Plants can be annual herbs to perennials, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves have a group of 3 leaflets arranged hand-fashion (palmate), hen
SparganiumB
sed, the anthers weakly coherent and appendaged at the apex; pistillate heads 1 (2-7) flowered, solitary or in small clusters in upper leaf axils, the involucral bracts fused and enclosing the achene, becoming nutlike or burlike at maturity, the tips of the bracts often modified into more or less spiny processes, these in 1-several series, straight or hooked, terete or flattened, occasionally vestigial or lacking, a corolla and pappus lacking, the style branches obscurely hairy at the acut
$e tips and exserted through an opening in the spinelike beak at the apex of the involucre.
The above description is emended to include the genus Franseria, traditionally separated from Ambrosia only by the number and arrangement of the spines on the fruiting involucre (see Payne 1964).
Ragweed
ASTERACEAE
nd frequently have a "beard" near the throat; the top two point more or less upwards. There are usually darker lines that serve as a guide for nectar-seeking insects.
Seeds are contained in a small capsule which opens explosively.
We have 10 species, most of them native to the area:
Blue or purple: Blue, Bog and Sweet violets;
Yellow: Nuttall's and Goosefoot violets;
White: Canada, Meadow and Marsh violets;
Multicolored: Beckwith's and Pansy violets.
They tend to be fairly earCKly bloomers, and the cultivated pansies can be found in flower at any time.
Violet
coontail
coral
coral
cordgrass
cotton
cotton
thistle
cottonwood
parsnipN
cowcockle
crabgrass
crazyweed
crowfoot
cryptanth
cryptanth
cat's
cucumber
cudweeds
cudweed
everlastings
currant
currant
gooseberry
cutgrass
cutleaf
cypress
daffodil
daisyd
dandelionZ
deadnettle
death
death
camas
desertP
desert
parsley
biscuitrootP
desert-thorn
ditchgrass
sorrel
dodder
dogbane
dogfennel^
dogtooth
dogwood
douglas
douglas
downingia
dragonhead
dropseed
ducksmeat
duckweed
dustyi
dusty
maideni
dwarf
dwarf
mistletoe
dyer's
elderberry
elodea
enchanter's
enchanter's
nightshade
englishd
euclidium
evening
evening
primrose
Whatever its reputation among dogs, the dogbanes are very attractive plants to most humans. Clean-looking pairs of leaves set off delicate white or pink flowers, these having a sweet fragrance. Slender pods containing silky seeds complete the life cycle.
We have two species, plus various hybrids between them which can make identification tricky.
A. androsaemifolium is low-growing, preferring dry slopes within the canyons.
A. cannabinum is taller, up to 6 feet, and prefers somewhat moistB
er habitats.
DogbaneQ%androsaemifolium
cannabinum
X medium
RJSpreading Dogbane
Indian Hemp
Dogbane
Intermediate Dogbane
Hybrid Dogbane
VincaB
DogbaneG
APOCYNACEAE
ecies description locally
loped
Bellis (Lawn Daisy genus)
See species description locally
Lawn Daisy
English DaisyG
ASTERACEAEK;Half a dozen species are native to Europe, none to the U.S.P
Lawn Daisy / English DaisyQ perennis
English Daisy
European Daisy
BidensB
Bidens (Beggarticks genus)
Annual to perennial herbs (ours) with taproots or fibrous roots Leaves opposite or the upper sometimes alternate, simple or compound. Heads vith or without ray flowers; involucre hemispheric to bell-shaped, the bracts in 2 dimorphic series: the outer herbaceous, the inner membranous and generally striate with dark longitudinal lines; receptacle flat or convex, chaffy throughout; ray flowers, when present, sterile, yellow or white, rarely reddish; disc flower
Iodine Bush
Saltbush
Smotherweed
Goosefoot
Bugseed
Winterfat
Halogeton
Summer Cypress
Poverty Weed
Pickleweed
Samphire
Glasswort
Russian Thistle
Greasewood
Seepweed
Inkweed
Morning Glory
Bindweed
Wild Morning Glory
Alkali Weed
Dogwood
Stonecrop
Wild Cucumber
Juniper
Dodder
Sedge
Flatsedge
Spikerush
Bulrush
Teasel
Russian Olive
Buffaloberry
Horsetail
Scouring Rush
Manzanita
Laurel
Labrador Tea
Blueberry
Huckleberry
Spurge
Locoweed
Milkvetch
Wild Licorice
Sweetvetch
Sweetpea
Peavine
Medick
Sweetclover
Crazyweed
Scurfpea
Clover
Vetch
Alkali Heath
Scrambled Eggs
Bleedingheart
Fumitory
Centaury
Gentian
Little Gentian
Swertia
Storksbill
Filaree
Heron
s Bill
Wild Geranium
Currant
Gooseberry
Myriophyllum
Mare's Tail
Elodea
Waterleaf
Nemophila
Scorpionweed
St. John's Wort
Fleur-de-Lis
Blue-eyed Grass
Quillwort
Merlin's Grass
Woodrush
Arrowgrass
Giant Hyssop
Glechoma
Deadnettle
Motherwort
Water Horehound
Bugleweed
Horehound
Dragonhead
Horsemint
Cat Mint
ragweed
raspberry
redtop
reedgrass
orchid
resinweed
ricegrass
jasmine
rock-brake
rockcress
rocket
mallow
rubia
russian
russian
olive
russian
thistle
ryegrass
sagebrush
sainfoin
salsify
cedar
saltbush
saltgrass
saltwort
samphire
verbena
sandbur
sandspurrey
sandwort
saxifrage
scorpionweed
scorzonella
scouring
scouring
scrambled
scrambled
scurfpea
milkwort
purslaneB
sedge
seepweed
selfheal
serviceberry
shepherd's
shepherd's
purse
shield
shield
shinleaf
shooting
shooting
sibbaldia
sisymbrium
sumpweed
povertyweed|
sunflower
sweetR
symmetricalA
sympetalous
symphoricarpos
symphoricarpos
snowberry
genus
synthyris
synthyris
kittentails
genus
systemsz
tailed]
tamarisk
tamarix
tamarix
tamarisk
cedar
genus
taproos
taprootG
taprootedZ
taprootsP
tar-scented
taraxacum
taraxacum
dandelion
genus
tardily
tarweed
tawny`
taxau
teasel
teethG
temporarily
tendril
family
theirk
obsoleteA
obtuseR
occasionallyV
occupies
occurrence
offset
offsets
chamberA
chambered
chambers
chamomile^
chamomillaj
chamomilla
chamomile
genusj
channeled
character
charactersq
characters
family
chartaceous^
checkermallow
cheilanthes
chenopodium
chenopodium
goosefoot
genus
cherry
chess
chickweed
chicorym
chieflyP
chloris
fingergrass
genus
chlorocrambe
chorispora
chorispora
mustard
genus
chromosome
chrysanthemumk
chrysanthemum
chrysanthemum
genusk
chrysothamnusl
chrysothamnus
rabbitbrush
genusl
cicelyR
cichoriumm
cichorium
chicory
genusm
cicutaJ
cicuta
water
hemlock
genusJ
ciliate
ciliate-fringed
cinna
cinna
woodreed
genus
circaea
circular
2affy throughout or only at the center; ray flowers (when present) usually pistillate with white or yellow rays, disc flowers bisexual, yellow, numerous; style branches flattened, truncate and short-hairy at the tips. Achenes cylindric to somewhat compressed, pappus lacking or consisting of a short crown.
Chamomile
DogfennelG
ASTERACEAE
Chamomile is native to the Old World, where there are about 100 species. They have such a distinct "herbal" odor as to have given rise to the descriptive name "anthemideous"; once you smell it you will remember it.
Our two imported species have leaves that are finely divided. They are 2 to 3 feet tall, with white or yellow daisy-looking flower heads. Found along roadsides and ditches in the valleys.
Chamomile / DogfennelQ
cotula
tinctoria
R>Dogfennel
Mayweed Chamomile
Golden Chamomile
Yellow Chamomile
in bundles. They are small, wedge-shaped at the base, with 3-7 lobes at the tip or along the sides. Undersides are woolly, with rolled back edges.
Flowers are just like a small white rose, with 5 spreading petals and many stamens (Photo 1). Fruits are single achenes with or without fluffy plumes.
We have 2 species, one from each of the 2 genera, both are shrubs of the foothills and hybridize:
Stansbury Cliffrose, with fluffy seeds (Photo 2);
Antelope Bitterbrush, seeds lack tufts (C
Photo 3)
025-008M
038-012N
041-027P
BitterbrushQ
tridentata
Antelope Bitterbrush
RosaB
AvensG
ROSACEAE
AvensG
ROSACEAE
marginsG
mariposa
markings
maroon
marrubium
marrubium
horehound
genus
marsilea
marsilea
water
clover
genus
masses
mat-forming
matchweed
matricariaj
matricaria
mayweed
genus
mature
matures
maturing
maturityA
mayweed
meadowrue
mealy
mealy-scurfy
means
measure
measurements
medially
medicago
medicago
medick
genus
medick
medium
medium-sized
melica
melica
melicgrass
oniongrass
genus
melicgrass
melilotus
melilotus
sweetclover
genus
midlength
persistentC
persisting
persists
persons
petaloidB
petalsA
petioledE
petiolesC
pinkG
familyA
fascicle
fascicled
fascicles
featherlike
female
ferns
fertileF
fescue
festuca
festuca
fescue
genus
few-flowered
fewer
fibers
fibrousC
fiddleneck
fields
fifth
figwort
filament
filamentsV
filaree
fruitA
fruiting[
funnelformW
The periwinkles are cultivated vines, used extensively as ground cover - they can be too successful, and become hard to control. Sometimes they escape and establish themselves in the wild. However, they rarely set seed, so do not disperse readily.
Lovely blue flowers about an inch across accounts for their popularity. The genus is large and widespread, and medicinal drugs have been based upon some of the chemicals found in them.
Vinca major and Vinca minor are broadly similar, but can beB) told apart by their leaf size and shape.
Periwinkle / MyrtleQ
major
minor
RLGreater Periwinkle
Grave-Myrtle
Lesser Periwinkle
Periwinkle
Running-Myrtle
A AsclepiasB
Osmorhiza has 11 species, occurring in North and South America and e. Asia. Although several species are given the name "Sweet-cicely", that actually refers more properly to the European Myrrhis odorata.
They are spindlt plants, often growing in shaded woodland areas in the canyons.
Sweet Cicely / SweetrootQ#chilensis
depauperata
occidentalis
RqSpreading Sweetroot
Chile Sweetroot
Bluntseed Sweetroot
Blunt-fruit Sweet-cicely
Sweetanise
Western Sweet Cicely
A PastinacaB
Pastinaca (Parsnip genus)
See species description locally
ParsnipG
APIACEAEKIThe Parsnip genus is native to Eurasia, where there are about 14 species.P
ParsnipQ
sativa
Wild Parsnip
PerideridiaB
reflexedX
region
regular
relativelyk
remainderx
remaining
remote
remotely
removedk
replacedG
replacing
replum
reported
represented
reproducing
reproductive
requirement
resembling
resin
resinousF
resinweedt
result
resulting
retentionu
rhizomatous
perennial
herbs
stems
simple
erect
leaves
entire
rhizome
rhizomesV
ribbedk
ribes
ribsG
ridgen
ridgesC
rightR
rigide
rimmed
ringC
ringed
rising
1964X
1974u
1976j
1acking
adherentV
afterL
alignedl
alongP
alternateE
alternatingV
ambrosia[
anatomyk
angledk
anglesR
annualE
annual
biennial
often
perennial
herbs
leaves
alternab
entireE
enveloped
ephemeral
epigynousG
equalW
equally
equitant
erectE
horsetail
hound's
however
huckleberry
human
humans
humulus
humulus
genus
husktomato
hutchinsia
hybrid
hybridization
hydrocyanic
hydrophyllum
hydrophyllum
waterleaf
genus
hymenoxys
hypericum
hypericum
john's
genus
hypogynousB
hyssop
i-several
iliamna
iliamna
hollyhock
genus
illness
imbricateZ
immatureG
juiceZ
kingsburyX
lackingA
lanceolateC
largeV
lateralG
laterallyA
latterP
lavenderb
leafE
leafletsR
least[
leavesA
trailingV
translucent
transparent
transversely
treatu
treated
treatments
treesA
trees
shrubs
leaves
deciduous
evergreen
alternate
tresses
triangular
triangular-conic
tribulus
tribulus
puncturevine
caltrop
genus
trifolium
trifolium
clover
genus
triglochin
triglochin
arrowgrass
genus
tripinnately
trisetum
triteleia
triticum
triticum
wheat
genus
trumpet-shaped
truncate^
tubeV
tubercle
L. grayi has wonderfully fragrant leaves, very finely divided: it is abundant on Antelope Island. L. triternatum is a delicate plant with leaves divided into just nine sections, common in the foothills in spring.
Desert Parsley / BiscuitrootQTambiguum
bicolor
dissectum
foeniculaceum
grayi
nuttallii
triternatum
junceum
parryi
Wyeth Biscuitroot
Wasatch Biscuitroot
Indian Parsley
Fernleaf Lomatium
Giant Lomatium
Hairyseed Lomatium
Desert-Parsley
Narrowleaf Lomatium
Milfoil Lomatium
Threadleaf Lomatium
Stinking Lomatium
Nineleaf Biscuitroot
Ternate Lomatium
OrogeniaB
Wats.
Orogenia (Turkey Peas genus)
See species description locally
short-hairy^
short-lived
short-pedicelled
short-peduncled
short-petioled
short-spurred
short-stalked
short-stipitate
short-taperedb
shorteri
showy
shredding
shrubby
shrubsA
shrubs
frequently
coarse
herbs
small
trees
leaves
shrubs
stems
often
bristles
prickles
biennial
shrubs
branches
erect
spreading
prostrate
unarmed
sibbaldia
sidalcea
sidalcea
checkermallow
genus
leaves
opposite
simple
mostly
common
cattail
common
chickweed
common
chicorym
common
cocklebur
common
dandelion
common
duckweed
common
evening
primrose
common
fumitory
common
gilia
common
globemallow
common
ground-cherry
common
groundcherry
common
groundsel
common
hollyhock
common
horehound
softZ
solanum
solanum
nightshade
genus
solid
solidago
solidago
goldenrod
genus
solitaryB
someB
some-what
sometines
enchanter's
enchanter's
nightshade
engelmannb
engelmann
asterb
engelmann
fleabaneq
engelmann
spruce
engelmann'sq
engelmann's
daisyq
englishd
english
daisyd
english
plantain
english
violet
entire
entire
mentzelia
erect
erect
avens
erectpod
erectpod
wintercress
eschscholtz
eschscholtz
buttercup
europeand
european
alkaligrass
european
bittersweet
european
daisyd
european
stickseed
european
wintercress
evening
evening-primrose
everlasting\
everywhereb
everywhere
asterb
exalted
exalted
centaury
fairway
fairway
wheatgrass
clammy
groundcherry
clammy
claret
claret
clarkia
clary
clary
clasping
clasping
pepperweed
clear-eye
cleavers
clematis
cliff
cliff
jamesia
cliffbrake
cliffrose
cloud
cloud
sedge
clover
cloverhead
cloverhead
horsemint
clustered
clustered
broomrape
clustered
cancerroot
matvetch
mayweed^
mayweed
chamomile^
mazama
mazama
collomia
meadowp
meadow
barley
meadow
death
camas
meadow
fescue
meadow
foxtail
meadow
goldenweedu
meadow
hawksbeardp
meadow
horsetail
meadow
milkvetch
meadow
salsify
meadowrue
measly
measly
monkeyflower
medick
mediterranean
mediterranean
barley
mediterranean
lovegrass
mentzelia
menzies
menzies
campion
menzies
catchfly
menzies
fiddleneck
mermaid
merten's
merten's
mesic
mesic
milkvetch
mexican
mexican
bedstraw
mexican
waterfern
mexico
clusters
coarseG
coast
coats
cockle
cocklebur
cockleburs
cockleburs
comprise
species
native
coffeem
coiled
coins
colder
collected
collection
collections}
collomia
collomia
contains
dozen
species
native
temperate
north
colloquial
color
colorado
coloredh
colorful]
colorsf
columbiai
columbine
columnaris
combination
combinedy
upelets.
E2Blackberry / Raspberry / Bramble
Raspberry
BrambleG
ROSACEAE
oftenB
one-half
one-third
onesC
onion-scented
subteretek
subterminalC
subterraneanL
subulate
succulentB
suffrutescent
sumacF
summer
summitp
sumpweed|
sunflowerw
sunken
superiorA
surfaceE
surmounted
surmounting
surrounded
surrounding
suture
sutures
sweetR
sweetclover
sweetpea
sweetrootR
sweetvetch
swellings
swertia
swollen
sword-shaped
067-011M
067-012N
134d-16P SpikemossQ watsonii
Watson's Spikemoss
DaturaB
Datura (Jimson Weed or Thornapple genus)
See species description locally
Jimson Weed
ThornappleG
SOLANACEAE
The Jimson Weed genus has about 25 species of herbs with broad leaves and large trumpet-shaped or tubular flowers. They form open mounds by branching repeatedly as they grow (Photo 1).
We have 2 species, neither of which is quite native here, but either of which may be found as an escape from cultivation. Sacred Datura is native from southern California across the southwest to Texas and Mexico. It has huge white flowers to 8 inches long and 5 inches across (Photo 2). Jimson Weed is nativ
ed is nativ
KittentailsG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Kittentails is a small genus of perennials of the western mountains, excluding the Rocky Mountains. Basal leaves are dominant,, stalked, variously divided. Stem leaves are reduced in size or absent. Stems are short.
Flowers are in a dense cluster at the tip of the stem, with the corolla having 4 more or less equal lobes, usually blue.
Our only species is the Featherleaf Kittentails, although a second species occurs further south and west (Cutleaf Kittentials: Photo 4). The leaves are verB
y different shapes
073-001M
073-002N
072-013P
KittentailsQ
pinnatifida
laciniata
R+Featherleaf Kittentails
Watson's Synthyris
Verbascum B
buttercup
gromwell
speedwell
cornbind
cornflower
corydalis
corymbose
corymbose
cancerroot
costmary
cotton
cottonbattings
cottonbatting
cudweeds
cottonwood
coulterq
coulter
fleabaneq
coulter'sq
coulter's
daisyq
clover
parsnipN
cowcockle
coyote
coyote
tobacco
coyote
willow
crabapple
crabgrass
crack
crack
willow
cranesbill
crazyweed
creeper
creepingX
creeping
bellflower
creeping
bentgrass
creeping
buttercup
creeping
collomia
creeping
draba
creeping
jenny
creeping
mahonia
creeping
milkweedX
creeping
spearwort
creeping
thistlen
creeping
wildrye
creeping
woodsorrel
cress
crested
2-4-chambered
2-4-lobed
2-4-toothed
2-4-valved
2-5-chambered
2-5-cleft
2-5-ribbeda
2-branchedb
2-celled
2-chamberedA
2-cleftG
2-flowered
2-lipped
2-lobedA
2-many
2-nerved
2-numerous
2-ranked
2-seeded
4-12A
4-20i
4-anglede
4-lobed
4-rayed
recurvedC
recurving
red-brownF
red-spotted
red-tingeda
reddishe
reddish-brown
reddish-orange
redtop
reducedG
reedgrass
refer
oursE
outerA
outermost
outline]
outward
ovarian
ovariesV
ovaryA
ovate}
ovate-lanceolate}
basal
perennial
herbs
rhizomes
stems
commonly
branched
erect
aboutW
aboveG
abronia
abronia
verbena
genus
abruptly}
absent
accordance
accounts
accrescent
acerA
maple
genusA
achene[
achenesC
achilleaY
achillea
yarrow
genusY
achlorophyllous
aconitum
aconitum
monkshood
wolfbane
genus
across
actaea
actaea
baneberry
genus
actually
alternatingV
although
alyssum
spirodela
spleenwort
spottedh
spotted
coralroot
spotted
joe-pye
weedr
spotted
knapweedh
spotted
lady's
thumb
spotted
spurge
sprangletop
spray
spreadingR
spreading
daisyq
spreading
dogbaneV
spreading
fleabaneq
spreading
sweetrootR
spreading
wallflower
spreading
wheatgrass
spreading
wormseed
spreadingpod
spreadingpod
rockcress
spring
spring
draba
spring-parsleyL
springbeauty
springparsleyL
spruce
spurge
spurred
spurred
lupine
squaw
squaw
currant
squawbush
squirrel-tail
squirrel-tail
fescue
squirreltail
stansbury
stansbury
cliffrose
stansbury
rockdaisy
stansbury's
stansbury's
rock-daisy
duckweed
swertia
R0Bushrock Spiraea
Bush Oceanspray
Mountain Spray
IvesiaB
T. & G.
Ivesia
Perennial herbs with a usually stout caudex. Leaves chiefly basal, 1-2 times pinnate, the leaflets typically dissected into numerous, narrow, closely overlapping segments; stipules inconspicuous. Flowers bisexual, perigynous, usually in crowded, terminal cymes; floral tube bell- to saucer-shaped; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the summit of the floral tube, erect, persistent, alternating with bractlets; petals 5, yellow to white or purplish, linear to broadly obB
ovate, often long-clawed, deciduous; stamens 5 (ours), 10, or 20; pistils 2-6 (1-15), on a low usually stiffly hairy receptacle, the ovaries superior, each with a straight, subterminal, deciduous style. Fruit of achenes.
IvesiaG
ROSACEAE
lenticularE
leonurus
leonurus
motherwort
genus
lepidium
lepidium
peppergrass
pepperweed
genus
leptochloa
leptochloa
sprangletop
genus
leptodactylon
leptodactylon
prickly
gilia
genus
lesquerella
lesquerella
bladderpod
genus
lessP
lesser
lettuce}
leucelene
leucopoa
level
levels
lewis
lewisia
licorice
light
lightlyV
ligule
ligules
ligusticumO
ligusticum
lovage
genusO
lilac
oblanceolate}
oblique
obliquelyj
obliterated
oblongL
oblong-ovateC
obovateP
obovoida
obovold
obpyramidal
obscureP
obscured
obscurely[
obscuring
uring
well-developedP
welsh
western
wetland
wheat
wheatgrass
when^
whereas
whetheru
whicha
whiteC
white-spotted
white-spotted
whorl
whorledC
whorls
widea
widely
widerj
R'Saskatoon Serviceberry
Common Shadbush
CercocarpusB
H.B.K
Cercocarpus (Mountain Mahogany genus)
See species description locally
Mountain MahoganyG
ROSACEAE
Mountain Mahogany is a small genus of about 8-10 species of western North America, from Washington to southern Mexico. They are shrubs or small trees, with small evergreen leaves and hard dense wood. Leaves are usually in small bundles on short side branches, or single along new shoots.
Flowers are in small clusters on spur branches, fairly inconspicuous, having 5 small sepals and no petals, but many stamens. Seeds develop individually, with a long tuft.
We have one species which is a c
madia
madwort
mahogany
mahonia
maideni
maidenhair
maidenhair
maidenhair
spleenwort
mallow
mallow
ninebark
mallow-leaved
mallow-leaved
ninebark
man's
mannagrass
manyface
manyface
groundsel
mapleA
mapleleaf
mapleleaf
goosefoot
marbles
mare's
mare's
marigolde
marijuana
mariposa
maritime
maritime
arrowgrass
marshb
marsh
arrowgrass
marsh
asterb
marsh
betony
marsh
buttercup
marsh
indian
paintbrush
marsh
marigold
marsh
parnassia
marsh
violet
marsh
yellowcress
marsh-elder
marshfire
marshfire
pickleweed
matchweed
matrimony
matrimony
mayweed
chamomile^
mazama
mazama
collomia
meadowp
meadow
barley
immediately
imperfectly
inadequate
incipient
inclined
irregular
sheathG
sheathingC
sheathlike
sheaths
sheep
shepherdia
shepherdia
buffaloberry
genus
shield
shinleaf
shinyE
shooting
shoots
shortC
short-awned
short-beaked
short-clawed
bisexualA
bitterbrush
bittercress
blackR
black-tipped
blackberry
blackish]
bladder
bladder-like
bladderpod
bladdery-inflated
blade
bladelessG
bladesC
blazing
bleedingheart
blisterlike
blisters
rarelyB
raspberry
ratherq
raysL
reaches
readilyx
recently
receptacleC
receptacularc
recommendq
rarely@
readily
recurved@
reflexed@
reticulate@
robust@
rose-purple@
ruppia@
saline
saltbush
same@
scape@
season
secondary
family
description
locally
species
description
locally
seed@
seeds
segments@
sessile@
several-nerved
sheath@
short
short-hairy@
showy
shrubs
branches
erect
spreading
prostrate
unarmed
side@
sinuses@
small@
soft@
sometimes@
somewhat@
species
spelling@
spine@
spurred@
staminal@
staminal@
spine@
spurred@
staminal@
unequally@
united@
usually
utricle@
visible@
well-developed@
white-spotted@
wilted@
with@
withering@
within@
year@
number[
numbers
numerousB
nutlets
nutlike[
nuttalliiP
o'clock
oatgrass
obcordate
irregularlyE
isatis
isatis
dyer's
genus
isoetes
isoetes
quillwort
genus
issuing
sumpweed
povertyweed
genus|
ivesia
jacob's
jamesia
japan
jasmine
jimson
joe-pyer
john's
johnston
joined
jointed
joints
juiceZ
juicy
junction
juncture
juncus
juncus
genus
juniper
juniperus
juniperus
juniper
genus
juvenile
kalmia
kalmia
laurel
genus
keeled
keels
rocky
mountain
clematis
rocky
mountain
draba
rocky
mountain
juniper
rocky
mountain
mapleA
rocky
mountain
parnassia
rocky
mountain
pleated
gentian
rocky
mountain
sedge
rocky
mountain
spurge
rocky
mountain
willowherb
rocky
mountain
woodsia
rose]
heath
pussytoes]
sedge
ross's
ross's
avens
rosy]
gilia
indian
paintbrush
pussytoes]
rothrock's
rothrock's
currant
roughf
rough
bedstraw
rough
bluegrass
rough
brickellbushf
rough
bugleweed
rough
cinquefoil
rough
fiddleneck
roughpod
roughpod
yellowcress
rover
rover
bellflower
rubberl
rubber
rabbitbrushl
beautiful
shooting
bebb's
bebb's
willow
beckwith
beckwith
milkvetch
beckwith's
beckwith's
violet
groundweed
bedstraw
beeplant
beggartickse
begonia
bellflower
bells
belvedere
belvedere
summer
cypress
bentgrass
bering
bering
chickweed
bering
chickweed
bermuda
bermuda
grass
betony
bicknell
bicknell
cranesbill
bienniala
biennial
cinquefoil
biennial
evening
primrose
biennial
lettuce}
biennial
wormwooda
sagebrusha
bigelow's
bigelow's
aster
bigflowered
bigflowered
collomia
bigleafc
auricles
auriculate-clasping
auriculatec
autumn
avena
avena
genus
avens
awl-shaped
awn-tip
awn-tipped
awnedv
awnless
awnlike
awnse
axillaryA
axisP
backC
nectaryW
needlegrass
needlelike
neither
nemophila
nepeta
nervedq
nerveless
nerves
nettle
neverb
nicotiana
nicotiana
tobacco
genus
nightshade
ninebark
nodding[
nodes
non-cultivated
non-palatable
non-rhizomatous
non-sheathing
non-stigmatic
nonaromatic
nonea
nonfunctional
nonresinous
normally
northu
notch
notched
sameA
samphire
sandbur
sandspurry
sandwort
sandy
sanguisorba
saponaria
saponaria
soapwort
genus
saprophytic
sarcobatus
sarcobatus
greasewood
genus
sarrachoides
saucer
saucer-shaped^
saxatile
saxifraga
saxifraga
saxifrage
genus
saxifragaceae
saxifrage
scabrous
scale
scalelike
scalesb
scaly
separateu
separated[
separatelyn
series[
serrateR
sessileV
pink-tinged
pinkish
pinnae
pinnateG
pinnatelyA
pinnatifidj
pinus
pinus
genus
pipsissewa
preferu
present^
prickles
prickly
prickly-bristly}
primary
principal`
processes[
progressively}
projections
prominent
prominentlyG
proposeu
prostrate
protuberancesP
pseudoscapesL
pubescenceq
pubescentF
punctatea
pungent
pungent-tippedE
purpleE
purple-brownx
purple-tingedE
pustulose-based
pyramidal
quadrangular
racemesA
overlappingA
ovoidL
oxalis
oxalis
woodsorrel
genus
oxyria
oxytropis
oxytropis
crazyweed
genus
oysterplant
pachistima
paintbrush
pairedV
pairs
palatable
palate
palea
palea
parallelG
parasitic
parent
parted
partial
partially|
bristlelike
bristlesZ
bristlyR
bristly-hairy
brittle
broadG
broadened
broaderG
broadlyG
brome
bromus
bromus
brome
chess
genus
brookgrass
broomrape
brown]
brown-spotted
buckthorn
buckwheat
buffaloberry
bugleweed
bugseed
bulblet-bearing
carpels
carpophoreG
cassini'su
cattle
caudex
caudices]
caulineR
cause
cavities
center^
centralP
chaffyZ
BrackenQ
aquilinum
Bracken Fern
WoodsiaB
R. Br.
Woodsia
Small to medium-sized, deciduous ferns of mostly dry rocky places, from short rhizomes covered with yellowish to dark brown scales and bearing numerous old petiole bases. Leaves tufted, 1-3 times pinnate; petioles dark red-brown below, pale above, slender and wiry to moderately stout; blades thin to leathery. Sori round, developing along the veins; indusium arising from below the sori, consisting of individual septate hairs, often with a beaded appearance, or of a small sac spliB
tting from the center at maturity to form a star-shaped structure with slender spreading segments, these often obliterated or inconspicuous at maturity.
WoodsiaG
POLYPODIACEAE
midnervel
midrib
midstem
midvein
midveins
might
milkvetch
milkweedX
milkwort
milkyZ
mimulus
mimulus
monkeyflower
genus
minutej
minutely]
mirabilis
mirabilis
o'clock
genus
mistletoe
mitella
mitella
miterwort
genus
miterwort
mixed
moderately`
morphological
finef
finely
fingergrass
firm]
firmer
first
flanked
flaplike
flared
flaring
flatF
flat-toppedW
flatsedge
flattenedL
flatwise
flaxflower
fleabaneq
flecked
fleece
flower
fleur-de-lis
flixweed
flower
flower-of-an-hour
foothilla
foothill
death
camas
foothill
sagea
phacelia
four-wing
four-wing
saltbush
fourstamen
fourstamen
tamarisk
fourwing
fourwing
saltbush
bluegrass
mannagrass
foxtail
foxtail
wheatgrass
fragrant
fragrant
verbena
fremont
fremont
goosefoot
fremont
groundsel
fremont's
fremont's
cottonwood
fringe-cup
fringe-cup
o'clock
fringecup
fringecup
woodland
fringed
fringed
brome
fringed
grass-of-parnassus
fringed
loosestrife
year's
years
yellowF
yellow-green
yellowcress
yellowishG
yellowish-white
young
zannichellia
zannichellia
grasswrack
genus
zigadenus
zigadenus
death
camas
genus
zygadenus
alder
alkali
alkali
heath
alkali
alkaligrass
alumroot
alyssum
amaranth
anchusa
angelica
apera
apple
arabidopsis
arnica
arrowgrass
arrowhead
asparagus
aspen
aspidotis
aster
avens
balsamroot
baneberry
barberry
barley
barnyard
racemosea
racemosely
rachilla
rachis
radiallyA
radiata
radish
ragweed[
range
ranging
ranksl
ranunculus
ranunculus
buttercup
crowfoot
genus
raphanus
raphanus
radish
genus
rare1y
pistilA
pistillateE
pistilsC
pitted
placedk
places
placing
plagiobothrys
plagiobothrys
popcorn
flower
genus
plainly
planoconvex
plant
plantago
plantago
plantain
genus
plantainC
plantsZ
plectritis
pletely
plumosen
plump
bluegrass
genus
poisonous
polanisia
pollen
pollinated
pollinia
polygamousA
polymorphic
popcorn
poppy
pores
le-tingedE
racemose@
scurfpea
dunhead
dunhead
sedge
dusky
dusky
willow
dustyi
dustymaideni
dwarf
dwarf
bilberry
dwarf
catseye
dwarf
draba
dwarf
fireweed
dwarf
goldenrod
dwarf
huckleberry
dwarf
lewisia
dwarf
ninebark
dwarf
pondweed
dwarf
spikerush
dyer's
dyer's
early
early
coralroot
early
indian
paintbrush
eastern
eastern
groundcherry
eatonn
eaton
fleabaneq
eaton
thistlen
eaton'sb
eaton's
asterb
eaton's
daisyq
edible
edible
valerian
eglantine
elder
elderberry
elegant
elegant
cinquefoil
elegant
death
camas
elephant
elephant
elephanthead
elephanthead
lousewort
sedge
thistlen
elkweed
elodea
emersed
emersed
asterb
drupe@
ebracteate@
ellipsoid@
entire@
entirely@
erect-appressed@
erose
except@
family@
fine@
fleshy@
flower
flowers@
folded@
fringed@
fruit@
fused
fusiform@
genera
generally@
genus
glabrous
glacier
gland-dotted
globose@
grass@
greenish
grooved
grouping
gynobase@
hair@
headlike@
hemispheric
herbaceous
herbs@
herein
hibiscus@
horsetail@
ascending
hibiscus@
horsetail@
horsetail@
prostrate
ascending
horsetail@
prostrate
ascending
horsetail@
cending
horses@
horses@
principa@
perennial
rarely
annual
aromatic
herbs
rhizomes
leav@
persistent@
pink-purple@
pistil@
portion@
purplish@
basallyC
baseA
based
bearingW
becoming[
behind
bell-shapedV
bellshaped
belowG
particulate
partition
partlyq
parts
pastinacaS
pastinaca
parsnip
genusS
patienceq
pattern
patterned
payne[
pear-shaped
pearlwort
pearly\
peasQ
peavine
pedicel
pedicelled
pedicelsC
pedicularis
pedicularis
lousewort
genus
peduncle
peduncled
peduncles
peelings
peglike
pellaea
pellaea
cliffbrake
genus
pellitory
peltate
pendent
pendulous
pennycress
penstemon
penstemon
beardtongue
genus
peppergrass
pepperweed
mountain
sorrel
mountain
spray
mountain
spring-parsleyL
mountain
strawberry
mountain
tarweed
mountain
townsendia
mountain
valerian
mountain
willow
mouse-ear
mouse-ear
chickweed
mouse-ear
cress
mousetail
shasta
sedge
mudwort
muhly
muhly
scratchgrass
mulesear
mullein
muskg
monkeyflower
mustard
thistleg
mustard
muttongrass
najad
naked
naked
water
milfoil
narrow-leaved
narrow-leaved
somewhatG
sonchus
sonchus
sowthistle
genus
sonewhat
sorbus
sorbus
mountain
genus
sorghum
sorrel
sorus
southu
sowthistle
spacedP
sparganium
sparganium
genus
sparingly
sparselyW
spartina
spartina
cordgrass
genus
spathe
speciesD
specimenp
fruitA
fruiting[
fruits
fumaria
fumaria
fumitory
genus
fumitory
funnel-shaped
funnelformW
furrowed
fusedF
purplish
purshia
purshia
bitterbrush
genus
purslane
pussytoes]
pustulose-based
pyramidal
pyrola
pyrola
wintergreen
shinleaf
genus
quadrangular
quercus
quercus
genus
quillwort
rabbitbrushl
raceme
racemesA
structureW
structures
stylar
styleB
stylesA
suborbicularR
subplumose`
subrhizomatousz
subscaposeL
subsessileV
subshrubsf
subshrubs
shrubs
small
trees
deciduous
evergreen
erect
subtendedE
subtending[
5-10v
5-10-nerved`
5-12-lobed[
5-13-nerved
5-56}
5-7-nerved
5-8-lobedB
5-9-nerved
5-angledX
5-chambered
5-cleft
5-floweredl
5-lobedF
5-many
5-many-nerved
5-merous
5-nerved
5-numerous
5-toothed
5-valved
6-angled
6-numerous
7-11-nerved
abortion
abortive
sideL
sides
silene
silene
campion
catchfly
genus
silicle
silicles
silique
silky
similar
simpleA
simulating
singleC
singly
sinus
1-many
1-nerved
1-numerousp
1-seededE
1-severalG
1-several-nerved}
10-15-ribbedz
10-20-ribbedp
10-25C
10-30
10-30-nerved
10-80f
10-nerved
10-numerous
10-ribbedZ
17-30
terete[
terminalA
ternateG
ternatelyA
terrestrial
tetrapetala
texture
thalli
thalloid
thanG
annual
perennial
taprooted
herbs
rarely
subshrubs
annual
perennial
herbs
shrubs
small
trees
herbage
annual
perennial
herbs
stems
1-many
erect
decumbent
annual
perennial
taprooted
herbs
herbage
usually
hairy
annual
perennial
taprooted
herbs
usually
milky
juicep
annually
annuals
annuals
perennials
sheaths
often
compressed
annuals
perennials
sheaths
throughout
closed
annuals
perennials
stems
erect
prostrate
herbage
often
annuals
perennials
sheaths
blades
perennial
herbs
shrubs
small
trees
herbage
perennial
herbs
shrubs
small
trees
herbage
Jacob's LadderQEfoliosissimum
micranthum
occidentale
pulcherrimum
viscosum
caeruleum
Leafy Jacob's Ladder
Leafy Jacobsladder
Littlebells Polemonium
Annual Jacobsladder
Western Jacob's Ladder
Blue Jacobsladder
Skunkweed
Skunkleaf
Pretty Jacob's Ladder
Sticky Sky Pilot
Skypilot
Viscid Jacobsladder
lA EriogonumB
Michx.
Eriogonum (Wild Buckwheat genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or small shrubs; herbage usually woolly-hairy to some degree. Leaves alternate or whorled, entire or nearly so; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, jointed at the base to a short slender pedicel, clustered within and ultimately exserted from a sessile or stalked, top- to bell-shaped, (3) 5-10 (12)-toothed or lobed involucre, the involucrate flower clusters aggregated in simple or compound umbels, racemes or panicl
Sweet WilliamG
POLEMONIACEAE
Many species of Phlox have brightly colored flowers and have been brought into cultivation: the name is taken directly from the Greek for flame. There are 50-60 species of herbs in North America and northern Asia. Our species are perennials. Leaves are mostly opposite, with an intact outline and only one leaflet.
Flowers are borne in clusters at the ends of stems and branches, though the clusters may have only one flower. They can be very showy, with a narrow tube flaring out sharply into
r 5 broad lobes in white, pink, purple, lavender, blue or red.
Of our species Hood's Phlox is uncommon, found only in the high alpine; elsewhere it has a wide elevaional range. Cushion Phlox is also an alpine plant, but more easily found if you are able to hike a bit. Long-leaf Phlox is a spring flower of lower elevations, a common plant in the valleys and foothills.
foldedc
foliaceousL
folliclesV
following
forget-me-not
form[
forming
forms
forward
fourth
foxtail
fragaria
fragaria
strawberry
genus
fragileq
fragmenting
frankenia
franseria[
frasera
freeA
freelyW
frequentlya
fringe
front
frost
morphologyj
mosquito
mosta
mostlyF
motherwort
mountainZ
mountains
mouth
muchL
much-branched
mudwort
muhlenbergia
muhlenbergia
muhlygrass
genus
muhlygrass
mulesears
mullein
multiple
mustard
myosurus
myriophyllum
myrtleW
najas
najas
waternymph
genus
naturalu
natureq
nearG
nearlyC
Phlox (Sweet William genus)
Annual or (ours) perennial herbs from a taproot or occasionally from fibrous roots; stems sometimes woody near the base, 1-several and erect to ascending or tufted and sprawling, sometimes mat-forming. Leaves opposite, sessile and often basally fused, or the uppermost alternate, entire, and in some species needlelike, frequently with whorls of secondary leaves in the axils of the primary ones. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, usually terminal, somet
imes aggregated into flat-topped panicles; calyx tube with herbaceous segments alternating witn membranous ones, ruptured by the developing fruit, the teeth subequal, often pungent
tipped; corolla salverform, white or pink to red or some shade of blue; stamens arising at different levels in the corolla tube, included or partly exserted; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid to oblong, seeds 1-several in each chamber.
AlkaligrassQ distans
fasciculata
nuttalliana
R=European Alkaligrass
Torrey Alkaligrass
American Alkaligrass
SclerochloaB
Beauv.
Sclerochloa
See species description locally
E HardgrassG
POACEAE
AhHardgrass is Hardgrass, a genus with a single member, a low annual inadvertently imported from Eurasia.
P HardgrassQ
Hardgrass
SecaleB
Secale
See species description locally
POACEAE
AHRye is a small genus (5 species) containing both annuals and perennials.
cereale
SetariaB
Beauv.
coarse
coarsely]
cobblestone
cobweblike
cocklebur
coherent[
coiled
coiling
collinsia
collomia
colonial
color
coloreds
columbine
columnX
columnar
comandra
coming}
commissureG
commonlyV
compacts
complete
complete-septate
completely
composed
compoundA
within
withoutX
wolfbane
wolfberry
wolffia
wolffia
watermeal
genus
woodland
woodreed
woodrush
woodsia
woodsorrel
woodyB
woody-based
woollya
woolly-hairy
workersu
wormwooda
wrinkled
wyethia
wyethia
mulesears
genus
xanthium
xanthium
cocklebur
genus
xanthocephalum
xanthocephalum
matchweed
genus
yampahT
yarrowY
globosev
glochids
glory
glossy
glume
glumes
glutinousn
glyceria
glyceria
mannagrass
genus
glycyrrhiza
glycyrrhiza
licorice
genus
gnaphaliums
gnaphalium
cudweed
everlasting
genuss
goatgrass
goatsbeard
goldeny
goldeneye
goldenrod
goldenweedu
goodyera
gooseberry
goosefoot
goosegrass
graduallyp
graduatedl
grainlike
granular
grape
reasewood
greatly
greenC
green-membranous|
green-spotted
green-tippedb
thisk
thistleg
thlaspi
thlaspi
pennycress
genus
thornapple
thorns
thoseG
thoughq
thoughoutl
threadlikeG
three
three-awn
throatW
through[
throughout[
tickweed
timesG
timothy
tinged
tipped
tipsG
include[
included
incomplete-septate
incompletely
inconspicuousF
inconspicuously
inconstant
incurvedz
indehiscentE
indian
indistinct
indistinctly
individualZ
individually
individuals
indusium
inferiorB
inflated
inflorescenceG
irregular
scapeZ
scapesZ
scaposeC
scapose
subscapose
perennials
taproot
speciesL
scarcelyP
scars
scattered
schizocarp
scirpus
scirpus
bulrush
genus
sclerochloa
scorpionweed
scorzonella
scouring
scrambled
scrophularia
scrophularia
figwort
genus
scurfpea
scurfy
seapurslaneB
season
season's
secale
second
secondaryB
spinen
spine-tipped
spinelike[
spines[
spiny[
spiny-toothed
spirally
spiranthes
spiranthes
ladies
tresses
genus
spirodela
spirodela
ducksmeat
genus
spleenwort
split
splittingA
spoiled
spongy
spoon-shaped|
sporobolus
sporobolus
dropseed
genus
sprangletop
sprawling
spreadingF
spreading-ascendingX
spreadinq
springbeauty
springparsleyL
sprouts
spruce
spurge
staminateE
staminodes
statesX
stellate
stemZ
stem-clasping
ebracteate[
echinochloa
echinochloa
barnyard
grass
genus
echinocystis
echinocystis
cucumber
genus
ecological
edgeA
edges
edible
either
elderberry
eleocharis
eleocharis
spikerush
genus
eleusine
eleusine
goosegrass
genus
elevations
elongateC
elongated
elongatingL
elymus
emended[
emergentC
emerging
emphasisq
enclosed
enclosing[
endocarp
enlarged
GRlTall Fescue
Squirrel-tail Fescue
Rat-tail Fescue
Six-weeks Fescue
Sheep Fescue
Meadow Fescue
Bearded Fescue
GlyceriaB
R. Br.
Glyceria (Mannagrass genus)
Wetland to aquatic perennials, generally rhizomatous; stems erect or decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaf sheaths closed, in some species throughout their length, the lowermost often septate, the blades flat or folded, usually broad; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open and often drooping to compact and erect panicle or raceme, spikelets 3-14-flowered, dorsiventrally to somewhat laterally compressed often purple
Lor purple-tinged, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes unequal, shorter than the first lemma, usually thin and 1-nerved; lemmas firm, broadly ovate or obovate, rounded on the back with (5)7-9 prominent, parallel nerves not converging at the often somewhat erose apex; palea often slightly longer than the lemma; stamens 2 or 3.
grass
alismaC
grass
pondweed
grass-of-parnassus
grave-myrtle
grayb
asterb
groundsel
horsebrush
kentrophyta
molly
thistlen
gray's
gray's
pepperplant
grayleaf
grayleaf
willow
graylocks
graymolly
greasewood
great
great
basin
centaury
great
basin
wildrye
<KMOnly 1-3 species, depending on where one draws the lines. Native to Eurasia.
074-029M
074-030P
Orchard GrassQ
glomerata
Orchard Grass
DactylocteniumB
Willd.
Dactyloctenium
See species description locally
POACEAEKJAfrican, about 13 species. Rare here, and will be omitted in new edition.
aegyptium
Crowfoot Grass
>A DanthoniaB
DC. in Lam. & DC.
Danthonia (Oatgrass genus)
Tutted perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades narrow, flat or inrolled; ligule a ring of short hairs; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a few-flowered, open to contracted panicle or raceme (often reduced to a single spikelet in D. unispicata); spikelets several-flowered, at least 1 cm long (ours), disarticulating above the glumes; glumes broadly lanceolate, subequal, the first often longer than the second, both generally exceeding the body of the uppermost
lance-ovoid
lanceolateC
lappula
lappula
stickweed
genus
lapsana
larch
largeV
largely
larger
largest
larix
larix
larch
genus
larkspur
later
latera1
lateralG
laterallyA
lathyrus
lathyrus
sweetpea
peavine
genus
leafletsR
leaflike
leafy
leafy-bracteate
least[
diadelphous
diameter
dicentra
dicentra
bleedingheart
genus
dichotomous
dichotomously
didymous
didynamous
differq
difference
differencesj
differentk
differentiated
difficultq
diffusely
digitaria
digitaria
crabgrass
genus
dilated
dimorphice
dingy
dioeciousA
diplotaxis
diplotaxis
wallrocket
genus
dipsacus
dipsacus
teasel
genus
directed
american
sloughgrass
american
speedwell
american
threesquare
american
vetch
american
anemone
anemone
angel's
angel's
trumpet
angelicaG
anne'sM
annualZ
annual
agoserisZ
annual
bluegrass
annual
catchfly
annual
hairgrass
annual
jacobsladder
annual
paintbrush
annual
samphire
annual
wheatgrass
antelopeX
antelope
bitterbrush
antelope
hornsX
apera
apple
arctic
arctic
anemone
arctic
pearlwort
arctic
arctic
sandwort
arctic
willow
arctic
windflower
arizona
arizona
bluebells
armed
armed
prickly
poppy
arnica`
arrowgrass
arrowhead
arrowhead
groundsel
arrowleaf
arrowleaf
balsamrootc
arrowleaf
groundsel
arrowleaf
thelypody
asparagus
aspen
Tall Oatgrass
AvenaB
Avena (Oats genus)
Robust annuals. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat; ligule membranous, short; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a usually large, open, drooping panicle; spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, (ours) 17-30 mm long, disarticulating above the glumes; florets bisexual or sometimes the uppermost rudimentary; glumes subequal, longer than the first floret and often exceeding the uppermost; lemmas hardened (toward the base) at maturity, mostly 1-2 cm long, 5-9-nerved, sometimes obscurelB
y so, awned from about midlength, the awn varying from stout, twisted, and abruptly bent to small and straight or occasionally lacking.
OatsG
POACEAE
withC
withered
withering
berry
berrylikeB
berulaH
berula
water
parsnip
genusH
beset
betteru
betula
betula
birch
genus
betweenA
beyond
bidense
bidens
beggarticks
genuse
biennialb
biennial
perennial
herbs
occasionally
flowering
first
bifidG
bilaterally
bilobed
bimaculata
bindweed
bipinnatelyk
bipinnatifidu
birch
birdsbeak
biscuitrootP
bisexua1
bisexua1
toothedG
top-shaped`
towardG
townsendia
toxic
toxicityX
traditionally[
tragopogon
tragopogon
goatsbeard
salsify
oysterplant
genus
PINACEAE
Larches are unusual conifers in that their leaves are deciduous. A single species, not native to our area, has survived its escape from cultivation.
LarchQ
occidentalis
ROWestern Larch
Montana Larch
Mountain Larch
Tamarack
Hakmatack
Western Tamarack
PiceaB
294C A. Dietr.
Picea (Spruce genus)
Evergreen trees with pyramidal crowns; bark thin and scaly; twigs with persistent peglike leaf bases, glabrous or pubescent; winter buds blunt, not usually resinous. Leaves spirally arranged, firm to rigid, linear, quadrangular in cross section, typically acute and sometimes pungent at the apex, the resin ducts 1 or 2 (seen in cross section), 1 on either side of the central vascular bundle. Cones produced on the previous year's growth; male cones borne in leaf axi
medium-sized
genus
species
mouse-ear
chickweeds
suture, r
robust
rockcress
rocky
rootz
rootingW
rootless
rootsC
rootstocks
rorippa
rorippa
yellowcress
genus
genus
roseC
rough
rough-barkedc
roughened
round
roundedC
rudiment
rudimentary|
ruptured
saclike
saline
salmon
salverformW
stylopodiumG
suaeda
suaeda
seepweed
inkweed
genus
sub-circular
subcylindricZ
subdivided
subentire
subequalZ
subequallyn
subgloboseF
subhemispheric|
herbs
subobsolete
subopposite
suborbicularR
subplumose`
subrhizomatousz
subsalverform
subscaposeL
subsessileV
subshrubsf
subshrubs
shrubs
small
trees
deciduous
evergreen
erect
subtendedE
subtending[
segmentsG
segregatedj
selaginella
selaginella
spikemoss
genus
selfheal
senecio
senecio
groundsel
butterweed
genus
sepal
sepalsA
separateu
separated[
separatelyn
separating
separation
septa
septate
septum
series[
serrateR
serviceberry
long-taperedb
long-woolly
longer}
longer-stalked
longitudinale
longitudinally
lonicera
lonicera
honeysuckle
genus
looseR
looselyi
loosestrife
losses
lousewort
lovageO
lovegrass
low-conicG
low-convexx
lowerG
lowermostx
lowlands
lunaria
lupine
lupinus
lupinus
lupine
genus
luzula
luzula
woodrush
genus
lychnis
lychnis
whitecockle
genus
lycium
lycium
wolfberry
desert-thorn
genus
lycopus
Qbadunca
beckwithii
canadensis
nephrophylla
nuttallii
odorata
palustris
purpurea
tricolor
arvensis
Blue Violet
Beckwith's Violet
Western Pansy Violet
Canada White Violet
Bog Violet
Yellow Prairie Violet
Nuttall's Violet
Sweet Violet
Garden Violet
English Violet
Marsh Violet
Goosefoot Violet
Pine Violet
Pansy
Field Pansy
ArceuthobiumB
Bieb.
Arceuthobium (Dwarf Mistletoe genus)
See species description locally
Dwarf MistletoeG VISCACEAE
upwards. There are usually darker lines that serve as a guide for nectar-seeking insects.
Seeds are contained in a small capsule which opens explosively.
We have 10 species, most of them native to the area:
Blue or purple: Blue and Sweet violets;
Yellow: Nuttall's and Goosefoot violets;
White: Canada, Meadow and Marsh violets;
becoming
white
Prickly PoppyG
PAPAVERACEAE
NPrickly Poppy is a small genus of about 30 species of annuals, native to the Americas and Hawaii. Plants are prickly with yellow or orange juice.
Flowers grow singly at the ends of stems and branches, and have many separate stamens. The 4 or 6 large white petals are shed after pollination.
Seed pods are large, covered in spines.
Prickly PoppyQ
munita
R"Prickly Poppy
Armed Prickly Poppy
AbiesB
fleshyP
fleshy-fibrous
fleur-de-lis
flexible
flexuous
floatingC
floerkea
floral
floret
florets
floricanes
flowerE
flower-bearing
flowered[
floweringF
lithospermum
lithospermum
stoneseed
gromwell
puckoon
genus
littlew
livestock
lloydia
lobedA
perennial
herbs
onionlike
bulbs
rhizomes
stems
nnial
herbs
onionlike
bulbs
rhizomes
stems
nnial
herbs
onionlike
bulbs
rhizomes
stems
nnial
herbs
onionlike
bulbs
rhizomes
stems
nnial
herbs
onionlike
bulbs
rhizomes
stems
perennial
herbs
rhizomes
stems
commonly
branched
erect
perennial
herbs
rhizomes
these
sometimes
bearing
tubers
perennial
herbs
rhizomes
fibrous
roots
herbage
perennial
herbs
often
rhizomatous
herbage
glabrous
pubesc
great
basin
centaury
greater@
hairyseed@
heliotrope@
hutchins@
indian
hemp@
john's@
lace-fern@
laurel
lesser
lesser
periwinkle@
little@
lobeleaf
groundsel@
hawksbeard
pussytoes@
madia@
matvetch@
meadow
death
camas
michaux's@
mountain@
mountain
sorrel@
narrowleaf@
nodding
beggarticks@
old-man's@
onespike
oatgrass
oregon
checkermallow@
parish's@
pigweed@
plantain@
prickly@
purplebloom@
red-berried@
richardson's
fleabane@
rocky
mountain
clematis@
running-myrtle@
sandberry@
seapurslane@
serrate
shortstyle@
siskiyou@
slender
dodder
small@
crowdedE
crowfoot
crown^
crowned
crowns
cryptanth
cryptantha
cryptantha
cryptanth
cat's
genus
cryptogramma
cucumber
cudweeds
cultivated
cultivation
cup-shaped
cuplike[
currant
current
curvedW
curving
cuscuta
cuscuta
dodder
genus
cyathia
cyathium
cylindricR
cymesV
cymopterusL
cymopterus
springparsley
genusL
dritic
dense
denselyi
describeq
description[
descriptions
developedL
developingV
Common Evening Primrose
Biennial Evening Primrose
Tufted Evening Primrose
Morning-lily
Handkerchief Plant
Hooker's Evening Primrose
Pale Evening Primrose
Yellow Evening-Primrose
BotrychiumB
Botrychium (Grape Fern genus)
See species description locally
Grape FernG
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
The Moonwort genus has about 25 species, most of which occur all around the world. Only 1 is known to occur here, its identity now being reviewed.
Grape FernQ
lunaria
R Moonwort
CorallorhizaB
Chat.
acute[
acutish
adapted
addition
adherentV
adhering
adiantum
adiantum
maidenhair
genus
adjoining
adonis
aegilops
aegilops
goatgrass
genus
affected
afterL
agastache
agastache
giant
hyssop
genus
aggregated
agoserisZ
agoseris
mountain
dandelion
genusZ
agreementu
agrohordeum
agropyron
agropyron
wheatgrass
genus
agrositanion
agrostis
agrostis
redtop
bentgrass
genus
ajacis
alder
alignedl
alike
alismaC
alisma
water
plantain
genusC
alkaligrass
alternatingV
although
always
alyssum
branchy
branchy
groundsmoke
brandegee
brandegee
onion
brewer
brewer
sedge
brewer's
brewer's
cliffbrake
brickellbushf
bristlegrass
bristly
bristly
crowfoot
bristly
nootka
brittle
brittle
bladder
brittle
brittle
prickly
broad-leaved
broad-leaved
cattail
broad-leaved
clarkia
broad-leaved
twayblade
broadleaf`
broadleaf
arnica`
broadleaf
knotweed
broadleaf
penstemon
broadleaf
pepperweed
broadleaf
plantain
brome
broncograss
brook
brook
cinquefoil
brook
saxifrage
brookgrass
brooklime
broom
broom
huckleberry
broom
seepweed
broom
snakeweed
broomcorn
broomcorn
millet
broomrape
starwort
calyxeye
calyxeye
starwort
camas
camissonia
campion
canadan
branchedG
branchesC
branching
branchlets
brassica
brassica
mustard
genus
breaking
brickellbushf
brickelliaf
brickellia
brickellbush
genusf
bridges
brightE
brightly
bristle
bristle-like
bristlegrass
branched@
bristlelike@
bulblets@
calystegia@
capsella
capsules@
cattle@
chaffy
chamber@
chimaphila@
circumscissile@
clusters@
compressed@
concave
confined
conic@
coral-like@
cornus@
crest
crowded@
cymose@
degree@
description@
descurainia
diadelphous@
diplotaxis
directly@
dodder@
dodder@
often
trees
poll@
directly@
unequally
uniform
uniformly
unilateral
unilaterally
unique
uniseriate`
unisexualA
unispicata
unitedA
unless
unlike
unlobed
unnotched
unpaired
unquestionablyq
unseasonal
untilu
upper[
uppermostG
upward]
urn-shaped
urtica
urtica
nettle
genus
GauraG
ONAGRACEAE
Gaura is a small genus of about 20 North American species, annual, biennial or perennial. Some of them are quite decorative, and grown in gardens. They are herbs, sometimes tall and straggly, somewhat resembling the lettuces of the Sunflower family.
A distinctive feature of their flowers is that the 4 petals are usually clustered in the top of a circle, while the stamens and style hang below (not obvious in the photos of our Lizard Tail which has unusually small flowers).
Seed capsules B#are spindle-shaped, 1/2 inch long.
GauraQ
parviflora
Lizard Tail
Willow Gaura
GayophytumB
Juss.
thatX
009-034M
009-032N
009-033P LousewortQ)groenlandica
racemosa
bracteosa
parryi
RJElephanthead Lousewort
Elephant Head
Parrotbeak Lousewort
Leafy Lousewort
Penstemon B
Mitch.
Penstemon (Beardtongue genus)
Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves chiefly opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, entire or toothed to rarely pinnatifid, those on the lower portion of the plant petioled, those of midstem and above sessile. Flowers in short-peduncled cymes arising from leaf axils, or occasionally some or all the cymes reduced to a single flower; calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base; corolla slightly to strongly 2-lipped; fertile stamens 4, didynamous, the 2 anther sacs fused B
only near their tips, a fifth stamen represented by a well-developed, often bearded, sterile filament (staminode); stigma small, globose. Capsule many-seeded.
mily.
009-034M
009-032
imbricate
immediately@
include@
inconspicuous
infrequently@
intact@
irregularly@
lance-ovoid@
latter@
leathery@
leaves
ledum@
lenticular@
lightly
lily@
lithospermum@
lobes@
locally
locoweed
long-tapered@
lycopus
water
horehound
bugleweed
genus@
machaeranthera
margins@
membranous@
midnerve@
modified@
morphology@
mulesears
naked@
nearly
nectary@
number@
oblanceolate@
obsolete@
occurring@
often@
only@
orange
ours@
over@
palmately@
papery@
particulate@
peduncle
perennial
herbs
rhizomes
these
sometimes
bearing
tubers@
perennial
annual
herbs
shrubs
stems
erect
decumbent@
infrequently
ingestion
initially
inkweed
innerA
inrolled
inrolling
insects
ested
interlaced
intermediate
intermixed
intermountain
internally
internationalu
internode
internodes
interpretationu
interspersedE
intervals
intoA
intramarginal
intruded
intrusion
inverted
invested
invoiucre
involucelG
involucral[
involucrate
involucreG
involucres
inward
irregular
apiculate
apiculate-tipped
aplopappusu
apocynumV
apocynum
dogbane
genusV
apparently
appear
appearance
appearingB
appearsa
appendageW
appendage-like
appendaged[
appendagesV
apple
appressed
appressed-hairyi
appressed-imbricate
aquaticC
aquilegia
aquilegia
columbine
genus
arabidopsis
arabis
arabis
rockcress
genus
arceuthobium
arceuthobium
dwarf
mistletoe
genus
arctium_
arctium
burdock
genus_
arctostaphylos
arctostaphylos
manzanita
genus
onlyD
species
locallyD
onopordum
onopordum
cotton
thistle
genus
opening[
opposing
oppositeA
opuntia
opuntia
prickly
genus
genus
opuntia
opuntia
prickly
genus
Twisted-stalkG LILIACEAEP
Twisted-stalkQ
amplexifolius
R*Whitemandarin Twisted-stalk
Cucumber-root
A TriteleiaB
Dougl. ex Lindl.
Triteleia
See species description locally
E TriteleiaG LILIACEAEP TriteleiaQ
grandiflora
Bluedicks
Wild Hyacinth
VeratrumB
Veratrum (False hellebore genus)
See species description locally
False HelleboreG LILIACEAEP
False HelleboreQ
californicum
R(False Hellebore
Corn Lily
Skunk Cabbage
A ZigadenusB
Michx.
angelicaG
angelica
angelica
genusG
angle
angledk
anglesR
animals
annualE
annual
perennial
herbs
shrubs
leaves
alternate
usually
annual
perennial
herbs
stems
triangular
terete
usually
annual
perennial
herbs
stems
usually
trailing
climbing
annual
perennial
herbs
branched
caudex
surmounting
cymoseB
cynodon
cynoglossum
cynoglossum
hound's
tongue
beggar's
genus
cyperus
cyperus
flatsedge
genus
cypress
cypripedium
cypripedium
lady's
slipper
genus
cystopteris
cystopteris
bladder
genus
dactylis
dactylis
orchard
grass
genus
dactyloctenium
daisyd
dandelionZ
dangerous
danthonia
danthonia
oatgrass
genus
dark]
dark-veined
darker
daucusM
daucus
carrot
genusM
deadnettle
death
deciduousW
decumbentX
decumbent-based
decurrentn
deeplyW
definitive
deflexed
heliotrope
hellebore
helleborine
hemlockJ
hemlock
water-parsnipU
hempV
henbane
henbit
heronsbill
hoary
hoary
aster
hoary
tansyaster
holboell
holboell
rockcress
holly
hollyhock
holosteum
clover
honesty
honeysuckle
sedge
hood's
hood's
phlox
hooded
hooded
ladies
tresses
hooker'sc
hooker's
balsamrootc
hooker's
evening
primrose
clover
horehound
horned
horned
pondweed
hornsX
hornwort
horse-nettle
horsebrush
horsemint
horsenettle
horsetail
horseweed
hound's
hound's
tongue
houndstonguez
houndstongue
hawkweedz
huckleberry
hummingbird
hummingbird
flower
hungarian
tuberculate
tuberosum
tuberous
tubersP
tubes
tubular]
tuftV
tufted]
tuftsW
turions
turkeyQ
turningZ
tutinj
tuttW
tutted
twayblade
twice
twigs
twinlike
twinpod
twisted
twisted-stalk
twistflower
typically]
ultimateG
ultimately
umbellate
umbelletL
umbelletsP
umbelsG
unarmed
unawned
unbranchedZ
sinusesG
sisymbrium
sisyrinchium
sisyrinchium
blue-eyed
grass
genus
sitanion
sitanion
squirreltail
genus
sites
situated
siumU
water
parsnip
genusU
skeletonweed
slenderC
slightly]
slipper
slits
ferns
short
elongate
small
medium-sized
deciduous
ferns
mostly
rocky
small
medium-sized
mostly
evergreen
ferns
scaly
smaller
smootha
2-severalE
2-toothed
2-valved
20-30
20-40
othedz
3-50z
3-7-nerved
3-angledc
3-chambered
3-flowered
3-lobed
3-manyf
3-nerved
3-valved
4-12A
4-20i
4-anglede
common
hornwort
common
common
juniper
common
common
mare's
common
monkeyflower
common
motherwort
common
mountain
juniper
common
paintbrush
common
pearly
everlasting\
common
pepperwort
common
plantain
common
prickly
common
ragweed[
common
common
rockcress
common
sagebrusha
common
scouring
common
milkwort
common
selfheal
common
shadbush
common
silverweed
common
sneezeweedv
common
sowthistle
common
speedwell
common
spikerush
common
john's
common
johnswort
common
stonecrop
common
sunflowerx
common
threesquare
common
toadflax
common
common
twinpod
common
velvetgrass
common
water
plantainC
common
yampaT
common
yarrowY
common
yellowcress
coneflower
coralroot
cordgrass
cordroot
cordroot
penstemon
Cqlose in regular concentric rows, the papillae sharp to rounded, usually more pronounced dorsally than laterally.
Campion
Catchfly
Wild PinkG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
The Catchfly genus is the largest in its family, containing about 500 species from across the Northern Hemisphere. Also known as Campion or Wild Pink.
Flowers are highly distinctive. Five sepals are fused at their edges to form a membranous bladder. Petals may or may not be long enough to emerge from the opening. Sometimes, when they do, they protrude as long ragged, colorful tongues which make them attractive in the garden.
We have 5 native species ranging from the foothills to alpine,
e of the ovary; styles 3 (4 or 5). Capsule 1 (2-5)-chambered, opening by 3-5 entire to apically bifid valves (3-10 teeth); seeds numerous, mostly more or less kidney-shaped, dorsally flat to rounded, papil
annual
perennial
taprooted
herbs
usually
milky
juice
annuals
perennials
stems
erect
prostrate
herbage
often
annuals
perennials
sheaths
blades
annuals
stems
erect
simple
branched
herbage
bristly-hairy@
apiculate@
armed@
asperugo
assigned@
auricles@
axils@
backs
basally@
bases@
bellshaped@
berry@
bisexual@
black
bloom@
bracteate@
bisexual@
black@
bloom@
bracteate@
bisexual@
black@
bloom@
bracteate@
bisexual@
black@
bloom@
bracteate@
bisexual@
black@
bloom@
bracteate@
bisexual@
black@
blisters@
bracteate@
pouched
pouches
povertyweed|
preface
preferu
prehensile
present^
previous
prickle
prickles
prickly
prickly-bristly}
primaryB
primocanes
primrose
primula
primula
primrose
genus
principal`
problems
processes[
procumbent
produce
produced
proetrate
puckered
punctatea
pungent
pungent-tippedE
purpleE
purple-brownx
purple-red
purple-tingedE
spurred
squirreltail
stachys
stalk
stalk-like
stalked
stalklikeW
stamenB
stamensA
stemZ
stem-clasping
bulblets
bulblike
bulbous
bulbs
bulrush
bundle
burdock_
burlike[
buttercup
butterweed
c-shaped
calamagrostis
calamagrostis
reedgrass
genus
called
callitriche
callitriche
water
starwort
genus
callus
calochortus
calochortus
mariposa
genus
caltha
caltrop
calyces
cannot
1-2.4
1-20B
1-20-chamberedB
1-3-nerved
1-5-nerved
1-chamberedC
1-flowered
8-numerous
abandoned
abies
abies
genus
abortion
abortive
abandoned
abortion
abortive
syrian
syrian
mustard
syrian
szowitz
szowitz
alyssum
tailcup
tailcup
lupine
tall}
lettuce}
fescue
oatgrass
trisetum
wheatgrass
tamarack
tamarisk
tamarix
tansy
tansyaster
tapertipp
tapertip
hawksbeardp
tapertip
onion
tarragon
tarweed
tarweed
fiddleneck
tasselflower
tatarican
tatarican
honeysuckle
tealeaf
tealeaf
willow
teasel
ternateP
ternate
lomatiumP
texas
texas
thistle
thelypody
thick
thick
groundsel
thickleaf
thickleaf
sweetpea
thickspike
thickspike
wheatgrass
thickstemb
thickstem
asterb
thimbleberry
thistleg
thorn
thorn
apple
thorny
thorny
horsebrush
threadleafP
threadleaf
lomatiumP
threadleaf
scorpionweed
thymeleaf
E5ften tailed to merely apiculate at one or both ends.
RushG JUNCACEAEK
RushQaarcticus
bufonius
confusus
drummondii
ensifolius
longistylis
mertensianus
parryi
regelii
torreyi
Wiregrass
Arctic Rush
Toad Rush
Colorado Rush
Perplexing Rush
Drummond Rush
Swordleaf Rush
Longstyle Rush
Subalpine Rush
Merten's Rush
Parry Rush
Regel Rush
Regel's Rush
Torrey Rush
LuzulaB
lly (but best seen in cross section) as periodic horizontal ridges extending all the way (complete-septate) or only part of the way (incomplete-septate) across the blade, often the blade of at least the lowermost sheath reduced and bristlelike or lacking; in some species the membranous margins of the sheath prolonged upward at the junction of blade and sheath into rounded projections (auricles), these sometimes fused across the blade to form a ligule. Inflorescence
progressively}
projections
prolonged
prominent
prominentlyG
promptly
pronounced
proposeu
prostrate
protrude
protuberance
protuberancesP
prow-shaped
prunella
prunella
selfheal
genus
prunus
prunus
cherry
stone-fruit
genus
pseudoscapesL
pseudotsuga
pseudotsuga
douglas
genus
psilocarphus
psoralea
psoralea
scurfpea
genus
pteridium
pteridium
bracken
genus
pubescenceq
pungent
pungent-tippedE
purpleE
purple-brownx
purple-red
purple-tingedE
cattle
caudex
caudices]
caulineR
cause
caused
causes
causing
cavities
ceanothus
ceanothus
lilac
genus
cedar
celtis
celtis
hackberry
genus
cenchrus
cenchrus
sandbur
genus
centaureah
centaurea
knapweed
genush
centaurium
centaurium
centaury
genus
centaury
center^
centralP
cerastium
cerastium
chickweed
genus
ceratophyllum
ceratophyllum
hornwort
coontail
genus
cercocarpus
cercocarpus
mountain
mahogany
genus
certainty
chaenactisi
chaenactis
dusty
maiden
genusi
chaffyZ
y recurved, the inner segments (petals) usually narrower than the sepals and erect to incurved; stamens 3, opposite the sepals, the filaments free, the anthers basifixed; ovary inferior, 3-chambered, style branches 3, expanded and petaloid, usually widely spreading and covering the stamens, stigmatic on the lower surface just below the 2-lobed or crested apex. Capsule subglobose to fusiform, 3- or 6-angled; seeds numerous, vertically flattened, in 1 or 2 rows in each chamber.
Fleur-de-LisG IRIDACEAEK
Flag / Fleur-de-LisQ$germanica
pseudacorus
missouriensis
R5Common Iris
Fleur-de-lis
Water Iris
Yellow Flag
SisyrinchiumB
Sisyrinchium (Blue-eyed Grass genus)
See species description locally
reticulate
reticulate-pitted
reticulate-veined
retrorselye
rhamnus
rhamnus
buckthorn
genus
rhizomatous]
rhizome
rhizomesV
rhusF
sumac
genusF
ribbedk
ribes
ribes
currant
gooseberry
genus
ribsG
ricegrass
ridgen
ridgesC
rightR
rigide
rimmed
ringC
ringed
ringlike
rising
rising
ringed
ringlike
rising
narrowleafC
narrowleaf
narrowleaf
collomia
narrowleaf
cottonwood
narrowleaf
goosefoot
narrowleaf
gromwell
narrowleaf
indian
paintbrush
narrowleaf
lomatiumP
narrowleaf
umbrellawort
narrowleaf
water
plantainC
narrowleaf
willow
nebraska
nebraska
sedge
necklace
necklace
needle
needle
spikerush
needle-and-thread
needle-and-thread
grass
needlegrass
nelson's
nelson's
larkspur
nerved
pepperweed
netleaf
netleaf
hackberry
nettle
nevada
nevada
onion
mexico
checkermallow
sedge
nightshade
ninebark
nineleafP
nineleaf
biscuitrootP
nipplewort
noddinge
drupeF
drupelets
dryingZ
dryopteris
dryopteris
shield
genus
ducksmeat
duckweed
ducts
duringL
dustyi
dwarf^
dyer's
eachA
eaeagnus
earlike
early
early-deciduous
basesz
basic
basifixed
basingk
basis
bassia
beaded
beakC
beakedR
beakless
beaklike
beaks
bearded
beardgrass
beardtongue
bearingW
beckmannia
becoming[
bedstraw
beeplant
before
beggar's
beggartickse
behind
bell-shapedV
bellflower
bellisd
bellis
daisy
genusd
beneath
agoserisZ
alaska
alaska
orchid
alaska
draba
alaska
orchid
alcove
alcove
goldenrod
alder
alder
buckthorn
aleppe
aleppe
avens
alfalfa
alfileria
alismaC
alkalib
alkali
asterb
alkali
birdsbeak
alkali
bulrush
alkali
cordgrass
alkali
grass
alkali
mallow
alkali
marsh
asterb
alkali
popcorn
flower
alkali
sacaton
alkali
alkaligrass
cryptanth
alpine]
alpine
avens
alpine
bistort
alpine
bluegrass
alpine
buttercup
alpine
collomia
alsike
clover
alyssum
amaranthE
american
american
bugleweed
american
dragonhead
american
american
licorice
american
mannagrass
bloom
blueW
blue-eyed
blue-purple
bluebells
blueberry
bluegrass
blunt
blunt-hairy
bodyZ
boisduvalia
boisduvalia
spike
primrose
genus
bonesetr
borage
borago
borago
borage
genus
border
bordered
borneC
botanistsk
bothC
botrychium
botrychium
grape
genus
bowden
bower
bowl-shaped
bracken
bract
branch
leathery
leavesA
mountainA
mountain
alder
mountain
bluebells
mountain
brome
mountain
cress
mountain
dandelionZ
mountain
death
camas
mountain
draba
mountain
goldenrod
mountain
hawksbeardp
mountain
holly
mountain
hollyhock
mountain
pondweed
mountain
larch
mountain
lilac
mountain
lover
mountain
meadow
groundsel
mountain
mustard
mountain
pepperplant
mountain
pepperweed
mountain
pussytoes]
mountain
rabbitbrushl
mountain
rock-parsleyL
mountain
sheepsorrel
mountain
snowberry
muhly
muhly
scratchgrass
mulesear
muskg
mustard
thistleg
mustard
muttongrass
najad
naked
naked
water
milfoil
palmatelyA
panicgrass
panicle
paniclesA
paniculatea
paniculatus
panicum
panicum
panicgrass
genus
pilionaceous
papillae
papillosef
pappusZ
parallelG
parasitic
parent
parsleyP
parsnipH
partedB
partial
partially|
armed
arnica`
arnica
arnica
genus`
aromatic^
aroundV
arranged
arrangement[
arrhenatherum
arrhenatherum
oatgrass
genus
arrowgrass
arrowheadD
arrowhead-shapedV
artemisiaa
artemisia
sagebrush
wormwood
genusa
ascendingR
asclepiasX
asclepias
milkweed
genusX
asian
asparagus
aspect
aspen
asperifolia
asperugo
asperugo
catchweed
genus
aspidotis
asping
asplenium
asplenium
spleenwort
genus
western
tickweed
western
valerian
western
wallflower
western
water
birch
western
waterleaf
western
wheatgrass
western
white
wet-the-bed
wheat
wheatgrass
wheelerG
wheeler
angelicaG
wheeler
bluegrass
whiplash
whiplash
willow
whipple's
whipple's
penstemon
white
hawkweedz
white
sagea
white
stonecrop
white
stoneseed
white
sweetclover
white
tickweed
white-sage
whitecockle
whitemandarin
whitemandarin
twisted-stalk
whitestemu
whitestem
blazing
whitestem
goldenweedu
whitestem
gooseberry
whitetip
whitetip
clover
whitetop
whitlow
widewingL
widewing
spring-parsleyL
wildM
balsam-apple
barley
black
currant
candytuft
carrotM
cucumber
modified[
moist
moisture
moldavica
moldavica
dragonhead
genus
monadelphous
monardella
monardella
horsemint
genus
moneses
monkeyflower
monkshood
monoeciousE
monolepis
montia
moore
moreG
morning
morphological
except
exception
exerted
exfoliating
existsu
expandedW
expanding
explained
explosively
exserted[
extended
extending
extent
externallyi
extreme
faceb
facing
fadingp
faint
faintly
fallen
falling]
falseL
3-10|
3-12-flowered
3-14R
3-14-flowered
3-5-lobedR
3-5-nerved
3-5-parted
3-5-toothedz
3-50z
3-7-nerved
3-9-flowered
3-angledc
3-chambered
3-flowered
3-lobed
3-manyf
3-many-flowered
3-nerved
3-ranked
3.5-12
4-12A
4-20i
4-anglede
annuals
stems
erect
simple
branched
herbage
bristly-hairy
antennaria]
antennaria
pussytoes
genus]
anthemis^
anthemis
chamomile
dogfennel
genus^
anther
anthersV
antrorselye
anywhere
apera
apetalousB
apexR
apicalV
apically
siskiyoub
siskiyou
asterb
six-weeks
six-weeks
fescue
skeletonweed
skunk
skunk
cabbage
skunkbush
skunkleaf
skunkweed
skypilot
skyrocket
skyrocket
gilia
sleepy
sleepy
catchfly
slenderp
slender
cinquefoil
slender
collomia
slender
cranesbill
slender
dodder
slender
goldenrod
slender
hairgrass
slender
hawksbeardp
slender
hawkweedz
slender
madia
slender
jasmine
slender
rockjasmine
slender
spikerush
slender
tarweed
slender
wheatgrass
slender
woodland
slenderbeak
slenderbeak
sedge
slenderlobe
slenderweed
stinging
nettle
slimleaf
slimleaf
goosefoot
slimleaf
wallrocket
slimstem
slipper
slope
slope
sedge
sloughgrass
othpod
alyssum
smoothseed
smoothseed
skeletonweed
sterileB
stickweed
stiff
stiffly
stigmaV
stigmasB
stigmaticb
stipa
stipa
needlegrass
genus
stipe
stipitate
stipitate-glandular
stipular
stipule-like
stipulelike
straightC
striatee
strictly
stronglyG
fringed
stoneseed
fumitory
fuschia
gambel
gambel
garden
garden
asparagus
garden
burnet
garden
orach
garden
violet
gardner's
gardner's
saltbush
garrettq
garrett
fleabaneq
garrett'sq
garrett's
bladderpod
garrett's
daisyq
gauge
gauge
plant
gaura
gentian
geranium
geyer
geyer
milkvetch
geyer
willow
giantP
giant
draba
golden
prickly
golden
sedge
golden
smoke
goldenbushu
goldeneye
goldenrodu
goldenweedu
goose
goosefoot
grape
grassC
grass
alismaC
grave-myrtle
grayb
asterb
groundsel
horsebrush
kentrophyta
molly
thistlen
gray's
gray's
pepperplant
graylocks
graymolly
greasewood
great
great
basin
centaury
latterP
laurel
lavenderb
lavender-purple
lawnd
layia
leafE
leaf-opposed
leaflet
leafletsR
leaflike
leafy
leafy-bracteate
least[
older
omitted
one-half
one-third
onesB
onion
onion-scented
onion-scented
perennial
herbs
slender
erect
scapes
oniongrass
onionlike
Cockleburs comprise just 3 species, two native to the New World, one to the Old World. The only species here is the Common Cocklebur, which is widespread as a weed - it is the one native to Europe.
Cockleburs have large leaves. Flower heads are separately male or female. The bracts around the latter become hard and covered in hooked spines, creating the bur. Ray flowers are absent.
P CockleburQ
strumarium
Common Cocklebur
XanthocephalumB
Willd.
Xanthocephalum (Matchweed genus)
See species description locally
E MatchweedG
ASTERACEAE
spellingu
spergularia
spergularia
sandspurry
genus
sphaeralcea
sphaeralcea
globemallow
genus
sphaeromeria
spherical
spicatea
spider
spike
spikeiets
spikelet
spikelets
spikelike
spikemoss
spikerush
spikesE
E GoldeneyeG
ASTERACEAE
The Goldeneye genus has about 150 species from the western U.S. to South America. Lower leaves are in opposite pairs while the upper ones alternate. Our 2 species are herbs, while elsewhere they may be shrubs or even trees.
Ray flowers are yellow and quite showy.
P GoldeneyeQ
ciliata
multiflora
R Hairy Goldeneye
Showy Goldeneye
WyethiaB
Nutt.
Wyethia (Mulesears genus)
See species description locally
E MulesearsG
ASTERACEAE
seapurslane
seaspurrey
secret
secret
water
starwort
secund
secund
wintergreen
sedge
monkeyflower
seepweed
selfheal
serrate
serrate
elodea
serviceberry
shadbush
shadscale
sharpleaf
sharpleaf
valerian
shasta
shasta
sedge
sheep
sheep
cinquefoil
sheep
fescue
sheep
sedge
sheep
sorrel
sheepsorrel
shepherd's
shepherd's
purse
shinleaf
shiny
shiny
draba
shoestrings
shooting
shore
shore
arrowgrass
shore
buttercup
shore
downingia
shortawn
shortawn
foxtail
shorthorn
shorthorn
spurge
shortstem
shortstem
lupine
shortstem
buckwheat
ilver
silver
orach
silverleaf
silverleaf
milkvetch
silverscale
silvery
silvery
lupine
silvery
sedge
fringed
fritillaria
fritillaria
fritillary
genus
fritillary
fromG
front
frost
reat the various sections of the genus as separate genera, but Anderson et al. (1974) propose the retention of Haplopappus in its wider interpretation, at least until the taxa from North and South America are better understood.
GoldenweedG
ASTERACEAE
occurring
occurs
oceanspray
oenothera
oenothera
evening
primrose
genus
offset
offsets
limbV
limosella
limosella
mudwort
genus
linanthus
linanthus
flaxflower
genus
linaria
linaria
toadflax
genus
linearC
linear-cylindricW
linear-oblong
lined
linesb
liningF
linum
linum
genus
listera
listera
twayblade
genus
lithophragma
lithophragma
woodland
genus
lloydia
lobedA
Gnaphalium (Cudweed or Everlasting genus)
White-woolly herbs (ours). Leaves alternate, entire, usually narrow, often decurrent on the stem. Heads small, entirely of disc flowers, in compact cymose clusters at the tips of stems and branches or in a few species the inflorescence spicate; involucre usually bell-shaped, the bracts obscurely to distinctly imbricate, usually chartaceous at the base and membranous above, the membranous portion white or variously colored; receptacle essential
lly flat, naked; flowers yellow or whitish (ours), fertile, the outer pistillate and numerous, the inner few and bisexual; anthers tailed; style branches of the bisexual flowers flattened, truncate, lacking appendages. Achenes oblong; pappus of numerous hairlike bristles in a single series, united at the base and deciduous in a ring or (ours) falling separately.
Cudweed
Everlasting
headlike
headsZ
hedysarum
hedysarum
sweetvetch
genus
height
heleniumv
helenium
sneezeweed
genusv
helianthellaw
helianthella
little
sunflower
genusw
helianthusx
helianthus
sunflower
genusx
heliotrope
heliotropium
heliotropium
heliotrope
genus
hellebore
helleborine
hemispheric^
hemlockJ
henceq
heracleumN
heracleum
parsnip
genusN
herbaceousE
herbageV
capsules
carawayI
cardamine
cardamine
bittercress
genus
cardaria
cardaria
whitetop
genus
carduusg
carduus
thistle
genusg
carex
carex
sedge
genus
carpel
carpels
carpophoreG
carrotM
carumI
carum
caraway
genusI
caryopsis
cases
cassini'su
castilleja
castilleja
indian
paintbrush
genus
cat's
catabrosa
catabrosa
brookgrass
genus
catchfly
catchweed
catkin
catkin-like
catkinlike
catkins
cattail
conicR
conicala
coniumK
conium
poison
hemlock
genusK
connectiveW
connectives
conniventV
conringia
conservedu
considerablyi
consistently
consisting^
conspicuous
conspicuously
constitutesu
constricted
consumed
contain
contiguous
continuation
continuous
contorted
contracted
control
converging
convex^
convolvulus
convolvulus
bindweed
morning
glory
genus
conyza
coontail
copiousp
coral
coral
corallorhiza
corallorhiza
coral
genus
cordate
corispermum
corispermum
bugseed
genus
corkyG
corky-wingedG
e blades usually flat, ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a spikelike panicle with short branches appressed to the main axis; spikelets 1-flowered, strongly laterally flattened, disarticulating below the glumes and falling entire; glumes equal or nearly so, opposite and usually fused at the base, slightly shorter than to barely exceeding the lemma, ciliate on the
keels and variously hairy on the lateral nerves, glabrous or hairy between the nerves, acute to rounded at the apex; lemma firm, strongly flattened, indistinctly (3)5-nerved, obtuse at the apex, the margins usually somewhat united near the base, awned from the middle of the back or below, the awn exerted or included, straight or twisted and abruptly bent; palea lacking. Caryopsis loosely enclosed within the lemma.
saxicola
AgrostisB
s of these
perennial
scapose
herbs
rhizomes
bearing
fleshy
fibrous@
persistent@
petiole@
pink-tinged@
pistil@
point@
portion
pouched@
progressively@
pubescent@
purplish@
urplish@
ouched@
progressively@
pubescence@
purplish@
ouched@
progressively@
pubescence@
purplish@
ouched@
progressively@
pubescence@
purplish@
ouched@
progressively@
pubescence@
purplish@
pubescence@
purplish@
fusiformX
fusion
galium
galium
bedstraw
cleavers
genus
garden
gardens
garlic
gaura
gayophytum
gayophytum
groundsmoke
genus
genbusB
generak
generaliv
genericu
genus[
given
glabrate
glabrousF
glabrous
often
somewhat
fleshy
annual
perennial
herbs
glabrous
perennial
herbs
slender
rhizomes
leaves
evergr
glabrous
perennial
herbs
leaves
opposite
whorled
rarely
glabrous
scapose
usually
rhizomatous
herbs
generally
glabrous
succulent
halophytic
herbs
subshrubs
stems
running-myrtle
rushpink
rushy
russet
russet
buffaloberry
russianh
russian
knapweedh
russian
olive
russian
thistle
russian
wildrye
rydbergu
rydberg
goldenweedu
rydberg's
rydberg's
penstemon
rydberg's
sandwort
rydberg's
sweetpea
rydberg's
twinpod
ryegrass
sacaton
sacred
sacred
datura
sagea
sagebrush
sagebrush
buttercup
sageworta
sagina
sainfoin
salsify
pepper
cedar
tamarisk
dodder
heliotrope
sandspurrey
saltbush
saltgrass
saltmarsh
saltmarsh
dodder
saltmarsh
sandspurrey
saltplant
samphire
dropseed
sandbar
sandbar
willow
scouler
popcorn
flower
scouring
scrub
scrub
scurfpea
sometimesA
sometines
etines
membranousB
membranous-based
membranous-margined^
mentha
mentha
genus
mentzelia
mentzelia
blazing
genus
merelyp
merged
mericarps
mertensia
mertensia
bluebells
genus
microseris
microseris
scorzonella
genus
microsteris
mid-length
middleW
midlength
cornus
cornus
dogwood
genus
corollaV
corollasl
correlated
correll
corydalis
corydalis
scrambled
genus
corymbose
corymbsA
cotton
cottonwood
county
covered
covering
cowania
cowania
cliffrose
genus
cowcockle
crabgrass
crataegus
crataegus
hawthorn
genus
crazyweed
creamu
creamy
creeping
crenate
crepisp
crepis
hawksbeard
genusp
cressa
crest
crestedW
crinkledZ
cronquist
cross
cross-wrinkled
crosses
clustersB
rose-purple
rosette
rosette-forming
rosettes
rostellum
rotate
rough
rough-barkedc
roughened
round
roundedC
rubia
rubus
rubus
blackberry
raspberry
bramble
genus
rudbeckia
rudbeckia
coneflower
genus
rudiment
rudimentary|
rumex
rumex
sorrel
genus
sagebrusha
sagina
sagina
pearlwort
genus
sagittariaD
sagittaria
arrowhead
genusD
salicornia
samaraA
white-woolly]
whitecockle
whitetop
whitishF
whitlow
whole
wholly
whorl
whorledB
whorls
widea
widely
widerj
wildrye
william
willow
willow-weed
willowherb
wilted
wind-pollinated
windflower
wing-margined
wingedA
winglessP
winglike
wingsG
winter
wintercress
wintergreen
cutleaf
water-parsnipH
cutleaf
waterparsnipH
cypress
daffodil
daisyd
dalmatian
dalmatian
toadflax
dame's
dame's
violet
dandelionZ
datura
dead-nettle
deadnettle
death
deer-brush
delight
dense
dense
densecress
dentate
dentate
desert
desert
alyssum
desert
groundsel
desert
indian
paintbrush
trings
dewey
dewey
sedge
diamondleaf
diamondleaf
saxifrage
differentleaf
differentleaf
sphaeromeria
diplotaxis
dishwater
dishwater
grass
ditch
ditch
beardgrass
ditchbankb
ditchbank
asterb
ditchgrass
dodder
dogbane
dogcamomile
dogcamomile
mayweed
dogfennel
dogtooth
dogtooth
violet
dogwood
dollar
dollar
doublecomb
doublecomb
draba
douglasJ
smallF
small
medium-sized
deciduous
ferns
short
elongate
smaller
smartweed
smelowskia
smilacina
smootha
sneezeweedv
snowberry
soapwort
erect-appressed}
erigeronq
erigeron
fleabane
genusq
eriogonum
eriogonum
buckwheat
genus
erodium
erodium
storksbill
filaree
heron's
genus
erosen
erose-toothed
erysimum
erysimum
wallflower
genus
erythronium
erythronium
glacier
dogtooth
violet
genus
escapes
especially
essentiallyV
euclidium
eupatoriumr
eupatorium
joe-pye
boneset
genusr
euphorbia
euphorbia
spurge
genus
europe
europeank
eurotia
evening
evergreenW
everlasting\
evidently
example
exceed1ng
exceedingj
degreeX
degrees
dehiscence
dehiscent
dehiscingE
delicate
delphinium
delphinium
larkspur
genus
dendritic
dense
denselyi
depressed
depressed-globose
deschampsia
deschampsia
hairgrass
genus
describeq
Alisma (Water Plantain genus)
Submerged or emergent, aquatic, perennial, scapose herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves basal with elongate, basally sheathing petioles, the emergent blades lanceolate to oblong-ovate, the floating or submerged ones often linear. Flowers bisexual, in simple or compound, bracteate panicles with the pedicels, branches, or both whorled; sepals 3, green, persistent; petals 3, white to rose; stamens 6-9; pistils free, (5) 10-25 in a ring; ovary 1-chambered with a suB
bterminal style. Fruit of achenes borne on the receptacle in a single ring, each laterally compressed with 1-3 ridges on the rounded back and with a slender, short, nearly straight to distinctly recurved beak.
Water PlantainG
ALISMATACEAEK
Water PlantainQ
gramineum
plantago-aquatica
RLNarrowleaf Water Plantain
Grass Alisma
Common Water Plantain
Water Plantain
SagittariaB
GenusNumB
AuthorB
DescriptionB
Common NameB
CommentsB
FamilyB
Family DescriptionB
Genus ListB
Species ListB
Genus aboutB
Link 1B
Link 2B
Link 3B
Genus Common ListB
Other CommonB
Species per GenusB
Polystichum (Holly Fern genus)
Small to large evergreen ferns. Leaves tufted, arising from short, stout, scaly, erect to horizontal rhizomes; petioles brown at the base, yellowish to green above, shorter than the blade, conspicuously scaly at least toward the base, the scales brown and either hairlike or broad and toothed to cleft; blades coarse, 1-3 times pinnate, scaly, especially on the rachis and midveins, otherwise glabrous or occasionally glandular; pinnae subsessile, often spinB
y-toothed, usually largest near midlength of the blade, progressively reduced above and to a lesser extent below. Sori round, prominent, developing on the veins; indusium peltate, attached at the center and spreading out over the sorus.
Holly FernG
POLYPODIACEAE
DryopterisB
Adans.
DryopterisB
Adans.
y 3-angled, pale to
ZannichelliaB
Zannichellia (Grasswrack genus)
See species description locally
GrasswrackG
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
AcThe Grasswrack genus has 1 or 2 species in fresh or brackish water. See description of the species.
129-006M
129-013N
129-014P
GrasswrackQ
palustris
Horned Pondweed
TribulusB
Tribulus (Puncturevine or Caltrop genus)
See species description locally
Puncturevine
CaltropG
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
The Puncturevine genus has about 20 species in warm regions, including the Mediterranean and Africa. We have a single representative, which should be consulted for a description.
Informal name
ArctiumB
Arctium (Burdock genus)
See species description locally
BurdockG
ASTERACEAE
"The Burdocks are European plants, with four or five very similar species. Two have become naturalized in the U.S.
They are unmistakable, with huge leaves adorning a stem up to 6 feet tall (ours) or even 10 feet tall in others. Flower heads lack ray flowers, so appear a bit thistle-like.
BurdockQ
minus
Smaller Burdock
Burdock
ArnicaB
BurdockG
ASTERACEAE
"The Burdocks are European plants, with four or five very similar species. Two have become naturalized in the U.S.
They are unmistakable, with huge leaves adorning a stem up to 6 feet tall (ours) or even 10 feet tall in others. Flower heads lack ray flowers, so appear a bit thistle-like.
Burdock
ACEAE
BrickellbushG
ASTERACEAE
Brickellia is named for John Brickell, an 18th century botanist. About 100 species, usually shrubs or perennial herbs, native to the warmer parts of North America.
Leaves are simple, never compound. Ray flowers are lacking, so the flower heads are not very showy. The small disc flowers are whitish, greenish, yellowish, not clean colors. Bracts are in several overlapping series.
We have 3 species, 2 of them shrubs of the foothills, the other a herb of foothills to upper mountains.
BrickellbushQ$californica
grandiflora
microphylla
RNCalifornia Brickellbush
Tasselflower
Rough Brickellbush
Littleaf Brickellbush
CarduusB
Carduus (Thistle genus)
See species description locally
ThistleG
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAEP
Aster
starthistleh
starvation
starvation
cactus
starveling
starveling
strawberry
starwort
steer's
steer's
stellate
stellate
smilacina
stemlessu
stemless
goldenweedu
stickseed
sticky
sticky
cinquefoil
sticky
crazyweed
sticky
currant
sticky
geranium
sticky
indian
paintbrush
sticky
pilot
stiff
stiff
blue-eyed
grass
stinging
stinkgrass
stinkingP
stinking
horsemint
stinking
lomatiumP
stonecrop
stoneseed
storksbill
straightbeak
straightbeak
buttercup
strangeq
strange
daisyq
strawberry
strawberry
blite
strawberry
clover
strawberry
spinach
striped
striped
coralroot
subalpineq
subalpine
daisyq
subalpine
subalpine
monkeyflower
sugarbowls
suksdorf's
suksdorf's
monkeyflower
sulfur
075-013M
057-011N
057-010P
Popcorn FlowerQ%leptocladus
scouleri
tenellus
mollis
RBAlkali Popcorn Flower
Scouler Popcorn Flower
Small Popcorn Flower
AlyssumB
Alyssum
Low annual or perennial herbs from taproots, stems simple to freely branched; herbage pubescent with branched or (ours) stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire (ours) toothed, tapered to the base, not auriculate-clasping. Flowers in simple or compound racemes; sepals 4, erect to spreading, not pouched at the base; petals 4, yellow fading to white, entire to shallowly notched at the apex; stamens 6, the filaments of the long stamens generally winged, those of the short
We have 3 species, one of which is known only from a single collection made in 1908. A fourth species, presumably introduced, has recently been collected from Antelope Island.
as the nutlets (ours).
uebells
Sagina (Pearlwort genus)
See species description locally
E PearlwortG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
The Pearlwort genus has 25 species in the northern temperate zone, and in some tropical mountains. Plants are small, low-growing, often forming mats or tufts. Stems are rarely more than 6 inches.
Flowers have 4-5 free sepals and either 4-5 white petals or none at all.
We have a single native species, the Arctic Pearlwort. A second species, Birdeye Pearlwort is known as an occasional weed.
P PearlwortQ
saginoides
Arctic Pearlwort
Sagina
A SaponariaB
Saponaria (Soapwort genus)
See species description locally
ng in the ray flowers.
TansyasterG
ASTERACEAE
There are about 35 Tansyasters in the western U.S., ranging from annual herbs to shrubs. Superficially resembling asters, they may in fact be more closely related to the Goldenweeds (Haplopappus).
We have only a single species, it now being thought that previous inclusion of United Tansyaster in our area was due to a mistake. Likewise, King's Tansyaster has been reassigned to Aster kingii or Tonestus kingii.
However, Hoary Tansyaster has enough variation to make up the difference.
096-020M
096-019N
123-006P
Tansyaster
pappus lacki
Tragopogon (Goatsbeard or Salsify or Oysterplant genus)
Taprooted annual, biennial, or rarely perennial herbs with milky juice. Leaves chiefly cauline, alternate, grasslike, narrowly elongate, entire, parallel veined, somewhat clasping at the base. Heads solitary and terminal on stems and branches, entirely of bisexual ray flowers; involucral bracts in a single series, equal or nearly so; receptacle naked; rays yellow or purple. Achenes fusiform, terete or angled, mostly 5-nerved, the
nerves with numerous, small, scalelike projections, the body gradually or abruptly tapered to a slender beak or the outermost achenes beakless; pappus a single series of long, basally united, plumose bristles, at flowering white and not evidently plumose, at maturity the long lateral hairs widely spreading and interlaced, the whole forming an ephemeral tawny globe as much as 1 dm in diameter.
john's
junegrass
juniper
kittentails
knapweed
knotweed
knotweed
smartweed
labrador
labrador
ladder
ladies
ladies
tresses
lady's
lady's
slipper
larch
larkspur
laurel
lawnd
daisy
english
daisyd
layia
lettuce
leucelene
lewisia
licorice
lilac
little
little
gentian
little
polecat
lloydia
locoweed
locoweed
milkvetch
locust
plantainC
poisonK
poison
hemlockK
popcorn
popcorn
flower
povertyweed
prickly
prickly
puccoon
purslaneB
pussytoes
rabbitbrush
radish
ragweed
resinweed
rockcress
sagebrusha
sagebrush
wormwooda
salsify
saltbush
samphire
sandspurry
sandwort
scorzonella
purslaneB
seepweed
seepweed
inkweed
skeletonweed
sneezeweed
hairV
hairgrass
hairlikeZ
hairsZ
hairyW
halfway
halogeton
halophytic
halvesA
haplopappusu
haplopappus
goldenweed
genusu
hardened
harebell
hastately
haveX
having
hawksbeardp
hawkweedz
hawthorn
headf
head-like
head-shaped
one-third, the margins rimmed with basally flat
Wed in the tube. Nutlets generally 4, ovate to lanceolate in outline, attached to a broad low gynobase and ventrally keeled from the apex to the middle or nearly throughout, the attachment scar at the base of or slightly lateral to the keel, dorsally slightly keeled, roughened or rarely smooth; style about half as long as the nutlets (ours).
Popcorn FlowerG
BORAGINACEAE
The Popcorn Flower genus is mostly native to the Americas, and contain about 50 species of small annual or perennial plants. They are easily overlooked, being low-growing, spreading, with thin stems and small leaves. Flowers are white and tiny.
We have 3 species, one of which is known only from a single collection made in 1908. A fourth species, presumably introduced, has recently been collected from Antelope Island.
E Bluebells
C=dorsal wings in L. nuttallii); carpophore bifid to the base.
Desert Parsley
BiscuitrootG
APIACEAE
As the name suggests, the roots of at least some species of Lomatium are edible. Especially with this family, however, it is wise to be extremely cautious as it contains everything from Carrots to Poison Hemlock!
Most of our species bloom in early spring through summer. Petals are mostly yellow, yellow-green, or purple. Our largest and commonest member is L. dissectum, found widely in the canyons and foothills. Its leaves are rather tough, and lack significant perfume. On the other hand,
r less well-developed membranous to corky lateral wings, or the fruit scarcely flattened and the lateral wings obsolete; dorsal ribs threadlike, wingless or narrowly winged (sometimes with well-developed
puncturevine
genus
about
species
regions
radish
genus
species
native
mediterranean
ragweed
genus
scourge
people
because
ricegrass
genus
about
species
tempera
rockcress
genus
large
about
species
difficult
rubia
genus
about
species
eurasia
africa
russian
thistle
genus
about
species
worldwide
sainfoin
genus
eurasian
origin
about
saltbush
genus
contains
different
types
sandbur
genus
small
species
mostly
saxifrage
genus
large
species
scurfpea
genus
species
widespread
seepweeds
about
species
occur
worldwide
saline
shooting
genus
small
species
mostly
smotherweed
snakeweed
sneezeweedv
draba
speedwell
willow
snow-on-the-mountain
snowball
snowball
verbena
snowberry
snowbrush
soapberry
soapwort
chess
cinquefoil
softleaf
softleaf
sedge
softleaved
softleaved
sedge
solomon
sorrel
southernO
southern
cat-tail
southern
waternymph
sowthistle
spatula-leaf
spatula-leaf
spurge
spear
spear
orach
spearleafq
spearleaf
fleabaneq
spearleaf
scorpionweed
spearmint
spearscale
spearwort
speedwell
sphaeromeria
spiderX
spider
milkweedX
spike
spike
fescue
spike
redtop
spike
trisetum
spike
woodrush
spikegrass
spikemoss
spikenard
spikenard
sedge
spikerush
spinach
spineless
spineless
horsebrush
species
specific
specificity
speciosaX
speciosusq
spectacularc
speedwell
speedwells
spelling
sphaeromeria
sphaeromeria
small
genus
herbs
half-shrubs
which
spheres
spherical
spike
spike
primroses
annual
herbs
lower
leaves
opposite
spikelet
spikelets
spikelike
spikemoss
spikerushes
spikesa
spindle-shaped
spindltR
spindly}
spine
spine-tipped
spined
spineless
spines[
spinyg
spiny-tipped
spiral
spleenwort
Mirabilis (Four O'clock genus)
See species description locally
Four O'clockG
NYCTAGINACEAEP
Four O'clockQ
linearis
multiflora
bigelovii
R0Fringe-cup Four O'clock
Narrowleaf Umbrellawort
BoisduvaliaB
Spach
Boisduvalia (Spike Primrose genus)
See species description locally
Spike PrimroseG
ONAGRACEAE
DSpike Primroses are annual herbs, with lower leaves opposite and upper leaves alternate. More often than not they are included within the Willowherb genus Epilobium, with which they have much in common. Flowers are small, borne singly in the leaf junctions.
Our only species is the rarely encountered Dense Spike Primrose.
3The Spikerushes are annual or perennial herbs, a genus of about 250 species worldwide. Unlike most of the Sedge family, they are round-stemmed. Size varies considerably, in our local species from 4 inches to 5 feet tall.
Flowers are bisexual, in a single spikelet at the top of the stem.
We have 6 species
P SpikerushQ<acicularis
palustris
parishii
parvula
pauciflora
rostellata
Needle Spikerush
Slender Spikerush
Common Spikerush
Parish's Spikerush
Dwarf Spikerush
Few-flowered Spikerush
Fewflower Spikerush
Beaked Spikerush
Torrey's Spikerush
ScirpusB
harply differentiated, often triangular-conic tubercle, the stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or obscurely to distinctly 3-angled.
mber of the stigmas. The perigynium is a modified br
broader than the remaining lobes; stamens 4, equal or nearly so, included or exserted, the anther sacs parallel. Nutlets smooth, reticulate, or tuberculate.
MintG LAMIACEAEP
MintQ
arvensis
piperita
spicata
R Field Mint
Peppermint
Spearmint
A MoldavicaB
(Tourn. ) Adans.
Moldavica (Dragonhead genus)
See species description locally
DragonheadG LAMIACEAEP
DragonheadQ
parviflora
R+American Dragonhead
Smallflower Dragonhead
MonardellaB
Benth.
Monardella (Horsemint genus)
See species description locally
E HorsemintG LAMIACEAEP HorsemintQ
odoratissima
GrasswrackG
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
berry.
We have a single species, the Virginia Creeper, which sometimes becomes established out of cultivation. It can be a very aggressive plant in situations with ample moisture. Thicket Creeper is native to the western U.S. but does not groB
w locally.
113-050M
113-026P
WoodbineQ
quinquefolia
ZannichelliaB
Zannichellia (Grasswrack genus)
See species description locally
GrasswrackG
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
smotherweed@
southern
ligusticum@
spiny
spirodela@
starthistle@
subalpine
rush@
sulfur
buckwheat
sweet
false
chamomile
syrian@
three-awn@
thymeleaf
spurge
townsendia@
twinleaf@
milkvetch@
wapato@
water
plantainC
western
bladderpod@
western
larch
western
tickweed@
white@
balsam-apple@
fuschia
firechalice
winged@
woodsia@
yellow
chamomile@
e soil, and was given the name 'wolf'. We now know the reverse is true, with lupines and many other legumes enriching the soil through nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Lupines are the classic example of "palmate" or "digitate" compound leaves: few or many l
Lupine
he 2-12 seeds.
pusillus
latifolius
breweri
St. John's WortG
HYPERICACEAEK
St. John's WortQ!formosum
perforatum
anagalloides
RgWestern St. John's Wort
Western St. Johnswort
Klamath Weed
Common St. John's Wort
Common St. Johnswort
IrisB
Iris (Flag or Fleur-de-Lis genus)
Perennial herb from rhizomes or bulbs, occasionally stoloniferous; stems simple or branched, erect. Leaves chiefly basal, linear to sword-shaped, folded and equitant or flexuous and grasslike. Flowers solitary or in a spike, raceme, or panicle, 1-several flowers issuing from a pair of spathe bracts, these fused or free, perianth segments 6 in two series, all clawed and united below into a perianth tube, the outer segments (sepals) spreading and usuallACEAEP WaterleafQ
capitatum
occidentale
A NemophilaB
Nutt.
Nemophila
See species description locally
used, the stigmas 2
About 20 species of north temperate regions, both hemispheres. We have traditionally listed a single species in our area, the "Fernleaf Lovage", but the Southern Lovage has recently been identified also. Both of our species grow to about 4 feet tall, have multiply divided leaves, and clusters of white to pinkish flowers.
The traditional lovage of European kitchens is Levisticum officinale.
LovageQ
filicinum
tenuifolium
porteri
R8Fernleaf Lovage
Fernleaf Ligusticum
Southern Ligusticum
LomatiumB
Raf.
ply divided leaves, and clusters of white to pinkish flowers.
The traditional lovage of European kitchens is Levisticum officinale.
nodding
beggartickse
nodding
brome
nodding
buckwheat
nodding
ladies
tresses
nodding
microseris
nodding
scorzonella
nodding
thistleg
nootka
northern
northern
anemone
northern
bedstraw
northern
black
currant
northern
orchid
northern
coralroot
northern
gentian
northern
maidenhair
northern
pondweed
northern
jasmine
northern
sweetvetch
northern
willowherb
norway
norway
cinquefoil
nutgrass
nuttallb
nuttall
asterb
nuttall
sandwort
nuttall'sx
nuttall's
flaxflower
nuttall's
mariposa
nuttall's
sunflowerx
nuttall's
violet
o'clock
oatgrass
oblongleaf
oblongleaf
bluebells
oceanspray
one-seeded
hawthorn
oneheadw
onehead
sunflowerw
oneseed
oneseed
hawthorn
onespike
lesser
periwinkleW
lesser
rushy
milkvetch
lesser
wintergreen
letterman
letterman
needlegrass
lettuce}
lewis's
lewis's
currant
lewis's
monkeyflower
lewisia
licorice
licorice
liddon
liddon
sedge
ligusticumO
lilac
lily-of-the-valley
limber
limber
linanthus
linearleaf
linearleaf
paintbrush
lion's
lion's
beard
lipfern
longleaf`
longleaf
arnica`
longleaf
daisyq
longstalk
longstalk
bindweed
longstalk
starwort
longstyle
longstyle
longtooth
longtooth
sweetpea
lookalike
lookalike
sedge
louisianaa
louisiana
sageworta
louisiana
vetch
louisiana
wormwooda
lousiana}
lousiana
lettuce}
lovageO
lover
fleabaneq
goldenrod
plume
plumes
plums
plusV
podsV
poinsettia
point
pointed
poisonP
poisonous
polecat
pollen[
pollination
pollinators
polygonum
polypodium
polypodium
genus
whole
family
polypody
ponderosa
ponds
poor|
poorly
popcorn
poplar
poplars
poppy
popular
popularityW
population
populations
porcelain
portion
portions
possibly
potato
potentilla
water
hemlockJ
water
horehound
water
parsnipH
water
plantainC
water
starwort
watercress
waterfern
waterleaf
watermeal
waternymph
weedr
wheat
wheatgrass
whitecockle
whitetop
whitlow
whitlow
grass
buckwheat
cucumber
forget-me-not
garlic
geranium
hollyhock
licorice
lilac
morning
glory
onion
wildrye
william
willow
willow-weed
willowherb
windflower
wintercress
winterfat
wintergreen
wolfbane
wolfberry
woodbine
woodland
woodland
woodnymph
woodreed
woodrush
woodsia
woodsorrel
wormwood
yampah
yarrow
yellowcress
aceraceae
yampah
yarrow
yellowcress
aceraceae
Abies (Fir genus)
Evergreen trees with conical crowns and mostly horizontal branches; young bark gray, thin, and smooth except for numerous elongate resin blisters, the old bark thick and furrowed; twigs with slightly depressed, circular to sub-circular leaf scars 1-2.4 mm in diameter, pubescent or glabrous; terminal buds blunt and resinous. Leaves spirally arranged but often curving upward and appearing 2-ranked firm and linear, flat to somewhat triangular, obtuse at the apex, narrow
ed at the base, the stomata, when visible, nearly continuous, forming 1 or 2 pale bands on each surface, the resin ducts 2 (seen in cross section), 1 on either side of the midvein. Cones borne at the tip of the previous year's growth; male cones catkin-like, 7-20 mm long, pendent from branches near the middle of the tree or above; female cones sessile and stiffly erect on the uppermost branches, yellow-green to purple-brown, mostly cylindric, maturing in a single season, the scales thin bu
Alopecurus (Foxtail genus)
Tufted annuals or perennials of mostly moist to wet sites. Leaf sheaths open, the blades usually flat, ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a spikelike panicle with short branches appressed to the main axis; spikelets 1-flowered, strongly laterally flattened, disarticulating below the glumes and falling entire; glumes equal or nearly so, opposite and usually fused at the base, slightly shorter than to barely exceeding the lemma, ciliate on the
keels and variously hairy on the lateral nerves, glabrous or hairy between the nerves, acute to rounded at the apex; lemma firm, strongly flattened, indistinctly (3)5-nerved, obtuse at the apex, the margins usually somewhat united near the base, awned from the middle of the back or below, the awn exerted or included, straight or twisted and abruptly bent; palea lacking. Caryopsis loosely enclosed within the lemma.
imnorchis.G
ORCHIDACEAE
y long and needle-like, carried in small bundles of 2-5 on short spur branches; a papery sheath surrounds the base of the bundle, but may soon drop off.
Seed-bearing cones take a year or more to mature, and may stay on the tree much longer, after the scales have opened and the seeds dropped.
The only unequivocally native pine in our area is the high altitude Limber Pine (5 needles per bundle). Lodgepole (2 needles), Ponderosa (3 or sometimes 2), and Pinyon Pines (1 or 2) occur in suround
ing counties. The introduced Western White Pine still persists in Big Cottonwood Canyon. It seems inappropriate to try and establish Pinyon Pines in City Creek Canyon: they have not been part of our natural flora in the 150 years of settlement and the chosen site was poorly suited.
rd year, the mature cone sometimes persistent on the tree for many years, deciduous as a whole, the scales with a prominent thickened apex terminating in a blunt protuberance, this, in some spe
CHhe dorsal ribs threadlike to corky-winged; carpophore bifid to the base.
AngelicaG
APIACEAE
There are about 50 species of Angelica occurring in more northerly areas of our hemisphere. They are quite large, 2-6 feet tall, with coarse stems and leaves. The leaves are divided into relatively few segments, and often have a wide flap at the base, wrapping around the stem.
We have two species locally:
Angelica pinnata is smaller, growing in damp areas, 1-3 feet tall.
Angelica wheeleri is more robust, reaching nearly 7 feet. It also favors streamside and wet meadows. Its head of flowBiers is particularly dense.
The roots of a European species Angelica archangelica are sometimes candied.
ader than the immature fruit; stylopodium broadly low-conic. Fruit strongly compressed parallel with the commissure, the lateral ribs with broad, thin to corky wings; t
Mistletoe is a large genus of about 200 species of parasitic shrubs that infest a wide range of host trees. They occur through temperate and tropical America. Stems are usually more than 8 inches long, erect, yellowish to brown. Leaves sometimes have a distinct blade, like that of the mistletoe sold at Christmas (Phoradendron tomentosum), or may be reduced to pairs of scales.
Flowers are inconspicuous, unisexual, male and female often carried on separate plants. Fruit is a pale berry with
very sticky flesh (European mistletoes have the genus name Viscum). They are avidly eaten by birds, the seeds passing rapidly through the gut and sticking to whatever branch the bird happens to be sitting on. In deserts to the south of our range the Acacia shrubs often have very large clumps of the Desert Mistletoe which are a magnet for Phainopeplas.
We have a single species, the Juniper Mistletoe, which is uncommon locally but plentiful elsewhere in Utah.
Phalaris (Canary Grass genus)
Annuals or perennials. Leaf sheaths open throughout or closed near the base, the blades broad and flat; ligule membranous; auricles often present. Inflorescence of contracted to spikelike panicles; spikelets laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes, 1-3 flowered, the uppermost floret bisexual, the lower sterile and often greatly reduced; glumes subequal, longer than the florets, strongly compressed and sometimes winged on the keel, 3(7)-nervB
ed; sterile lemmas rudimentary, linear and hairy (ours), occasionally lacking, the fertile lemma firm, smooth and shiny, lightly 5-nerved.
Canary GrassG
POACEAE
Canary Grass is relatively tall and straight, with a tightly bunched seed head. There are about 15 species in temperate regions.
075-021
ruppia
ruppia
ditchgrass
genus
ruptured
ryegrass
saclike
sagebrusha
sagina
sagina
pearlwort
genus
sagittariaD
sagittaria
arrowhead
genusD
salicornia
salicornia
pickleweed
samphire
glasswort
genus
saline
salix
salix
willow
genus
salmon
salsify
salsola
salt-secreting
saltbush
saltwort
salverformW
salvia
salvia
genus
samaraA
sambucus
sambucus
elderberry
genus
ruit, becoming membranous and often strongly reticulate-veined, frequently bearing grainlike swellings on the midvein at maturity; stamens 6; styles 3, free or basally fused, the stigmas with numerous, threadlike branches. Achene sharply 3-angled, pale to dark brown, usually smooth, enclos
lidago
Sonchus
Sorbus
Sorghum
Sparganium
Spartina
Spergularia
Sphaeralcea
Sphaeromeria
Spiranthes
Spirodela
Sporobolus
Stachys
Stellaria
Stipa
Streptanthus
Streptopus
Suaeda
Swertia
Symphoricarpos
Synthyris
Tamarix
Taraxacum
Tetradymia
Thalictrum
Thelypodium
Thlaspi
Townsendia
Tragopogon
Tribulus
Trifolium
Triglochin
Trisetum
Triteleia
Triticum
Typha
Ulmus
Urtica
Vaccaria
Vaccinium
Valeriana
Veratrum
Verbascum
Verbena
Veronica
Vicia
Viguiera
Vinca
Viola
Wolffia
Woodsia
Wyethia
XanthiumJ&
Xanthocephalum
Zannichellia
Zigadenus
s. Stamens are 20-25. What we think of as the strawberry is not a berry but a complex fruit. Each little seed with its thin casing is a type of fruit known as an achene, and is embedded in the surface of the swollen tip of th
e flower stalk. It is that tip of the stalk that we enjoy.
By far the most dominant species in our area is the Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca), but the Mountain Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) is also known to be present. Not easy to tell apart but:
Woodland fruiting stems taller than leaves; last tooth of leaf extends furthest (Photo 2);
Moutain fruiting stems shorter than leaves; last tooth of leaf shorter (Photo 3).
style short to long,
&erein cited reflect the variation represented by a large number of herbarium specimens as well as that presented in the literature. Salix babylonica L., the familiar "weeping willow" of uncertain origin, is widely planted but is not known to persist in our area when not under cultivation.
SALICACEAE
Members of the Willow genus are numerous (about 400 species) and most of them are difficult to identify. They are usually shrubs, with some trees, the shrubs being especially abundant in the arctic. Among our species the Arctic Willow can be a mature flowering shrub at 1 inch high (Photo 1), while the Crack Willow grows to 80 feet tall (not shown).
Willows are distinguished from Poplars by the leaf bud, which is covered by a single cap-like scale. Leaves are simple, alternate, mostly nar
o the mature blades of vegetative branches. Because of the complexity within the genus, details of species descriptions vary from one manual to another. The measurements h
lowish to brown. Leaves sometimes have a distinct blade, like that of the mistletoe sold at Christmas (Phoradendron tomentosum), or may be reduced to pairs of scales.
Flowers are inconspicuous, unisexual, male and female often carried on separate plants. Fruit is a pale berry with
very sticky flesh (European mistletoes have the genus name Viscum). They are avidly eaten by birds, the seeds passing rapidly through the gut and sticking to whatever branch the bird happens to be sitting on. In deserts to the south of our range the Acacia shrubs often have very large clumps of the Desert Mistletoe which are a magnet for Phainopeplas.
We have a single species, the Juniper Mistletoe, which is uncommon locally but plentiful elsewhere in Utah.
Miterworts occur in temperate North America and Asia. The 20 species are creeping perennial herbs. Leaves are mostly basal with stalks, the blades heart- to kidney-shaped (Photo 1).
Flowers are small, on a slender stem, usually without leaves. They are white to pinkish or yellowish, with petals that often have finely lobed petals (photos 2 and 3).
Seeds are contained in a small capsule which splits around the middle. This leaves the seeds exposed in a tiny cup, where a hit by a single raB
indrop will be enough to scatter them.
We have 2 species, the Fivestar and Smallflower Miterworts. The first (photos 1 and 2) is more often found in moist environments, while the other is more common in dry forest.
121-015M
121-016N
025-029P MiterwortQ
pentandra
stauropetala
R)Fivestar Miterwort
Smallflower Miterwort
A ParnassiaB
rs) or 10, included; pistil 1, the ovary inferior to varying degrees,
the leaves are fairly narrow and the flower culsters are separated, and the Broad-leaved in which leaves are broader and the flower clusters abut (photos 2 and 3, need to see at full size). The shrivelled male flowers soon drop off, leaving the smooth dense heads of fluffy seeds.
If you want to use these in flower arrangements, it is a good idea to treat them lightly with hair spary, and avoid a house full of Cat-tail seeds.
058-024M
062-010N
066-028P
CattailQ
domingensis
latifolia
R6Southern Cat-tail
Common Cattail
Broad-leaved Cattail
CeltisB
Celtis (Hackberry genus)
See species description locally
E HackberryG
ULMACEAE
nd 3, need to see at full size).
Lovegrass
Fescue
Mannagrass
Velvetgrass
Barley
Foxtail
Junegrass
Cutgrass
Sprangletop
Ryegrass
Melicgrass
Oniongrass
Muhlygrass
Ricegrass
Panicgrass
Canary Grass
Timothy
Bluegrass
Beardgrass
Alkaligrass
Hardgrass
Bristlegrass
Squirreltail
Sorghum
Cordgrass
Dropseed
Needlegrass
Wheat
Collomia
Gilia
Prickly Gilia
Flaxflower
Little Polecat
Navarretia
Sweet William
Jacob's Ladder
Wild Buckwheat
Mountain Sorrel
Knotweed
Smartweed
Sorrel
Maidenhair Fern
Aspidotis
Spleenwort
dy Fern
Lip Fern
Rock-brake
Bladder Fern
Shield Fern
Wood Fern
Cliffbrake
Polypody
Holly Fern
Bracken
Woodsia
Springbeauty
Lewisia
Montia
Purslane
Pondweed
Pimpernel
Rock Jasmine
Shooting Star
Saltwort
Sea Milkwort
Loosestrife
Primrose
Pipsissewa
Woodnymph
Wintergreen
Shinleaf
Monkshood
Wolfbane
Baneberry
Pheasant's Eye
Windflower
Columbine
Marsh Marigold
Virgin's Bower
Larkspur
Mouse Tail
Buttercup
Crowfoot
Meadowrue
Wild Lilac
Buckthorn
Serviceberry
Mountain Mahogany
Cliffrose
Hawthorn
tolmiei
tomentosa
torreyana
torreyi
tortifolia
trachycarpum
trachycaulum
treculeana
tremuloides
triangularis
trichomanes
tricolor
tridactylata
tridentata
trifida
trifidum
triflorum
triglochidiatus
trigonophylla
trilobata
trionum
tripartita
triphylla
trisulca
triternatum
triticeum
triticoides
trivialis
truxillensis
turbinella
tweedyi
ulmaria
umbellata
umbellatum
umbrinella
unalascensis
undulatum
uniflora
unispicata
urbanum
ursinus
urticifolia
utahensis
uva-ursi
vallicola
variegatum
velutinu
venenosus
venosus
vermiculatus
verna
verrucosum
verticillata
verum
vesca
vestita
viciifolia
villosa
virgatum
virginiana
virginica
virginicum
viride
viridis
viridula
viscida
viscidiflorus
viscosissimum
viscosum
viviparum
vulgare
vulgaris
wallacei
watsonii
wheeleri
whippleanus
whitneyi
wolfii
woodsii
wormskjoldii
wrightii
X medium
xanthifolia
zothecina
Sea Purslane
Water Plantain
Arrowhead
Amaranth
Pigweed
Sumac
Angelica
Water Parsnip
Aster
dersii
saxatile
saxicola
saximontanum
scabra
scapoidea
sceleratus
sclarea
scoparia
scoparium
scopulina
scopulinum
scopulorum
scouleri
scouleriana
scribneri
secunda
semiverticillatus
sepium
septentrionalis
sericeus
serotina
serpens
serpyllifolia
serra
serriola
serrulata
sessile
sibirica
silvatica
simulate
sinuata
smithii
solstitialis
sonchoides
sophia
sordida
sparsiflora
sparsiflorum
spathulata
speciosa
speciosus
spectabilis
sphondylium
spicata
spicatum
spinosa
squarrosa
stansburii
staurope
stellaris
stenoloba
sterilis
stipata
stolonifera
straminiformis
streptanthifolius
striata
stricta
strictus
strumarium
suave
suaveolens
subnuda
subulata
suksdorfii
sulphurea
sylvestris
syriacum
syzigachne
szowitsianum
tanacetifolia
tanacetifolium
tatarica
tectorum
tenax
tenella
tenellum
tenellus
tenerrima
tenuifolium
tenuis
terrestris
tessellata
testiculatus
tetralix
tetramera
tetrandra
texana
texensis
thaliana
thalictroides
thapsus
theophrasti
thurberiana
tilingii
tinctoria
tinctorum
procumbens
proserpinacoides
prostrata
prostratus
pseudacorus
pseudo-narcissus
pseudoacacia
psilostachya
pterosperma
pubescens
pudica
pulchella
pulchellum
pulcherrimum
pulchra
pulverulenta
pulvinata
pumila
pumilus
punctata
pungens
purpurascens
purpurea
purpureum
pusillum
pusillus
pygmaea
pyramidalis
pyramidata
pyrenaicum
quamash
quinquefolia
racemosa
racemosum
radiata
radicans
rafaelensis
ramosissima
ramosissimum
raphanistrum
rapunculoides
raynoldsii
rectifructa
recutita
rediviva
dowskii
regelii
repandum
repens
reptans
reticulata
retroflexus
retrorsa
rhexifolia
rhodanthum
rhomboidea
richardsonii
rigida
rigidula
rigidus
rivalis
rivularis
robusta
romanzoffiana
rosea
rossii
rostellata
rostrata
rostratum
rotundifolia
rotundifolia
rubella
rubellus
ruber
rubescens
rubiginosa
rubra
rubrum
ruderale
runcinata
rupestris
rusticana
ruthiae
rydbergii
saginoides
sagittata
sagittatum
salicaria
salicifolius
salina
sanguinalis
sanguinea
sanguineum
sarothrae
sarrachoides
sativa
sifolius
obtusiloba
occidentale
occidentalis
octoflora
odontoloma
odorata
odoratissima
officinale
officinalis
oleracea
oleraceus
oligosperma
orcuttiana
oregana
oreophilus
orientale
orientalis
orthoceras
orthorhynchus
oryzoides
ossifragum
osteosperma
ovalifolium
ovina
pachystachya
pallida
palmeri
palustre
palustris
panguicense
paniculata
paniculatus
papposa
paradoxa
parishii
parryi
parthenium
parviflora
parviflorum
parviflorus
parvifolia
parvula
patagonica
patens
patientia
patula
pauciflora
pauciflorus
paucifolius
pectinacea
pectinatus
pedatum
peltata
pensylvanica
pentagona
pentandra
peplus
peregrina
peregrinus
perelegans
perennans
perenne
perennis
pereskia
perfoliata
perfoliatum
persica
persicaria
petasata
phaeacantha
phaeocephala
phylicifolia
pinchotti
pinnata
pinnatifida
piperita
plantago-aquatica
platyphyllus
polifolia
polyacantha
polyrhiza
polysepalum
polytrichus
ponderosa
porrifolius
porteri
portulacastrum
praeceptorum
praegracilis
praelongus
pratense
pratensis
proceru
luzulina
lyallii
lyrata
macounii
macrantha
macrocera
macronema
macrophylla
macrophyllum
macrosperma
maculata
maculatum
maculosa
magnifica
major
malvaceus
malviflora
margaritacea
marginata
marina
marinum
maritima
maritimus
matronalis
media
menziesii
mertensianus
mexicana
mexicanum
michauxiana
micrantha
micranthum
microcarpa
microcarpus
microphylla
microptera
miliaceum
millefolium
miniata
minimum
minimus
minor
minus
minutiflora
miser
missouriensis
modocensis
mollis
mollissimus
monogyna
osperma
monspeliensis
montana
montanum
montanus
monticola
montigenum
moschatus
multifida
multiflora
multiflorum
multijuga
multilobatus
multiradiata
munita
muralis
murinum
muscoides?
myrsinites
myrtillus
myuros
nardina
nauseosus
nebrascensis
neglecta
negundo
nemorosa
nemorum
neomexicana
nephrophylla
nervosa
neurophora
nevadensis
newberryi
niger
nigrum
nitens
nivalis
nodosus
norvegica
nuecensis
nummularium
nutans
nutkana
nuttalliana
nuttallianum
nuttallii
oblongifolia
obtusa
inamoenus
incana
incarnata
incisum
indecora
indica
indivisa
inerme
inermis
inflatum
integerrimus
integrifolia
integrifolius
interior
intermedia
intermedium
interrupta
interruptus
intertexta
intybus
involucrata
ischaemum
jacobaea
jamesiana
japonicus
jonesii
jovis
jubatum
juncea
junceus
juniperinum
kaber
kelloggii
kentrophyta
kingii
labriformis
laciniata
lacustre
laeta
laevicaulis
laevigatum
laevipes
lanata
lanatum
lanatus
lanceolata
lanceolatum
lanceolatus
lanszwertii
lanuginosa
ginosum
lapathifolium
lasiandra
lasiocarpa
latifolia
latifolium
latifolius
laxus
ledifolius
leiomerus
lemmonii
lenticularis
lentiginosus
leonardii
lepidota
leptocladus
leptocoma
leptomeria
leptophyllum
leptosepala
lettermanii
leucanthemum
leucanthum
leucodermis
lewisii
ligusticifolia
linariifolia
linearifolia
linearifolius
linearis
lonchitis
lonchocarpus
lonchophyllus
longifolia
longipes
longirostris
longispinus
longistylis
longivaginata
luciliae
ludoviciana
lunaria
lupulina
lutea
luteus
frondosa
frondosus
frutescens
fruticosa
fuchsii
fusca
gairdneri
galericulata
gambelii
gardneri
garrettii
geniculatus
genistifolia
germanica
geyeri
geyeriana
gigantea
glabella
glabellus
glaberrimum
glaberrimus
glabra
glabrata
glabrum
glandulifera
glandulosa
glandulosum
glauca
glaucodes
glaucum
glaucus
glomerata
glomeratus
glyptosperma
gordonii
gracile
gracilis
gracillima
gramineum
gramineus
grandidentatum
grandiflora
grandiflorum
grandis
grayi
greenei
groenlandica
grossulariaefolia
guadal
upensis
guttatus
halepense
hansenii
harknessii
hastata
havardii
haydeniana
hederacea
hederifolia
helix
hendersonii
heracleoides
hermaphroditica
hesperium
hesperius
heterophylla
heterosperma
hippiana
hippocastanum
hirsuta
hirsutissima
hirta
hispida
hispidus
holboellii
hoodii
hookeri
hoopesii
hordeaceus
horrida
horridulum
hortensis
hudsonianum
humilis
hybridum
hydrophilus
hyemale
hyemalis
hymenoides
hymenosepalus
hyperborea
hyssopifolia
hyssopifolium
hystrix
idaeus
idahoense
illota
imbricatu
andrus
dianthopsis
dichotomiflorum
dictyotum
digyna
dilatata
dimorpha
dioica
disperma
dispersa
dissecta
dissectum
distans
divaricata
divergens
diversifolia
diversifolius
dodecandra
domingensis
dorrii
douglasii
draba
dracunculus
drummondiana
drummondii
dubius
dulcamara
dumosus
eatonii
echinata
edulis
elaeagnifolium
elatius
elegans
elongata
elongatum
elynoides
emersum
empetriformis
endressii
engelmannii
ensifolius
episcopus
erecta
eremophilus
ericoides
erinacea
eriophorum
eriopoda
eryth
rorhizos
eschscholtzii
esculentus
esula
eurekensis
europaea
eurycarpum
exaltatum
exarata
exigua
exilis
farinosa
farnesiana
fascicularis
fasciculata
fasciculatum
fatua
fendleri
fendleriana
filicinum
filifolia
filifolius
filiformis
filix-femina
filix-mas
fimbriata
flabellaris
flaccidus
flammula
flava
flavescens
flavula
flexilis
floribunda
floribundus
foeniculaceum
foetidissima
foliaceus
foliosissimum
foliosus
fontanum
formosa
formosum
fragiferum
fragilis
fragrans
fragrantissima
fremonti
rolinianus
carota
carvi
caseana
cataria
catenata
caudatus
cereale
cereum
cernua
cernuum
cespitosa
cespitosum
chalepensis
chamaejasme
chambersii
chamissoi
chamissonis
cheiranthoides
chilense
chilensis
chlorantha
chromosa
cibarius
cicer
cicutarium
cilianensis
ciliata
ciliatum
ciliatus
cinerea
cinereus
circinatus
coccinea
columbaria
columbiana
columbianum
columnifera
comata
commixta
communis
complanatum
compositus
compressa
concatenata
concinna
concolor
confertiflora
confertifolia
confinis
confusus
congesta
contorta
convallarioides
convolvulus
cordata
cordatus
cordifolia
corniculata
corniculatus
corymbosa
cotula
coulteri
crassifolia
crassulus
crenulata?
crispa
crispus
cristatum
crusgalli
cryptandrus
cuneata
cuneifolia
curassavicum
curvipes
cusickii
cuspidatum
cyananthus
cyanus
cylindrica
cymbalaria
dactylon
damascena
danthonioides
dasystachyum
debile
debilis
demersum
demissum
densa
densiflorum
densifolia
dentata
dentatus
depauperata
deppeana
desertorum
desperatus
deweyana
sperula
asperum
athrostachya
atrabarba
atrata
atratus
atropurpurea
attenuata
aurantiaca
aurea
aureum
australis
austromontana
autumnale
aviculare
axillaris
azurea
backii
balsamifera
balsamita
barbarum
barrelieri
basilaris
bebbiana
beckwithii
bicknellii
bicolor
biennis
bifolium
bigelovii
biloba
bipinnitifida
bisceptrum
bistortoides
blattaria
blitoides
bolanderi
boothii
boreale
borealis
botryoides
botrys
brachyactis
brachyantherum
brachycalyx
brachycarpum
brachystylis
bracteata
bracteosa
ndegei
brevicaule
brevicaulis
breviflora
brevifolia
brevissimus
brevistyla
breweri
brizaeformis
bromoides
bufonius
bulbifera
bulbosa
bursa-pastoris
caerulea
caeruleum
caespitosa
caespitosum
caespitosus
calceoliformis
calecolus
californica
californicum
calycantha
calycina
calycosa
cambrica
campestre
canadensis
canariensis
candida
canescens
canina
cannabinum
canum
canus
capillare
capillus-veneris
capitatum
capitellatum
cardiaca
cardinalis
carinatus
carnosula
carolinense
carolinianum
useful
using
usual]
usuallusually
usuallyA
varied
varies
varietiesl
variety
variousV
various
common
names
given
members
genus
variously
vary`
vegetablem
vernal
vertical
veryP
Genus Description
Columns
Genus DescriptionB
opodium
Chimaphila
Chloris
Chlorocrambe
Chorispora
Chrysanthemum
Chrysothamnus
Cichorium
Cicuta
Cinna
Circaea
Cirsium
Clarkia
Claytonia
Clematis
Cleome
Collinsia
Collomia
Comandra
Conium
Conringia
Convolvulus
Conyza
Corallorhiza
Cordylanthus
Corispermum
Cornus
Corydalis
Cowania
Crataegus
Crepis
Cressa
Cryptantha
Cryptogramma
Cuscuta
Cymopterus
Cynodon
Cynoglossum
Cyperus
Cypripedium
Cystopteris
Dactylis
Dactyloctenium
Danthonia
Datura
Daucus
Delphinium
Deschampsia
Descurainia
Dicentra
igitaria
Diplotaxis
Dipsacus
Disporum
Distichlis
Dodecatheon
Downingia
Draba
Dryopteris
Echinochloa
Echinocystis
Elaeagnus
Eleocharis
Eleusine
Elodea
Elymus
Elysitanion (X)
Epilobium
Epipactis
Equisetum
Eragrostis
Erigeron
Eriogonum
Erodium
Erysimum
Erythronium
Euclidium
Eupatorium
Euphorbia
Eurotia
Festuca
Floerkea
Fragaria
Frankenia
Fritillaria
Fumaria
Galium
Gaura
Gayophytum
Gentiana
Gentianella
Geranium
Gilia
Glaux
Glechoma
Glyceria
Glycyrrhiza
Gnaphalium
Goodyera
Grindelia
Habena
Hackelia
Halogeton
Haplopappus
Hedysarum
Helenium
Helianthella
Helianthus
Heliotropium
Heracleum
Hesperis
Heterotheca
Heuchera
Hibiscus
Hieracium
Hippuris
Holcus
Holodiscus
Holosteum
Hordeum
Humulus
Hutchinsia
Hydrophyllum
Hymenoxys
Hypericum
Iliamna
Isatis
Isoetes
Ivesia
Jamesia
Juncus
Juniperus
Kalmia
Kochia
Koeleria
Lactuca
Lamium
Lappula
Lapsana
Larix
Lathyrus
Layia
Ledum
Leersia
Lemna
Leonurus
Lepidium
Leptochloa
Leptodactylon
Lesquerella
Leucelene
Leucopoa
Lewisia
Ligust
Limosella
Linaria
Linum
Listera
Lithophragma
Lithospermum
Llnanthus
Lloydia
Lobularia
Lolium
Lomatium
Lonicera
Lunaria
Lupinus
Luzula
Lychnis
Lycium
Lycopus
Lygodesmia
Lysimachia
Lythrum
Machaeranthera
Madia
Malcolmia
Malus
Malva
Marrubium
Marsilea
Matricaria
Medicago
Melica
Melilotus
Mentha
Mentzelia
Mertensia
Microseris
Microsteris
Mimulus
Mirabilis
Mitella
Moldavica
Monardella
Moneses
Monolepis
Montia
Muhlenbergia
Myosurus
Myriophyllum
Najas
Nasturtium
Navarretia
Nemophila
Nicotiana
Oenothera
Onopordum
Opuntia
Orobanche
Orogenia
Orthocarpus
Oryzopsis
Osmorhiza
Oxalis
Oxyria
Oxytropis
Pachistima
Panicum
Parietaria
Parnassia
Parthenocissus
Pastinaca
Pedicularis
Pellaea
Penstemon
Perideridia
Perityle
Petradoria
Petrophytum
Phacelia
Phalaris
Phleum
Phlox
Phoradendron
Phragmites
Physalis
Physaria
Physocarpus
Picea
Pinus
Plagiobothrys
Plantago
Plectritis
Polanisia
Polemonium
Polygonum
Polypodium
Polypogon
Polystichum
Populus
Portulaca
Potamogeton
ntilla
Primula
Prunella
Prunus
Pseudotsuga
Psilocarphus
Psoralea
Pteridium
Puccinellia
Purshia
Pyrola
Quercus
Ranunculus
Raphanus
Rhamnus
Ribes
Rorippa
Rubia
Rubus
Rudbeckia
Rumex
Ruppia
Sagina
Sagittaria
Salicornia
Salix
Salsola
Salvia
Sambucus
Sanguisorba
Saponaria
Sarcobatus
Saxifraga
Scirpus
Sclerochloa
Scrophularia
Secale
Sedum
Selaginella
Senecio
Sesuvium
Setaria
Shepherdia
Sibbaldia
Sidalcea
Silene
Sisymbrium
Sisyrinchium
Sitanion
Smelowskia
Smilacina
Solanum
ng. Fruit glabrous to pubescent, ovoid to oblong, flattened parallel with the commissure, the lateral and generally one or more of the dorsal ribs narrowly to broadly winged; carpophore divided to the base.
SpringparsleyG
APIACEAE
The Springparsleys are an early-blooming genus of small parsley-like plants. About 20 species occur in Utah, usually preferring well-drained sandy or gravelly soils. Some plants have strongly aromatic leaves, while others are but weakly smelling.
Their leaves can be quite striking, often as a cluster almost flat to the ground, and often with a greyish tinge. Some, such as C. purpurascens have membranous cups surrounding the major clusters of tiny flowers.
Three species in our area occupy
the lateral ribs with broad, thin to corky wings; t
/Gum-Plants are a small genus of about 50 species, native to the New World. They are named after David Grindel, a Russian botanisr of the 18th-19th centuries. They have a characteristically gummy-resiny surface.
Our only local member is Curly-cup Gumweed, which is a tenacious weed of disturbed ground.
Gumweed / ResinweedQ
squarrosa
Curlycup Gumweed
Curly Gumweed
HaplopappusB
Cass.
Cudweed / EverlastingQ
chilense
palustre
R&Cottonbatting Cudweed
Lowland Cudweed
4A GrindeliaB
Willd.
Grindelia (Gumweed or Resinweed genus)
See species description locally
Gumweed / Resinweed
ResinweedG
ASTERACEAE
Goatsbeard
Salsify
OysterplantG
ASTERACEAE
Goatsbeard or Salsify is a genus of about 50 plant species, native to Europe and N. Africa. Members of the lettuce tribe, they have milky juice and only ray flowers, carried on stems 3-5 feet tall. Leaves are narrow and somewhat grasslike.
Three species occur in our range, though I have not seen one of them (Meadow Salsify) in Utah. Tap roots are edible, and reputably taste like parsnip.
By far the most common species here is the Yellow Salsify, familiar more for its gorgeous 4 inch seeB
d heads than for its smaller yellow flowers, which tend to close early.
Smaller populations of the Purple Salsify occur in City Creek and Emigration canyons, and undoubtedly elsewhere.
026-002M
001-011N
026-016P"Goatsbeard / Salsify / Oysterplant
002-030N
133-029P
VervainQ bracteata
hastata
bipinnitifida
Prostrate Vervain
Blue Vervain
ViolaB
Viola (Violet genus)
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves simple or compound, alternate or in some species entirely basal; stipules present. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical, solitary on bracteate, axillary peduncles; sepals 5, persistent, generally with earlike appendages below the point of attachment; petals 5, some shade of blue-purple or white to yellow, the lateral pair often bearded ventrally, the lowermost spurred; stamens 5, connivent around the pistil, the filaments short, the co
ynnectives broad and prolonged beyond the anther sacs as appendage-like scales; ovary superior, the style 1, straight or bent to hooked at the apex. Fruit an explosively dehiscent, 3-valved, ellipsoid to ovoid or subglobose capsule. During the summer, most species of violet produce apetalous cleistogamous flowers on short peduncles concealed beneath the leaves or on stolons.
Poison HemlockG
APIACEAE
There are two species of Conium, one South African, the other Eurasian. It is the European species which has spread across North America
Poison HemlockQ
maculatum
Poison Hemlock
CymopterusB
Cymopterus (Springparsley genus)
Scapose to subscapose perennials from a taproot, some species with subterranean stems elongating during and after flowering into false stems or pseudoscapes. Leaves generally thick and pinnately much dissected into small, confluent, often overlapping, ultimate segments. Flowers in terminal compound umbels; rays few; involucre of membranous or foliaceous bracts or lacking; involucel of free or united bractlets mostly confined to one side of the umbellet
Poison HemlockG
APIACEAE
Water HemlockG
APIACEAE
Horsebrush
Townsendia
Goatsbeard
Salsify
Oysterplant
Goldeneye
Mulesears
Cocklebur
Matchweed
Barberry
Alder
Birch
Fiddleneck
Anchusa
Catchweed
Borage
Cryptanth
Cat's Eye
Hound's Tongue
Beggar's Lice
Tickweed
Wild Forget-Me-Not
Heliotrope
Stickseed
Stoneseed
Gromwell
Puccoon
Bluebells
Popcorn Flower
Alyssum
Arabidopsis
Rockcress
Wintercress
Mustard
False Flax
Shepherd's Purse
Bittercress
Whitetop
Mountain Mustard
Blue Mustard
Hare's Ear
Tansy Mustard
Wallrocket
Whitlow Grass
Wallflower
idium
Rocket
Hutchinsia
s Woad
Peppergrass
Pepperweed
Bladderpod
Sweet Alyssum
Moonwort
Malcolmia
Watercress
Twinpod
Radish
Yellowcress
Sisymbrium
Smelowskia
Twistflower
Thelypodium
Pennycress
Prickly Pear
Water Starwort
Harebell
Bellflower
Downingia
Beeplant
Spider Flower
Polanisia
Honeysuckle
Elderberry
Snowberry
Sandwort
Chickweed
Holosteum
Whitecockle
Pearlwort
Soapwort
Campion
Catchfly
Wild Pink
Sandspurrey
Starwort
Chickweed
Cowcockle
Mountain Lover
Hornwort
Coont
Selfheal
Hedgenettle
Duckweed
Ducksmeat
Watermeal
Wild Onion
Onion
Wild Garlic
Garlic
Asparagus
Mariposa Lily
Sego Lily
Camas
Fairy Bells
Glacier Lily
Dogtooth Violet
Fritillary
Lloydia
Smilacina
Twisted-stalk
Triteleia
False Hellebore
Death Camas
Floerkea
Blazing Star
Loosestrife
Hollyhock
Rose Mallow
Wild Hollyhock
Mallow
Checkermallow
Globemallow
Pepperwort
Water Clover
Waternymph
Sand Verbena
Four O'clock
Spike Primrose
Camissonia
Enchanter's Nightshade
Clarkia
Willowhe
Willow-weed
Gaura
Groundsmoke
Evening Primrose
Grape Fern
Coral Root
Lady's Slipper
Helleborine
Goodyera
Bog Orchid
Rein Orchid
Twayblade
Ladies' Tresses
Broomrape
Cancer-root
Woodsorrel
Prickly Poppy
Larch
Spruce
Douglas Fir
Plantain
Goatgrass
Wheatgrass
Redtop
Bentgrass
Foxtail
Apera
Three-awn
Tall Oatgrass
Brome
Chess
Reedgrass
Brookgrass
Sandbur
Fingergrass
Woodreed
Bermuda Grass
Orchard Grass
Oatgrass
Hairgrass
Crabgrass
Saltgrass
Barnyard Grass
Goosegrass
Wildrye
Bxanth family from the Goosefoot family. This will be reflected in the revised edition of Arnow's book which is underway.]
Amaranth / PigweedQ
albus
blitoides
retroflexus
RATumbling Pigweed
Pale Amaranth
Prostrate Pigweed
Redroot Pigweed
RhusB
103-012M
018-016N
018-017P MistletoeQ
juniperinum
Parthenocissus B
Planch.
Parthenocissus
See species description locally
WoodbineG
VITACEAE
odbineQ
quinquefolia
Maple
Sea Purslane
Water Plantain
Arrowhead
Amaranth
Pigweed
Sumac
Angelica
Water Parsnip
Caraway
Water Hemlock
Poison Hemlock
Hemlock
Springparsley
Carrot
Cow Parsnip
Parsnip
Lovage
Desert Parsley
Parsley
Biscuitroot
Turkey Peas
Sweet Cicely
CicelySweetroot
Parsnip
Yampah
Water Parsnip
Dogbane
Periwinkle
Myrtle
Milkweed
Yarrow
Mountain Dandelion
Ragweed
Pearly Everlasting
Pussytoes
Chamomile
Dogfennel
Burdock
Arnica
Sagebrush
Wormwood
Aster
Balsamroot
Lawn Daisy
English Daisy
Beggarticks
Brickellbush
Thistle
Knapweed
Dusty Maiden
Chamomile
Chrysanthemum
Rabbitbrush
Chicory
Thistle
Conyza
Hawksbeard
Fleabane
Joe-Pye Weed
Boneset
Cudweed
Everlasting
Gumweed
Resinweed
Goldenweed
Sneezeweed
Little Sunflower
Sunflower
Golden Aster
Hawkweed
Hymenoxys
Sumpweed
Povertyweed
Lettuce
Nipplewort
Layia
Leucelene
Skeletonweed
Tansyaster
Tarweed
Mayweed
Scorzonella
Cotton Thistle
Perityle
Petradoria
Psilocarphus
Coneflower
Groundsel
Butterweed
Goldenrod
Sowthistle
Sphaeromeria
Dandelion
103-012M
018-016N
018-017P MistletoeQ
juniperinum
Juniper Mistletoe
Parthenocissus B
Planch.
Parthenocissus
See species description locally
WoodbineG
VITACEAE
The Woodbine genus has about 15 species of woody vines from temperate and tropical regions. They attach themselves to surfaces by way of adhesive disks. Leaves are compound with 3-5 leaflets.
Flowers are small and inconspicuous, greenish. Fruit is a berry.
We have a single species, the Virginia Creeper, which sometimes becomes established out of cultivation. It can be a very aggressive plant in situations with ample moisture. Thicket Creeper is native to the western U.S. but does not groB
w locally.
113-050M
113-026P
WoodbineQ
quinquefolia
Virginia Creeper
{Q.garrettii
occidentalis
utahensis
fendleri
R8Garrett's Bladderpod
Western Bladderpod
Utah Bladderpod
|A LobulariaB
Desv.
Lobularia
See species description locally
Sweet AlyssumG
BRASSICACEAE
Sweet Alyssum is a small genus (6 species) from Europe and the Mediterranean.
Our representative is a low-growing perennial, used widely in gardens for its balls of white flowers, which bloom from May to July. However, after the heat of summer is past, it may bloom again
Sweet AlyssumQ maritima
Sweet Alyssum
LunariaB
Lunaria
See species description locally
MoonwortG
BRASSICACEAE
E#Peppergrass / Pepperweed
Pepperweed
gynobase
habenaria
habenaria
orchid
orchid
genus
habit
habitat
habitats
hackberry
hackelia
hackelia
tickweed
forget-me-not
genus
hairyW
halfway
halophytic
halvesA
haplopappusu
haplopappus
goldenweed
genusu
hardened
hardeneg
hastately
haveX
having
hawksbeardp
hawkweedz
headf
The Dwarf Mistletoes are parasitic on conifers, and can be highly specific for a particular host species. Stems are generally less than 8 inches long, yellowish and darker shades. About 45 species occur in the temperate and tropical Northern Hemisphere.
Fruit is an olive green berry, which splits explosively, sending the seeds up to 50 feet.
They infest many important timber trees, causing witches' brooms - abnormal growths which often destroy the value of the tree for lumber.
We have aB1 single species, the Douglas Fir Dwarf Mistletoe.
Dwarf MistletoeQ
douglasii
Fir Dwarf Mistletoe
PhoradendronB
Nutt.
Phoradendron (Mistletoe genus)
See species description locally
E MistletoeG VISCACEAE
windflower
wintercress
winterfat
wintergreen
wintergreen
shinleaf
dyer's
wolfbane
wolfberry
wolfberry
desert-thorn
woodbine
woodland
woodland
woodnymph
woodreed
woodrush
woodsia
woodsorrel
wormwooda
yampah
yarrow
yellowcress
acanthicarpa
acanthium
acaulescens
sessile or pedicelled, cylindric, straight or contorted; seeds in 1 oB
r 2 rows in each of the 4 chambers, usually adhering to the central partition following dehiscence of the valves, lacking tufts of hair.
FqRaven (1969) separates Camissonia from Oenothera on the bases of floral biology and anther and stigma morphology.G
ONAGRACEAE
Circaea B
Circaea
See species description locally
RNNodding Ladies' Tresses
Intermounbtain Ladies' Tresses
Hooded Ladies' Tresses
!A OrobancheB
Orobanche (Broomrape or Cancer-root genus)
Annual to perennial, achlorophyllous, mostly yellowish to brown, often more or less fleshy herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants; stems stout or slender, simple or branched. Leaves alternate or occasionally subopposite, bractlike. Flowers solitary or in usually dense, bracteate spikes or racemes; calyx often closely subtended by bractlets, either with a cylindric to bell-shaped tube and 4- or 5-lobed limb or divided to the base both ve
Pntrally and dorsally, the lateral segments entire or 2-lobed; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed and at least as long as the upper; stamens 4, mostly included; ovary superior, 1-chambered, the stigma 2-4-lobed or disc-shaped. Fruit an ovoid to ellipsoid capsule; seeds numerous, minute, often reticulate-pitted.
essesG
ORCHIDACEAE
Tresses
bequal, exceed1ng at least the lower floret, 1-3-nerved, acute at the apex; lemmas thin, often shiny, rounded on the back, obscurely to plainly 5-nerved, truncate and 2-4-toothed at the apex, awned from about midlength or (ours) below, the callus hairy.
E HairgrassG
POACEAE
The Hairgrasses are a smallish genus of annuals or tufted perennials, occurring in cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
We have 3 species, one of low to moderate elevations, the others ranging up to the alpine zone in moist habitats.
074-013M
074-014P HairgrassQ!cespitosa
danthonioides
elongata
R4Tufted Hairgrass
Annual Hairgrass
Slender Hairgrass
@A DigitariaB
Heister
locally
VervainG
VERBENACEAE
The Verbena or Vervain genus has about 250 species, mainly in warmer parts of the Americas. They are herbs or shrubs with 4-angled stems. Leaves are opposite and usually toothed. Overall, many species closely resemble Mint family members, but lack a significant aroma (as is also true for many in the Mint family).
Flowers are in dense spikes or other clusters, shaped like a soft trumpet with 5 uneven lobes. Individually they are small, but the clusters can be very showy.
We have 2 speciesB
Prostrate Vervain is a prostrate annual (Photo 2), found in disturbed places, especially dry and dusty ones.
Blue Vervain is an upright perennial with spikes of blue flowers (photos 1 and 3: dark spikes in Photo1 are not from the Vervain).
133-028
waysp
members
buttercup
genus
which
large
ifolia
reticulata
rigida
scouleriana
AzollaB
serviceberry
serviceberry
often
pronounced
sarvisberry
species
settlement
sevenm
severalR
several
different
genera
called
coneflower
sexes[
shade
shadedR
shades
shadscale
shady
shallow
shapeW
shapedc
shapes
share
shared
sharp
sharply
sharpness
shaven
sheath
shedding
sheen]
shell
shepherd's
shield
shield
ferns
ferns
large
cosmopoliitan
genus
shiftu
shifted
shimmering
shinleaf
shinnery
ValerianG
VALERIANACEAE
The Valerian genus has about 200 species, and is of almost worldwide distribution. They are annual or perennial herbs with opposite leaves, these unlobed or divided featherwise.
Flowers are in clusters at the ends of stems. The calyx plays an unusual role. It has a very short tubular part with numerous threadlike lobes, which are rolled inwards at flowering, and essentially invisible. As fruit develops the lobes unroll into feathery plumes which assist in dispersal (Photo 2). This sounds
n very strange, but is in some ways analogous to what happens in many members of the Sunflower family: the "pappus" which gives rise to Dandelion plumes is equivalent to the calyx of an individual flower.
The corolla is funnel-shaped, small, with 5 lobes, white or pink.
We have 3 species, quite common in the upper mountains, and often growing close to each other.
067-005
areaA
arearranged
areasG
arenaria
areoles
argument
argumentsy
arise
arisen
arises
arising|
arizonai
armed
arnica`
arnow
arnow'sE
aromaticL
aroundG
070-022N
061-006P
ValerianQ
acutiloba
edulis
occidentalis
RFSharpleaf Valerian
Mountain Valerian
Edible Valerian
Western Valerian
VerbenaB
Verbena (Vervain genus)
Herbs or shrubs; stems and branches prostrate or ascending to erect, 4-angled to terete, herbage glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite, toothed to variously dissected or rarely entire.
Inflorescence a usually densely flowered, bracteate spike, terminal on stems and branches; calyx 5-angled and unequally 5-lobed, persistent but not much enlarged in fruit; corolla salverform or funnelform, the limb equally or more often unequally 5-lobed and weakly 2-lipped; s
tamens 4, didynamous, arising from the upper half of the corolla tube, usually included; ovary entire or 4-grooved at flowering, the style 1, with 2 apical lobes, one lobe stigmatic and subglobose, the other minute, linear and non-stigmatic. Nutlets normally 4.
067-005
Cirsium (Thistle genus)
Annual to perennial herbs from slender to stout taproots. Leaves alternate, often sessile and in some species the blades decurrent on the stem, the margins spiny. Heads entirely of bisexual disc flowers or occasionally unisexual and then the plants dioecious; involucral bracts subequal or more often imbricate, in some species bearing a glutinous ridge on the back, the tips terminating in a spine or sometimes expanded into an erose chartaceous appendage; recepta
cle densely bristly; corolla varying from white to yellowish or red to some shade of purple, tubular, deeply and subequally 5-lobed; anthers tailed at the base; style with a thickened, minutely hairy ring below the branches. Achenes narrowly oblong to obovate, compressed, glabrous; pappus of white to tan bristles, plumose, at least below, united at the base and falling in a ring or falling separately in age.
Chicory
The origin of the common name "Pussytoes" is obvious when one sees the cluster of woolly heads at the tip of a slender stem; the formal name "Antennaria" comes from a supposed resemblance to an insect's antenna.
There are about 35 species, mostly ranging along the mountainous region of the western U.S. and Canada.
Plants are quite woolly, and the long hairs give them a silvery-white sheen. They are perennials, creating low-growing mats on typically open slopes. The usual appearance is of
a 1-2 inch mat of leaves with stems rising 2-12 inches.
Unusual among plants, they are dioecious, having separate plants for male and female flowers. There is not much difference visually, as the individual flowers are very tiny disc flowers without colorful rays, hidden within the cluster of bracts (involucre). A. dimorpha is an exception, in that the male and female heads can be readilydistinguished.
We have five species locally, which can be difficult to tell apart without a good ma
Agoseris (Mountain Dandelion genus)
Annual or perennial, taprooted, mostly scapose herbs with milky juice, scapes or stems generally unbranched; herbage glabrous or pubescent with long crinkled hairs. Leaves entirely basal or confined chiefly to the lower stem, the blades entire to pinnately lobed. Heads entirely of bisexual ray flowers, erect, solitary and terminal on each scape; involucre bell-shaped to subcylindric, the bracts subequal to distinctly imbricate; receptacle naked or o
ccasionally chaffy in individual plants; rays yellow or orange, often turning pink to purple in drying. Achenes (ours) narrowed at the apex into a short and stout to elongate and slender beak, the body narrowly cylindric and 10-ribbed, pappus of numerous soft, white, hairlike bristles.
Mountain DandelionG
ASTERACEAE
Mountain Dandelion
Chamomilla (Chamomile genus)
Annual, often aromatic herbs. Leaves alternate. 2 or 3 times pinnatifid, the ultimate segments linear to threadlike. Heads with or without ray flowers, solitary or clustered at tips of stems and branches; involucre wider than high, the bracts greenish-chartaceous and broadly membranous-margined, in 2 or 3 subequal to imbricate series; receptacle conic, hollow, naked, much exceeding the involucre at fruiting; marginal flowers pistillate, the rays white when
present, the central disc flowers numerous, bisexual and fertile with the flattened, truncate style branches terminating in a tuft of minute hairs. Achenes subcylindric, obliquely truncate above, the ventral face with 3-5 narrow ribs, the dorsal face smooth and convex; pappus a short crown of minute scales, sometimes vestigial or lacking. Chamomilla is segregated from Matricaria by major differences in the morphology of the receptacle and the achenes (Tutin et al. 1976).
VioletG VIOLACEAE
The Violet genus is a very lage one, with about 500 species. They are annual or perennial herbs, with basal leaves; stem leaves when present are alternate.
Flowers are bilaterally symmetrical, with each side a mirror image of the other. They are 5-parted, the sepals free or joined at the base, the petals free. Petals are usually colorful. In a typical case the lowest petal is largest, and had a nectar-containing spur at the back (seen in Photo 1); the next pair of petals point sideways, a
ed at the apex. Fruit an explosively dehiscent, 3-valved, ellipsoid to ovoid or subglobose capsule. During the summer, most species of violet produce apetalous cleistogamous flowers on short peduncles concealed beneath the leaves or on stolons.
ort peduncles concealed beneath the leaves or on stolons.
036-032P
AsterQ
brachyactis
chilensis
eatonii
engelmannii
foliaceus
frondosus
glaucodes
hesperius
integrifolius
occidentalis
pauciflorus
perelegans
alpigenus
alpigenus
Ciliate Aster
Everywhere Aster
Pacific Aster
Eaton's Aster
Engelmann Aster
Leafybract Aster
Leafy Aster
Gray Aster
Blueleaf Aster
Ditchbank Aster
Marsh Aster
Siskiyou Aster
Thickstem Aster
Western Mountain Aster
Western Aster
Alkali Marsh Aster
Alkali Aster
Nuttall Aster
applied. Most bloom late summer - early fall.
Asters (Aster) and Daisies (Fleabanes, Erigeron) often confuse the novice. It is relatively easy to tell the groups apart, but it can be extremely difficult to identify
of scales.
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum genus)
Annual or perennial, often aromatic herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed to bipinnately lobed. Heads solitary to relatively numerous in terminal flat-topped clusters, ray flowers present or lacking; involucre saucer-shaped to hemispheric, the bracts numerous in 2-5 imbricate series, relatively thin and dry throughout to chartaceous and membranous-margined, at least at the tips; receptacle flat to convex, naked; ray flowers pistillate and ferti
le when present; disc flowers bisexual and fertile with the somewhat flattened, truncate style branches terminating in a tuft of minute hairs. Achenes subterete to angled, striate or ribbed to somewhat winged; pappus a short crown or lacking. European botanists have removed many species traditionally assigned to this genus and placed them in a number of different genera, basing their classification chiefly on the morphology and anatomy of the achenes (see Tutin et al. 1976).
glabrous
glabrous
often
somewhat
fleshy
annual
perennial
herbs
glacier
gland
gland-dotteda
gland-lined
gland-tipped
glands
glandulara
glandular-dentate
glandular-hairy
glandular-pubescent
glandular-punctatef
glandular-roughened
glasswort
glaucous
glaux
glaux
saltwort
milkwort
genus
glechoma
globe
globemallow
.ReElk Thistle
Canada Thistle
Creeping Thistle
Eaton Thistle
Wavyleaf Thistle
Gray Thistle
Bull Thistle
ConyzaB
Less.
Conyza
See species description locally
ConyzaG
ASTERACEAE
Conyza is a genus with about 50 species, most of which are tropical or subtropical. Flower heads are typically small, and without rays. Our plants have tiny white ray flowers.
Our species is native from southern Canada to northern South America.
ConyzaQ
canadensis
Horseweed
Canada Fleabane
CrepisB
g below the branches. Achenes narrowly oblong to obovate, compressed, glabrous; pappus of white to tan bristles, plumose, at least below, united at the base and falling in a ring or falling separately in age.
Little SunflowerG
ASTERACEAE
"Helianthella" means 'Little Sunflower', and the name is very appropriate. This is a genus of 8 or 9 species found in western N. America. They are taprooted perennial herbs. The lower leaves are usually opposite, while the upper vary.
Flower heads are typically sunflower type, with large yellow ray flowers.
Only one species, Common Little Sunflower, occurs in our range, but a second one, Five-veined Little Sunflower, exists in the Uinta Mountains, and in the Ruby Mountains of ne Nevada.
Q uniflora
R#Little Sunflower
Onehead Sunflower
HelianthusB
ally awned scales.
SneezeweedG
ASTERACEAE
SneezeweedG
ASTERACEAE
Goldenweed
wither
withinV
without]
withstand
wolf's-bane
wolfberry
wolfsbane
wollyweedz
wonderful
wonderfullyP
wonders
woodbine
woodlandR
woodnymph
woodreed
woodreed
small
genus
perennials
usually
found
woodsb
woods's
woodsia
woodsia
small
genus
species
widely
distributed
woodsorrel
woodsorrel
large
worlwide
genus
herbs
species
woodya
woolly\
workj
s alternate, often sessile and in some species the blades decurrent on the stem, the margins spiny. Heads entirely of bisexual disc flowers or occasionally unisexual and then the plants dioecious; involucral bracts subequal or more often imbricate, in some species bearing a glutinous ridge on the back, the tips terminating in a spine or sometimes expanded into an erose chartaceous appendage; recepta
cle densely bristly; corolla varying from white to yellowish or red to some shade of purple, tubular, deeply and subequally 5-lobed; anthers tailed at the base; style with a thickened, minutely hairy ring below the branches. Achenes narrowly oblong to obovate, compressed, glabrous; pappus of white to tan bristles, plumose, at least below, united at the base and falling in a ring or falling separately in age.
asterb
autumnv
autumn
sneezeweedv
autumn
water
starwort
autumn
willowherb
avens
goldenrod
pondweed
bachelor'sh
bachelor's
buttonh
back's
back's
sedge
ballhead
ballhead
sandwort
ballhead
waterleaf
balsam
balsam
cottonwood
balsam
poplar
balsam-apple
balsamrootc
baneberry
barbey's
barbey's
willowherb
barley
barnyard
barnyard
grass
basin
bassia
bastard
bastard
toadflax
beach
beach
beaded
beaded
sedge
beaked
beaked
sedge
beaked
spikerush
beaked
willow
bearq
daisyq
river
fleabaneq
bearberry
bearberry
honeysuckle
beard
bearded
bearded
fescue
bearded
sprangletop
beardgrass
beardtongue
beautiful
beautiful
blazing
bluebur
Nipplewort is a genus with 9 species. Native to temperate Eurasia, one has become established here. Plants have milky juice and only ray flowers.
109-024Q communis
Nipplewort
LayiaB
H. & A.
Layia
See species description locally
LayiaG
ASTERACEAE
Layia is a small genus of about 15 species, mostly confined to California. They are annual herbs. The only member known from our range, Tidytips, has not been seen for nearly a hundred years. Given that its habitat was the foothills, it is unlikely that it will return.
LayiaQ
glandulosa
R Tidytips
@A LeuceleneB
Greene
Leucelene
See species description locally
anthifolia
mThe Horsebrush genus has about nine species of the drier parts of the western U.S. and adjacent parts of Canada and Mexico. They are low shrubs, branching to make a dense tangle.
Heads are numerous, but each contains only a few disc flowers.
Two species occur in our area, in dry open parts of the valleys and foothills: Spineless Horsebrush and Spiny Horsebrush.
HorsebrushQ
canescens
spinosa
nuttallii
RHSpineless Horsebrush
Gray Horsebrush
Spiny Horsebrush
Thorny Horsebrush
TownsendiaB
Hook.
Townsendia
See species description locally
TownsendiaG
ASTERACEAE
P DandelionQ
officinale
sMule's Ears applies to a genus of about 14 species of sunflower-like plants native to western North America, up to 2 or 3 feet tall. Leaves are usually large, like mules' ears, sometimes very rough.
Flower heads are large with mostly yellow ray flowers. We have 1 species locally, but others occur to the south (Wyethis scabra) and to the north (Wyethia helianthoides).
107-036P MulesearsQ
amplexicaulis
scabra
R Mulesear
XanthiumB
Xanthium (Cocklebur genus)
See species description locally
E CockleburG
ASTERACEAE
ecies locally, but others occur to the south (Wyethis scabra) and to the north (Wyethia helianthoides).
PlectritisQ
macrocera
R$Longhorn Plectritis
Salt and Pepper
A ValerianaB
Valeriana (Valerian genus)
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, simple and entire or pinnately compound.
Flowers bisexual or unisexual, in terminal, flat-topped clusters or in panicles; calyx tube very short, the lobes inrolled and obscure at flowering, expanded and very narrow, elongate, and plumose (featherlike) at fruiting; corolla sympetalous, the tube sometimes unilaterally pouched at the base, the limb with 5 equal or subequal lobes; stamens 3, ovary inferior, 3-chamberBSed but two of these vestigial, the style 1 with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit an achene.
FiddleneckG
BORAGINACEAE
Fiddlenecks are named for the uncoiling flower stem, resembling the head of a violin (and the tip of many ferns). There are about 15 species in western North America, and w and s South America.
They are annual plants with bristly stems, and tend to be weedy. Flowers are usually yellow or orange. They are arranged as long spikes, initially coiled. Flowers open from the bottom of the spike, which progressively uncoils and elongates. Thus a single spike may contain unopened buds inside the c
2oil, partially and fully opened flowers, and mature fruits at the bottom (photo 1). Eventually the whole spike straightens.
Seeds ("nutlets") are wrinkled, but not prickly.
We have two species, very difficult to tell apart, plus a waif that was probably introduced by accident, and may not have survived.
023-022M
051-017N
107-022P
FiddleneckQ
retrorsa
tessellata
intermedia
lnusB
Mill.
species
specimenp
spelled
essentially invisible. As fruit develops the lobes unroll into feathery plumes which assist in dispersal (Photo 2). This sounds
n very strange, but is in some ways analogous to what happens in many members of the Sunflower family: the "pappus" which gives rise to Dandelion plumes is equivalent to the calyx of an individual flower.
The corolla is funnel-shaped, small, with 5 lobes, white or pink.
We have 3 species, quite common in the upper mountains, and often growing close to each other.
067-005
Asclepias (Milkweed genus)
Perennial or annual herbs or shrubs, stems erect to decumbent. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled. Flowers in terminal or axillary umbels; calyx deeply 5-lobed, the lobes reflexed or spreading-ascending at flowering; hoods 5, mostly erect or ascending, with or without horns; staminal filaments fused; column often short; stigma 5-angled, flat-topped. Follicles fusiform or narrowly lanceolate.
Kingsbury (1964) states that many species of Asclepias have somB
e degree of toxicity.
MilkweedG
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Periwinkle / MyrtleQ
major
minor
A AsclepiasB
Periwinkle / Myrtle
MyrtleG
APOCYNACEAE
binum
X medium
increasing
incrediblyz
indian
indica
indicate
individual[
individualistic
individually
infected
infest
infestation
infiltrating
inflated
informaly
information
inhabit
inhabitant
inhabiting
initially
innere
innocuous
inrolled
insect's]
insect-pollinated
insectsX
inside
insome
instance
instant
instead
intact
intenselyl
interbreed
interesting
interestingly
interests
interferes
Vinca (Periwinkle or Myrtle genus)
Evergreen or deciduous perennial herbs from rhizomes, stems erect to trailing and freely rooting, herbage glabrous or occasionally sparsely hairy. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary in leaf axils; calyx deeply 5-lobed; corolla generally blue or purple, funnelform to salverform, crested in the throat, the 5 lobes about equal to the tube; stamens arising near the middle of the corolla tube, the filaments broad and curved, the anthers free, the connectiv
?e expanded into an apical appendage; pistil 1, the ovaries 2, each subtended by a large green or yellow nectary; style 1, the stigma large, ovoid, the flat-topped stalklike structure at the apex bearing several confluent tufts of hair. Follicles paired linear-cylindric; seeds numerous, lacking an apical tutt of hair.
Periwinkle
MyrtleG
APOCYNACEAE
ACEAE
APOCYNACEAE
yrtleQ
minor
elongate
elongated
elongates
elseh
elsewheres
eluded
elymus
embedded
emerald
emergev
emergent
emerging
emersed
emigrationc
enables
y pitted.
Whitlow Grass
The term "silicle" is traditionally applied to the fruit of all the taxa in this genus, although in some species it is more than 3 times as long as wide and fits the description of a silique. In several species the fruit is so variable that neither term is consistently useful. The range of variability in the fruit and the early loss of yellow color in the petals render both fruit and flowers less useful in sorting out species in Draba than in other genera of the family.
BRASSICACEAE
020-015M
061-010N
020-007P
Whitlow Grass
ensifolia
nemorosa
nivalis
oligosperma
rectifructa
reptans
stenoloba
verna
beakp
beaks
bean-type
beans
bearberry
beard
beardgrasses
beardgrasses
small
group
species
beardtongue
bears
before}
beggar's
beggartickse
begin
beginning
begins
hairyseedP
hairyseed
lomatiumP
hakmatack
halogeton
hammerwort
handkerchief
handkerchief
plant
handsome
handsome
starwort
hansen
hansen
squirreltail
hardgrass
hardstem
hardstem
bulrush
hare's
hare's
mustard
harkness
harkness
flaxflower
harkness
linanthus
hashish
hawksbeardp
hawkweedz
hawthorn
sandwort
heal-all
heart's-ease
heart-podded
heart-podded
whitetop
heartleaf`
heartleaf
arnica`
heartleaf
bittercress
heartleaf
montia
heartleaf
springbeauty
heartleaf
twistflower
heath
hedge
hedge
bindweed
hedgenettle
clover
horehound
hornsX
hornwort
horse-nettle
horsebrush
horsemint
horsetail
horseweed
hound's
hound's
tongue
houndstonguez
houndstongue
hawkweedz
huckleberry
The Poplar, Cottonwood or Aspen genus has about 35 species, mostly wind-pollinated trees. Buds for the following year's leaves are covered with several resinous scales. Leaves are simple, alternate with relatively long stlks: these are often flattened, and give rise to the characteristic shimmering of Aspen leaves.
Plants are dioecious, separately male and female. Catkins dangle, appearing bfore the leaves - this would appear to assist wind-pollination.
Fruits are small capsules with tin
y seeds attached to a large tuft of hair.
We have 6 species, most of which are native. The dominant three are Fremont Cottonwood (low elevations, classic tree of river bottoms, can be broad and massive), Narrowleaf Cottonwood (medium elevations, slender leaves, tree less spreading) and Quaking Aspen (high elevations, smooth trunks). Hybrids between the first two give rise to Lanceleaf Cottonwood. Balsam Poplar and White Poplar are both cultivated, though the first may also be native here.C
Descurainia (Tansy Mustard genus)
Annual or biennial herbs from taproots; stems erect, branched, at least above; herbage with minute branched hairs or with stipitate glands or both. Leaves pinnatifid or 1-3 times pinnately compound, the ultimate segments usually small; basal leaves in a soon deciduous rosette; stem leaves alternate, petioled to sessile or subsessile. Flowers in simple or compound racemes; sepals 4, not pouched at the base, soon deciduous; petals 4, yellow to cream; s
rtamens 6. Fruit a glabrous, linear to narrowly oblong silique (silicle), terete or nearly so, the valves 1-nerved; style short to obsolete, the stigma entire; seeds in 1 or 2 rows on each side of the replum, ours minutely pitted, wingless. Variation within this group is extreme, and even fruiting characters, as cited in the key below, are not consistently correlated.
Physaria (Twinpod genus)
Perennials from taproots; stems tufted, mostly simple; herbage pubescent throughout with sessile, mostly strictly appressed, many-rayed stellate hairs, the rays sometimes fused to some degree and the hairs scalelike. Basal leaves usually numerous and rosette-forming, entire or toothed; stem leaves alternate, few, short-petioled. Flowers ebracteate in racemes; sepals 4, erect, stellate, not usually pouched at the base but often hooded at the tips; petals 4, yel
#low or purplish, stamens 6. Fruit a silicle, the valves strongly inflated or occasionally somewhat compressed at right angles to the narrow replum, resembling a pair of attached balloons (i.e., twinlike or didymous); style prominent, slender; seeds 2-6 on each side of the replum, wingless.
TwinpodG
BRASSICACEAE
etals 4, yellow fading to white, occasionally pink-tinged, typically obscurely or not at all clawed, in some species lacking; stamens (3-5) 6. Fruit a silicle or silique, less than 1 cm long and 1-7 times longer than wide (ours), terete or slightly compressed parallel to the replum, glabrous or rarely hairy, smooth or papillose, the valves nerveless or obscurely 1-nerved; style obsolete or to 1.6 mm long, the stigma entire or obscurely 2-lobed; seeds numerous, in 2 irregular rows on each sC4ide of the replum, to 1.1 mm long, minutely pitted.
YellowcressG
BRASSICACEAE
Yellowcress is a fairly large (75 species) genus occurring worldwide. The name refers to the predominantly yellow flowers of its members.
We have three species, each of them having a very wide distribution.
033-030
Opuntia (Prickly Pear genus)
Succulent perennial with jointed stems, the segments broad and flattened to cylindric or nearly so, smooth or variously wrinkled, rarely somewhat tuberculate, the areoles bearing clusters of minute glochids or woolly hairs and often rigid spines. Leaves scalelike, subtending the areoles, soon deciduous. Flowers mostly large and showy, borne in areoles of the previous year's growth; floral tube bellshaped, areolate to the summit; perianth segments numerous,
the outer greenish, the inner petaloid; stamens numerous, not exceeding the perianth segments; ovary inferior, the style with 5-8 stigmas. Fruit a large, somewhat pear-shaped berry, truncate at the apex, dry or fleshy and edible; seeds strongly flattened.
Prickly PearG CACTACEAE
BRASSICACEAE
SmelowskiaB
C. A. Mey.
053-002P PellitoryQ
pensylvanica
Hammerwort
UrticaB
Urtica (Nettle genus)
See species description locally
NettleG
URTICACEAEL
036-016M
121-023N
121-024P
NettleQ
dioica
Slim Stinging Nettle
PlectritisB
Plectritis
See species description locally
PlectritisG
VALERIANACEAE
kPlectritis is a small genus of 5 species, mostly in western North America. They are small annuals with opposite leaves. Flowers are in a head or spike at the end of the stem. They lack a calyx; their corolla has 5 lobes which may be more or less equal, or organized into 2 lips.
We have a single inconspicuous species, the Longhorn Plectritis or Salt and Pepper.
bisexual.
Ainferior for about one fourth the length, 1-chambered, the 4 carpels fused throughout their length with styles obsolete or nearly so, the stigmas 4 and subsessile to sessile or appearing solitary and 4-lobed. Capsule membranous, ovoid, not beaked, dehiscent from the apex; seeds numerous, irregularly angled, reticulate.
Grass-of-ParnassusG
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Grass-of-Parnassus is a small genus of 25 species found in wet habitats in the mountains of the temperate and arctic Northern Hemisphere. They are sufficiently distinct from other members of the Saxifrage family that they are now more commonly separated into their own, the PARNASSIACEAE. Basal leaves are dominant, rather succulent, and hairless. Blades are oval to kidney-shaped, not toothed, with a long stalk.
Flowers are single on stems that are almost leafless. They are 5-parted, showy,
urs)
typha
typha
cattail
genus
typically]
ulmus
ulmus
genus
ultimateG
ultimately
umbel
umbellate
umbelletL
umbelletsP
umbelsG
unarmed
unawned
unbranchedZ
uncoiling
under
underground
underlain
understoodu
undivided]
unequalp
Symphoricarpos (Snowberry genus)
See species description locally
E SnowberryG
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Snowberry is a small genus of 9 species of shrubs, mostly North American. Several are used as ornamentals. Flowers are elongated bells. Fruits are white to red berries.
We have a single species in the immediate area, another in the Uintas.
P SnowberryQ
oreophilus
Mountain Snowberry
Buckbrush
ArenariaB
tedly toxic, or at least uncomfortable to the digestive system.
013-030N
064-027P
ElderberryQ
caerulea
racemosa
SymphoricarposB
Duhamel
Symphoricarpos (Snowberry genus)
See species description locally
ny endocarp.
BugseedG
CHENOPODIACEAE
IBugseeds are annual herbs, not much branched. There are about 60 species of the northern temperate regions. Our single species, Common Bugseed, has been assumed to be an invader from Eurasia (Corispermum hyssopifolia). Now, however, opinion is leaning towards its being a native, which is tentatively named Corispermum villosum.
BugseedQ
hyssopifolium
EurotiaB
Adans.
Eurotia
See species description locally
BugseedQ
hyssopifolium
EurotiaB
Adans.
Eurotia
See species description locally
Wild Onion / Wild GarlicQ7acuminatum
bisceptrum
brandegei
nevadense
macropetalum
R[Tapertip Onion
Acuminate Onion
Twincrest Onion
Palmer's Onion
Brandegee Onion
Nevada Onion
A AsparagusB
Asparagus
See species description locally
E AsparagusG LILIACEAEP AsparagusQ
officinalis
Garden Asparagus
CalochortusB
Pursh
Calochortus (Mariposa Lily or Sego Lily genus)
See species description locally
Mariposa Lily
Sego LilyG LILIACEAEP
Mariposa Lily / Sego LilyQ
nuttallii
ambiguus
Sego Lily
Nuttall's Mariposa
+; calyx teeth well developed to obsolete; petals white, yellow, or purple; stylopodium lacking. Fruit glabrous to pubescent, ovoid to oblong, flattened parallel with the commissure, the lateral and generally one or more of the dorsal ribs narrowly to broadly winged; carpophore divided to the base.
SpringparsleyG
APIACEAE
The Springparsleys are an early-blooming genus of small parsley-like plants. About 20 species occur in Utah, usually preferring well-drained sandy or gravelly soils. Some plants have strongly aromatic leaves, while others are but weakly smelling.
Their leaves can be quite striking, often as a cluster almost flat to the ground, and often with a greyish tinge. Some, such as C. purpurascens have membranous cups surrounding the major clusters of tiny flowers.
Three species in our area occupy
Astragalus, commonly known as Locoweed or Milkvetch, is another of the huge genera with 2000 species. Unlike the Euphorbias, however, there is a recognizable likeness among them all. Almost all have compound leaves, though some push the limits. Flowers are of the bean type. Distinguishing the species can be extremely difficult, because it often requires having a ripe seed pod - something that just is not around when you have the flower. Refer to the technical descriptions for details.
mentioned earlier, some Astragalus are toxic - "Locoweeds". Many species actively produce their own toxins of a type called alkaloids, while others simply accumulate selenium from the soil. Selenium is a natural chemical element, very similar to sulfur. We need it in microscopic amounts, but in excess it interferes with the body's ability to process sulfur, which it needs in much greater amounts. Selenium-rich soils have a characteristic group of plants which can tolerate the high levels,
species
description
locally
earlyP
early-bloomingL
earsc
easier
easilyA
easterly
eastern
easyb
eaten
eating
economic
economically
editionsj
effect
effectivelya
effects
effort
eggsX
eightc
either
elaborate
elderA
elderberry
element
elevaional
elevation
elevationsA
eleventh
eliminatedX
elongate
elongated
elongates
elseh
elsewheres
eluded
elymus
emerald
emergev
emergent
emerging
emigrationc
enables
secondary
section
sectionsu
secund
sedge
sedum
sedum
stonecrop
genus
BulrushG
CYPERACEAE
Bulrushes are a worldwide genus of about 200 species, renowned for creating thick cover in aquatic habitats. Stems can be either 3-angled or round, which can be confusing. They frequently spread by rhizomes, underground stems that take root and form dense stands.
Flowers are bisexual, carried in a large head.
We have 5 species, all native. The Common Tule (Hardstem Bulrush) is up to 10 feet tall, with round stems. The others are 3-angled, though rather weakly so in the Panicled Bulrush.
BulrushQ0acutus
americanus
maritimus
microcarpus
pungens
RyHardstem Bulrush
Common Tule
American Threesquare
Olney's Threesquare
Alkali Bulrush
Panicled Bulrush
Common Threesquare
ve 3 native species: Common Juniper, a low shrub with relatively long leaves; Rocky Mountain Juniper, a pyramidal tree with one main trunk, usually of higher elevations; Utah Juniper, a large shrub, small tree of middle elevations.
008-021M
081-003N
081-012P
JuniperQKcommunis
osteosperma
scopulorum
deppeana
monosperma
pinchotti
occidentalis
RKCommon Mountain Juniper
Common Juniper
Utah Juniper
Rocky Mountain Juniper
CuscutaB
Cuscuta (Dodder genus)
Characters of the family
DodderG
CUSCUTACEAE
JuniperG
CUPRESSACEAE
niper
iption locally
generallyL
genericu
gentian
gentiana
gentiana
gentian
genus
gentianella
genusA
WousF
tamarisks
tamarisks
cedars
shrubs
small
medium
trees
tamarix
tanacetumk
tangle
tansy
tansyaster
tansyasters
taproot
taprootedi
taprootsc
tarragona
tarweeds
taste
tastier
tatarica}
teasels
teasels
centuries
cloth-ma
technicaly
teethe
tellJ
telling[
temperateO
genus
geranium
geranium
geranium
genus
giant
given
glabrate
glabrousF
ross, and a Vetch if it is less than 2/5 of an inch.
There are about 150 Sweetpea species in the northern temperate regions. We have 3 native species here, plus two ornamentals that sometimes get established in the wild. All are perennials.
Purple Peavine (Photo 1) is sprawling, not climbing. Banner 3/5 inch wide.
Thickleaf Sweetpea (Photo 3) climbs on other plants. Banner 3/5 inch wide.
Longtooth Sweetpea (Photo 2) climbs on other plants. Banner 4/5 inch wide.
105-010M
030-020N
003-004P
Sweetpea / PeavineQ/brachycalyx
lanszwertii
pauciflorus
latifolius
apex and hairy on the upper side. Legume usually oblong and laterally flattened, 1-chambered; seeds 2 or more. The f
Euphorbia (Spurge genus)
Monoecious annual to perennial herbs or small shrubs with milky juice. Stem leaves simple, opposite or alternate, the leaflike floral bracts opposite or whorled. Flowers unisexual, lacking a perianth, in small clusters consisting of several staminate and a single pistillate flower, arising from a more or less deeply lobed, cuplike structure with (O)1-5 (rarely more) glands around the upper margin, these with or without petaloid appendages, the whole forming a
cyathium; the cyathia solitary and axillary or in terminal umbellate cymes, often with axillary flower-bearing branches below the main inflorescence; each staminate flower consisting of a single stamen jointed to a short pedicel; the pistillate flower consisting of a stalked, usually exserted pistil with a 3-chambered superior ovary and 3 styles, in some species the styles 2-cleft. Fruit a 3-lobed, usually pendent capsule, ultimately separating into three 1-seeded segments.
scrambled
scrambled
scurfpea
purslaneB
sedge
seepweed
seepweed
inkweed
selfheal
serviceberry
shepherd's
shepherd's
purse
shield
shield
shinleaf
shooting
shooting
sibbaldia
sisymbrium
skeletonweed
slipper
smartweed
smelowskia
smilacina
smotherweed
sneezeweed
Tamarisks (Salt Cedars) are shrubs or small to medium trees. Their attractive qualities include the feathery branches, pretty pink flower masses, and their ability to tolerate saline habitats. On the negative side is their highly invasive character, making impenetrable stands along many rivers in the southwest. In some situations their heavy water use is likely a factor in increasing salinity so that other plants cannot survive.
We have 2 species, both of which have been subject to freque
fnt identity crises.
The more common plant, Salt Cedar, was referred to as Tamarix ramosissima in the first edition, but will now be known as Tamarix chinensis. It is a very common weed of wet habitats, apparently restricted to areas below 5000 feet.
The less common plant, Small-flowered Tamarisk, was Tamarix tetrandra, and will become Tamarix parviflora.
VetchQ
americana
villosa
ludoviciana
ROBitleaf American Vetch
American Vetch
Winter Vetch
Hairy Vetch
Louisiana Vetch
QuercusB
Quercus (Oak genus)
See species description locally
FAGACEAE
The Oak is synonymous with strength, but not all of its 450 species fill this image outwardly. Oak wood is exceptionally dense and hard, and the microscopic structure helps it resist splitting in several directions.
Oaks are wind-pollinated. Male flowers cluster in long dangling catkins, and release pollen. Female flowers are very inconspicuous, growing singly in the leaf junctions. The fruit is an acorn, a nut that is held in a cup which may cover from 1/4 to 3/4 of the nut itself.
Scrambled EggsG
FUMARIACEAEK
Scrambled EggsQ
aurea
caseana
flavula
RBGolden Smoke
Golden Corydalis
Fitweed Corydalis
Casey's Corydalis
DicentraB
Bernh.
Dicentra (Bleedingheart genus)
See species description locally
BleedingheartG
FUMARIACEAEK
BleedingheartQ uniflora
Steer's Head
Bleedingheart
FumariaB
Fumaria (Fumitory genus)
See species description locally
FumitoryG
FUMARIACEAEK
FumitoryQ
officinalis
Common Fumitory
CentauriumB
Centaurium (Centaury genus)
See species description locally
Centaury
pubescentF
puccinellia
puccinellia
alkaligrass
genus
puckered
puckoon
punctatea
puncturevine
pungent
pungent-tippedE
purpleE
purple-brownx
purple-red
purple-tingedE
Rhamnus (Buckthorn genus)
See species description locally
E BuckthornG
RHAMNACEAE
Buckthorn gives its name to the family. There are about 150 genera in temperate areas, shrubs or small trees, with the twigs spiny-tipped in many cases. They include both evergreen and deciduous species.
Flowers may be solitary or in clusters, with individual flowers usually small. Some species, including the one found here, have separate male and female plants.
Fruits are drupes - stone fruits like cherries - in this case with 2-4 stones.
P BuckthornQ
alnifolia
Alder Buckthorn
AmelanchierB
Medic.
Amelanchier (Serviceberry genus)
See species description locally
E BuckthornG
RHAMNACEAE
southern
ligusticumO
southern
waternymph
sowthistle
spatula-leaf
spatula-leaf
spurge
spear
spear
orach
spearleafq
spearleaf
fleabaneq
spearleaf
scorpionweed
spearmint
spearscale
spearwort
speedwell
sphaeromeria
spiderX
spider
milkweedX
spike
spike
fescue
spike
redtop
spike
trisetum
spike
woodrush
spikegrass
spikemoss
spikenard
spikenard
sedge
spikerush
spinach
spineless
spineless
horsebrush
spiny
spiny
horsebrush
spiny
milkvetch
spiny
saltbush
spiny
sowthistle
spiraea
negundoA
neither
nestle
nestled
netleaf
nettles
nevadaw
neverf
nevertheless
newcomer
newly
nextc
nicotine
nicotiniana
night
nightshade
nigrum
nineP
ninebark
ninebark
small
genus
species
shrubs
found
nineteenth
nipplewort~
nipplewort
genus
species
native
temperate
nitrogen
nitrogen-fixing
description
descriptions
descurainia
descurainia
tansy
mustard
genus
desertP
desert-thorn
developedL
developingV
scalesb
scaly
scarlet
scatter
scattered
scentless
scheme
scorzonella
scotch
scottish
scourge[
scouring
scratchgrass
scrofula
scrophularia
scrubA
scurfpea
seams
searching
season
secies
secondw
secreting
sectionZ
sectionsP
sedge
seedW
seed-bearing
seedsV
Lycopus (Water Horehound or Bugleweed genus)
Perennial herbs from rhizomes, these sometimes bearing tubers; herbage nonaromatic, usually gland-dotted and variously pubescent. Leaves opposite, sessile or petioled, toothed to deeply pinnatifid. Flowers sessile in dense axillary clusters; calyx prominently to obscurely 5-13-nerved, inconspicuously 2-lipped, the 5 teeth subequal; corolla nearly radially symmetrical, the tube shorter than the calyx, the limb 4-lobed, the upper lobe slightl
Iy broader than the others and often notched at the apex; fertile stamens 2, slightly exserted, the anther sacs parallel or nearly so. Nutlets 3-angled, narrowed toward the base, the lateral and often the apical angles thickened or winged, the dorsal surface usually smooth, the apex or the ventral surface commonly gland-dotted.
Water Horehound
BugleweedG LAMIACEAE
SwertiaG
GENTIANACEAEK
SwertiaQ)perennis
radiata
utahensis
albomarginata
RCStar Swertia
Alpinebog Swertia
Felwort
Green Gentian
Showy Elkweed
ErodiumB
L'Her.
Erodium (Storksbill or Filaree or heron's Bill genus)
See species description locally
Storksbill
Filaree
Heron
s BillG
GERANIACEAEK
+P#Storksbill / Filaree / Heron
s BillQ
cicutarium
R(Heronsbill
Alfileria
Filaree
Storksbill
GeraniumB
4-merous S. tetrapetala Pall., for example, is a low, slender, taprooted annual with a dark blue corolla, growing in sandy, grassy sites at low elevations, whereas the 5-merous S. bimaculata reaches a height of 8 dm, has a creamy white, green-spotted corolla, and occupies wet places in lowlands and mountains. The two genera are herein merged, following St. John (1941 ) and Correll and Johnston (1970).
; corolla tubular to bellshaped or rotate, generally early-deciduous; stamens 4 or 5, often exserted, rising near the base of the corolla, often with linear basal appendages, the latter fused with the corolla on one margin; ovary 1-chambered or incompletely 2-chambered, the style 1, often hairy, shallowly bifid or with 2 elongate branches. Fruit a 2-valved capsule; seeds 1-many, terete to angled or flattened, often pitted or otherwise roughened.
ScorpionweedG
HYDROPHYLLACEAEK
ScorpionweedQWhastata
heterophylla
linearis
tetramera
integrifolia
crenulata?
rafaelensis
howelliana
Spearleaf Scorpionweed
Lanceleaf Phacelia
Varileaf Scorpionweed
Varyleaf Phacelia
Threadleaf Scorpionweed
Carson's Phacelia
Four Phacelia
A HypericumB
Hypericum (St. John's Wort genus)
See species description locally
stigmas 2
t elongate axis, a style lacking or very short, the stigmas 1 per carpel, minutely plumose. Fruit of 1-seeded follicles separating at maturity from the base upward, often remaining attached at the apex to the terete or winged central axis; seeds fusiform. Plants in this genus contain hydrocyanic acid and are especially dangerous to sheep and cattle when wilted as a result of inadequate moisture or unseasonal frost (Stoddart et al. 1949).
ArrowgrassG
JUNCAGINACEAEK
ArrowgrassQ
maritima
palustris
RGShore Arrowgrass
Maritime Arrowgrass
Swamp Arrowgrass
Marsh Arrowgrass
A AgastacheB
Clayt.
Agastache (Giant Hyssop genus)
See species description locally
Giant HyssopG LAMIACEAEK
Giant Hyssop
oodrush
urticifolia
Giant Hyssop
Horse-nettle
GlechomaB
Glechoma
See species description locally
GlechomaG LAMIACEAEP
GlechomaQ
hederacea
Ground Ivy
LamiumB
Lamium (Deadnettle genus)
Annual to perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed or pinnatifid, chiefly suborbicular to cordate, sessile or petioled. Flowers sessile, clustered in the axils of leaves or leafy bracts; calyx 5-many-nerved, the 5 acute lobes equal or the upper one the largest; corolla distinctly 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire and hooded or 2-lobed, the lower lip unequally 3-lobed with the central lobe prominent, constricted at the base and notched at the apex, the laocally
Giant HyssopG LAMIACEAEP
Giant HyssopQ
urticifolia
rved, and erect to spreading.
WildryeFJElymus is a member of the tribe Triticeae, see discussion under Agropyron.G
POACEAE
Wildrye is a moderate-sized genus (60 species) of grasses, often tall and rather coarse. They are of some importance as forage. Several species occur here
Horkel ex Schleid.
Wolffia (Watermeal genus)
See species description locally
E WatermealG LEMNACEAEP WatermealQ punctata
Punctate Watermeal
Wolffia
AlliumB
Allium (Wild Onion or Wild Garlic genus)
Onion-scented perennial herbs (ours), with slender erect scapes arising from an annually produced bulb. Leaves 1-several, alternate, linear to narrowly elongate, flat or terete, sometimes channeled on the ventral surface, sheathing the base of the scape, often withered by flowering. Flowers bisexual, in a terminal umbellate to somewhat head-shaped inflorescence subtended by an involucre of 1-several-nerved, thin-membranous bracts, the pedicels
E DucksmeatG LEMNACEAEP DucksmeatQ
polyrhiza
WolffiaB
Horkel ex Schleid.
Wolffia (Watermeal genus)
See species description locally
CamassiaB
Lindl.
Camassia (Camas genus)
See species description locally
CamasG LILIACEAEP
CamasQ
quamash
Blue Camas
DisporumB
Salisb. ex D. Don
Disporum
See species description locally
Fairy BellsG LILIACEAEP
Fairy BellsQ
trachycarpum
Fairy Bells
ErythroniumB
Erythronium (Glacier Lily or Dogtooth Violet genus)
See species description locally
Glacier Lily
Dogtooth VioletG LILIACEAEP
Glacier Lily / Dogtooth VioletQ
grandiflorum
Dogtooth Violet
Glacier Lily
hycarpum
Fairy Bells
ErythroniumB
littlew
little
barley
little
gentian
little
polecat
little
monkeyflower
little
sunflowerw
littleaff
littleaf
brickellbushf
littlebells
littlebells
polemonium
littleflower
littleflower
penstemon
littlefoot
littlefoot
mustard
littleleaf
littleleaf
alumroot
littleleaf
rockcress
liver-leaf
liver-leaf
wintergreen
lizard
lizard
lobeleaf
lobeleaf
gilia
longleaf
plantain
longspine
longspine
sandbur
longstalk
longstalk
bindweed
longstalk
starwort
longstyle
longstyle
longtooth
longtooth
sweetpea
lookalike
lookalike
sedge
loosestrife
louisianaa
louisiana
sageworta
louisiana
vetch
louisiana
wormwooda
lousiana}
lousiana
lettuce}
lovageO
lovegrass
lover
fleabaneq
goldenrod
kingii
perenne
aristatum
R3King's Flax
King's Yellow-flax
Wild Flax
Blue Flax
A MentzeliaB
Mentzelia (Blazing Star genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, stems often becoming white and glossy. Leaves alternate, brittle and densely beset with rigid, minutely many-barbed hairs, readily fragmenting and clinging to clothing. Flowers bracteate, terminal or axillary, solitary or in modified cymes; sepals and petals 5, free, arising above the ovary, sometimes at the apex of a short floral tube, the petals white or yellow to orange; stamens few to numerous, the outer stamens sometimes s
>terile with expanded and petaloid filaments, the petals then appearing to be 10 in number; ovary inferior, 1-chambered, with 1 style. Capsules papery to somewhat woody, sessile to short-pedicelled, often cylindric or nearly so; seeds 2-many, irregularly angled or flattened, the surface smooth to variously roughened.
portion of the root of Z. paniculatus.
controlW
conveniently
conversely
convolvuluv
conyzao
conyza
genus
about
species
which
cooler
coping
copious
coral
coralroot
cordgrasses
cordgrasses
constitute
small
genus
spreading
grasses
corispermum
cornerc
cornflowerh
corniculatus
cornus
corolla
corolla's
correct
corruption
cosmopoliitan
cosmopolitan
cotton
cottonbattings
cottonwooda
cottony
could
veratrum
veratrum
false
hellebore
genus
verbascum
verbascum
mullein
genus
verbena
verbena
vervain
genus
verna
veronica
veronica
speedwell
genus
versatile
vertical
verticallyl
vervain
vestigial[
vetch
vicia
vicia
vetch
genus
viguiera
viguiera
goldeneye
genus
vincaW
vinca
periwinkle
myrtle
genusW
vinelike
vines
viola
viola
violet
genus
violet
virgin's
GEnchanter's Nightshade is a small genus with 7 species occurring in forest of the Northern Hemisphere. They spread by underground stems, and all leaves are in opposite pairs on the stems.
Flowers are unusual in that they are 2-parted, rather than the 4-parted typical of the family. Petals are white or pink, usually notched.
Enchanter's NightshadeQ
alpina
Enchanter's Nightshade
ClarkiaB
Pursh
Clarkia
See species description locally
ClarkiaG
ONAGRACEAE
typical of the family. Petals are white or pink, usually notched.
description locally
ONAGRACEAEQ
rhomboidea
A EpilobiumB
sandberry
sandbur
sandburg
sandburg
bluegrass
sandspurrey
sandwort
saskatoon
saskatoon
serviceberry
satinflower
saunders
saunders
wheatgrass
groundsel
sawbeak
sawbeak
sedge
saxifrage
scapose
scapose
camissonia
scarlet
scarlet
gilia
scarlet
globemallow
scarlet
paintbrush
scarlet
pimpernel
scentless
scentless
chamomile
scorpionweed
scorzonella
scotch
scotch
cotton
thistle
scotch
thistle
scouler
scouler
popcorn
flower
scouler
willow
scouring
scratchgrass
scribner
scribner
wheatgrass
scrub
scrub
scurfpea
GlobemallowG MALVACEAEP
Globemallow
MarsileaB
Marsilea (Water Clover genus)
See species description locally
ion and a reticulate-veined indehiscent basal portion.
native
nativesk
natural
naturalized_
naturally
nature
navarretia
navarretia
small
genus
about
species
small
near|
nearlyG
nectar
nectar-containing
nectar-seeking
neededu
needing
needle-like
needlegrass
needlegrass
comprises
species
perennaials
occurring
needles
needs
neenX
negative
Bttle Prickly Pear is very low-growing, occurring in the valleys to midmontane. Its joints are more cylindric, easily broken off. Plains Prickly Pear is larger, more formidable; stem joints very flat, not easily dislodged. A third, originally thought to be Golden Prickly Pear, is now thought to be Twistspine Prickly Pear.
029-009M
060.006P
Prickly PearQJaurea
erinacea
fragilis
polyacantha
engelmannii
phaeacantha
basilaris
RxGolden Prickly Pear
Common Prickly Pear
Brittle Prickly Pear
Starvation Cactus
Plains Prickly Pear
Central Prickly Pear
CallitricheB
WoodrushQ
parviflora
spicata
Millet Woodrush
Spike Woodrush
TriglochinB
Triglochin (Arrowgrass genus)
Glabrous, scapose, usually rhizomatous herbs, generally in wet, often alkaline to saline soil. Leaves basal, with a membranous ligule at the junction of the sheathing base and the somewhat fleshy, subterete to flattened blade. Flowers bisexual, in ebracteate spikelike racemes borne on elongate terete scapes; perianth segments 6, green or purple-tinged; stamens 6, sessile or nearly so; carpels 3 or 6, more or less fused along their inner margins to an erec
asionally persistent as a minute stylar beak; seeds 3, mostly ellipsoid, smooth or faintly reticulate, apiculate to rounded at the apex, often attached to the ovary by short, white, hairlike fibers, in some species with a fleshy basal appendage.
WoodrushG JUNCACEAEP
Woodrush
Gayophytum (Groundsmoke genus)
Annuals; stems slender, simple to much branched, the branches alternate or in more or less equal pairs (dichotomous), the ultimate branches typically hairlike or nearly so. Leaves alternate or opposite below, sessile or short-petioled, mostly linear and entire. Flowers small, radially symmetrical, sessile or pedicelled in leaf axils; sepals 4, arising with the petals and stamens from the receptacle or at the margin of a very short floral tube, ultimately
M strictly reflexed, petals 4, white fading to pink or rose, oblong, entire to erose at the apex; stamens 8, some of them occasionally rudimentary and nonfunctional; ovary inferior with a subglobose stigma. Capsules narrowly elongate, terete or flattened, 2-chambered, 4-valved; seeds ovoid, glabrous or hairy, lacking tufts of hair.
GroundsmokeG
ONAGRACEAE
ocally
The Coralroot genus is a small one, with a dozen species of non-green plants occurring in North and Central America. "Coralroot" derives from the expanded underground portions which somewhat resemble coral. This structure enables the plant's root fungi to invade dead plant matter and obtain all the required nutrients for both - hence there is no need for chlorophyll.
We have 3 species, only 1 of which is common (Spotted Coralroot). Striped Coralroot is uncommon, and the Northern CoralrootB
is rare. The first 2 are noticeable plants to 12 inches tall, growing in moist shady forest. Northern Coralroot is shorter, paler, and grows in dense cover, so its rarity may be more apparent than real.
Coral RootQ
maculata
striata
trifida
the s
ening Primrose
attracting
attractive@
banks@
beautiful@
being@
belong
below
biennis@
bladderpods
blade@
blue-eyed
blue-flowered@
bottoms@
branches@
broad
brookgrass@
camelina@
canada@
carota@
chamomile@
chewed@
classification@
cluster@
clusters
comes@
compound
conium
considered
control@
coulter's@
cranberry@
cudweed@
curl@
ly toothed to fringed or somewhat lobed basally, prolonged at the base into a sac or spur; column short; anther 1, the 2 pollen sacs borne on a narrow to broad connective; pollen in loose masses or in 1 or 2 pollinia per pollen sac; stigma concave. Capsules erect, narrowly cylindric to ellipsoid.
GroundsmokeG
ONAGRACEAEP
Groundsmoke
Broomrape
Cancer-rootG
OROBANCHACEAE
The large worldwide Broomrape genus is being subdivided, and our 3 species will now be renamed, restoring generic names from earlier times. Plants are small and rather fleshy parasites, never common so they always come as a surprise. Lacking chlorophyll they are yellow, pink, brown or purple. In normal circumstances they are seen only when flowering.
Flowers are tubular with 2 lips divided into 5 lobes, the lobes being uch shorter than the tubular part.
Plants are parasitic on a wide raB
nge of hosts.
Of our 3 species the Clustered and Single-flowered Broomrapes will be included in Aphyllon, while the third will be in Myzorrhiza.
Broomrape / Cancer-rootQ
corymbosa
fasciculata
uniflora
grass
grass-of-parnassus
grasses
grasslike
grasswrack
grassy
gray-green
greasewood
greatly
greenC
green-membranous|
green-spotted
green-tippedb
greenishF
greenish-chartaceousj
greenish-whiteV
greenish-yellowf
grindeliat
grindelia
gumweed
resinweed
genust
gromwell
grooved
groundcherry
groundsel
groundsmoke
group
groupingu
groups
growing
growth
gumweedt
gynaecandrous
PlantainG
PLANTAGINACEAE
The Plantain genus has over 250 species worldwide. They are annual or perennial herbs with simple leaves. Leaves are typically in a flat rosette at the base (Photo 1). Several individual species are cosmopolitan.
Flowers arearranged in a spike at the top of a leafless stem. Individual flowers are small and white or greenish white. The 4 petals are fused with spreading lobes, but are often membranous and inconspicuous, the lobes usually less than 1/10 of an inch long (Photo 2). Seeds are iB
n small capsules (Photo 3).
We have six species, two of which are cosmopolitan weeds (English Plantain and Common Plantain). Others are native, but of widespread occurrence in the western parts of North America.
113-023M
032-029N
011-016P
Plantain
maturing in a single season, the scales thin bu
C{cies, prolonged into a sharp prickle or spine, the bracts small, included; seeds winged at the tip or less often wingless.
PineG
PINACEAE
Pines (genus Pinus) are by far the most numerous members of the family, with 100 species essentially restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. Branching is often more open and irregular than other conifers, making them more individualistic trees in plantings. Most are medium to large trees, while some are shrubs. Many are used in cultivation, while larger trees are an important source of lumber. Bark varies from firly smooth to furrowed to platelike in the Ponderosa Pine. Leaves are relativel
e, erose to nearly entire or notched on the margins, the bracts much smaller than the scales, thin, narrow, and erose; seeds with a wing longer than wide.
maturing in a single season, the scales thin bu
The Brome or Chess genus has about 100 species in temperate regions of the world. We have 11 in our area, some native, others imported, some desirable, one a serious pest. They are annuals, biennials or perennials, large and small. Most of them have rather loose heads, with large spikelets spreading out on longish stalks (Photo 1).
Spikelets are often whiskered, but Rattlesnake Chess is clean shaven (Photo 2). Cheatgrass is a serious invader of drier native habitats, where its low nutritiBkve value, sharply pointed seed heads, and fire adaptability are balanced by no apparent redeeming virtues.
085-030M
060-003N
051-018P
Brome / ChessQjanomalus
brizaeformis
carinatus
ciliatus
diandrus
hordeaceus
inermis
japonicus
sterilis
tectorum
vulgaris
lacking.
TyphaB
Typha (Cattail genus)
Characters of the family.
CattailG TYPHACEAE
The Cattail genus has about 10 species in temperate and tropical places. They are very familiar here as tall perennial herbs of wet places, forming impenetrable thickets that seem home to little else but Red-winged Blackbirds.
They grow to 6 feet or more, with long sword-like leaves. Flowers are tiny, individually minute, but crowded into long spikes at the ends of flowering stems. Male flowers occupy the top half of the spike, female the lower half.
We have 2 species, Southern in whichowded into long spikes at the ends of flowering stems. Male flowers occupy the top half of the spike, female the lower half.
We have 2 species, Southern in which
e apex, awnless.
E CrabgrassG
POACEAE
Crabgrasses are a large genus of 100 species. Their flowers and seeds are on slender fingers at the tops of stems, which in our species are fairly short. For lawn lovers they are unwelcome: in the summer they fit in, but die off in the fall, leaving brown patches.
P CrabgrassQ
ischaemum
sanguinalis
R!Smooth Crabgrass
Hairy Crabgrass
DistichlisB
Distichlis
See species description locally
E SaltgrassG
POACEAE
ma about equal to the fertile floret, prominently 5-nerved, similar to the second glume in texture, the fertile lemma firm and more or less glossy. rounded on the back, obscurely 3-nerved, acute at th
The Sumpweed or Povertyweed genus is a small one with about 15 N. American species. To the layman it seems heterogeneous, and botanists are not fully agreed about some of the members. One of our two species will be renamed in the new edition to reflect this debate.
Poverty Weed is a denizen of low perennial of moist places, often with poor soil. Flowers are minute, arising in the leaf junctions along the 2 foot high stems.
March Elder also lives in damp low areas. Although it is an annuaB
l it grows to 6 feet, and has leaves worthy of a small tree. Flowers are borne in spikes from near the top of the stem. Again, they are inconspicuous. This plant will become known as Cyclachaena xanthifolia.
three
mulleins
originally
europe
allergies[
alliedr
almond
almostL
alonf`
alongA
alpinei
alsoG
Eragrostis (Lovegrass genus)
Annuals (ours) or perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat to folded or inrolled; ligules a ring of short hairs; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to less often contracted panicle; spikelets mostly laterally compressed, 3-many-flowered, the florets usually closely overlapping, disarticulating above the glumes or between the lemma and palea with the palea persistent on an intact rachilla; glumes usually unequal, keeled or rounded on the back, 1-
Qnerved or the second rarely 3-nerved, shorter than the lowermost lemma; lemmas lanceolate to ovate, keeled or rounded on the back, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves mostly conspicuous and parallel or nearly so, obtuse to long-tapered at the apex but unawned; anthers mostly minute. Caryopsis globose to oblong, free from the lemma and palea.
E LovegrassG
POACEAE
Leptochloa (Sprangletop genus)
See species description locally
SprangletopG
POACEAE
A_The Sprangletops are a small genus of slender grasses, preferring wet soils in warmer regions.
SprangletopQ
fascicularis
Bearded Sprangletop
LeucopoaB
Griseb.
Leucopoa
See species description locally
POACEAE
Male and female flowers are partly segregated onto different plants in this small genus, which is otherwise very much like the Fescue genus. Our single species is an important component of ground cover at high elevations. Photos were taken at Emerald Lake on Mt. Timpanogos.
072-002M
071-037Q
kingii
RKNarrowleaf Bur Reed
Narrow-leaved Bur Reed
Emersed Bur Reed
Giant Bur Reed
TamarixB
Tamarix (Tamarisk or Salt Cedar genus)
Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, scalelike and often overlapping; herbage glabrous, with minute, sunken, salt-secreting glands. Flowers small, white or pink, in spikelike axillary racemes arising from twigs or older branchlets or both; sepals and petals 4 or 5; stamens 4-15; styles 3 or 4, short. Capsule pyramidal; seeds numerous, each with an apical tuft of hairs.
Tamarisk
Salt Cedar
alt Cedar
Poa (Bluegrass genus)
Annuals or perennials, tufted or rhizomatous, occasionally stoloniferous. Leaf sheaths mostly open for at least half their length, the blades flat or folded to occasionally inrolled, prow-shaped at the tips; ligule membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to contracted panicle or (rarely) raceme; spikelets laterally compressed to somewhat terete, rarely if ever more than 10 mm long (ours), (1) 2-7 (15)-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes
unequal to subequal, usually shorter than the lowermost lemma, keeled to rounded on the back, the first usually 1-nerved and the second 3-nerved; lemmas ovate to narrowly lanceolate, mostly strongly keeled but sometimes rounded on the back, with 5 nerves converging toward the apex, the lateral ones (between the keel and marginal nerves) sometimes obscure, the apex obtuse to acute but neither awned nor awn-tipped, in some species bearing at the base a tuft of long, wavy, cobweblike hairs.
papery
papilionaceous
papillae
papillosef
pappusZ
parallelG
parasitic
parent
parietaria
parietaria
pellitory
genus
parnassia
parnassia
grass-of-parnassus
genus
parsleyP
parsnipH
partedB
parthenocissus
partial
partially|
locally
locoweed
lolium
lolium
ryegrass
genus
lomatiumP
lomatium
desert
parsley
biscuitroot
genusP
longZ
long-clawed
long-exserted
long-hairy
long-petioled
long-stipitate
Needlegrass comprises 100 species of perennaials, occurring at almost all latitudes.
{Note that the first photo also contains a Phacelia, but the grass is there.}
071-033M
071-035P
NeedlegrassQ'columbiana
comata
lettermanii
viridula
RaColumbia Needlegrass
Needle-and-thread Grass
Needlegrass
Letterman Needlegrass
Green Needlegrass
TrisetumB
Pers.
Trisetum
Tufted perennials or annuals. Leaf sheaths open, the blades mostly flat; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a spikelike to open panicle; spikelets laterally compressed, 2(3-5)-flowered, the rachilla long-hairy, disarticulating above or sometimes below the glumes, usually prolonged beyond the upper floret as a hairy bristle and sometimes bearing a rudimentary floret; glumes subequal or unequal, keeled, broadly membranous-margined, the first 1-nerved, the second
point
poisonK
poisoning
poisonous
polanisia
polemonium
polemonium
jacob's
ladder
genus
pollen
pollinated
pollinia
polygamousA
polygonum
polygonum
knotweed
smartweed
genus
polymorphic
polypodium
polypodium
polypody
genus
polypody
polypogon
polypogon
beardgrass
genus
polystichum
polystichum
holly
genus
pondweed
popcorn
poplar
poppy
populus
populus
poplar
cottonwood
aspen
genus
pores
portionA
portulaca
portulaca
purslane
genus
potamogeton
potamogeton
pondweed
genus
potato
potatoes
potentilla
potentilla
cinquefoil
genus
pouch
Sporobolus (Dropseed genus)
Annuals or perennials; stems tufted (ours). Leaf sheaths open, often ciliate along the margins toward the summit, the blades flat or inrolled; ligule a ring of hairs, sometimes membranous-based; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a panicle, spikelike to open, pale to dark gray-green, often at least partially enclosed within the sheath at maturity; spikelets small, subterete to strongly laterally compressed, 1-flowered, disarticulating above or sometimes below
the glumes, occasionally the glumes falling before the remainder of the spikelet; glumes often thin, subequal or unequal, at least slightly shorter than the floret; lemma thin, 1-nerved, sometimes translucent with a green midnerve, usually acute, awnless, glabrous or scabrous; palea from slightly shorter to distinctly longer than the lemma. Fruit an achene (the seed coat free of the pericarp), obovate and slightly compressed, often reddish, readily falling from the floret at maturity.
115-001N
022-002P
Stoneseed / Gromwell / PuccoonQ%arvense
incisum
ruderale
multiflorum
ReWhite Stoneseed
Corn Gromwell
Fringed Stoneseed
Narrowleaf Gromwell
Showy Stoneseed
Yellow Stoneseed
dA MertensiaB
Mertensia (Bluebells genus)
Perennial herbs; stems 1-numerous, erect to ascending or decumbent-based; herbage glabrous to pubescent, the hairs not bristlelike. Leaves alternate, entire. Inflorescence of erect to drooping cymose clusters terminating stems and branches, calyx 5-lobed at least to the middle; corolla pale to deep blue, occasionally pink or rarely white, tubular or trumpet-shaped to bell-shaped, the limb 5-lobed, broadly to only slightly flared, a crest present (ours) or l
leaves and bigger flowers (lobes to 2/5 inch);
Alpine Collomia (Photo 1) is a sprawling perennial of the high mountains, much bigger, highly colored flowers.
Slender Collomia is a small uncommon annual with tiny flowers.
039-009M
028-007N
030-010P
CollomiaQ%debilis
grandiflora
linearis
tenella
Alpine Collomia
Creeping Collomia
Bigflowered Collomia
Large Collomia
Narrowleaf Collomia
Small Collomia
Mazama Collomia
Slender Collomia
GiliaB
Ruiz. & Pav.
ered at the ends of stems and branches.
Our 4 species are a mixture:
Narrowleaf Collomia (Photo 3) has narrow leaves and short blue petal lobes (1/6 inch);
Large Flowered Collomia (Photo 2) is similar in form, but with broader
Collomia
urity, narrowly ellipsoid, rounded on the back, the margins usually overlapping, generally obscurely 3-5-nerved, commonly hairy to some degree on the body, awned and often laterally toothed at the apex, the junction of awn and lemma distinct, the awn persistent or ultimately deciduous, usually once or twice abruptly bent, the lower one or two segments twisted, the callus well developed, obtuse to acute, pubescent and the hairs usually longer than those of the lemma; palea membranous or simC
ilar to the lemma in texture, glabrous or hairy, usually obscured by the overlapping margins of the lemma except sometimes at flowering; anthers often bearing a minute tuft of hairs at the apex. Caryopsis closely invested by the lemma and palea.
NeedlegrassG
POACEAE
ovate and slightly compressed, often reddish, readily falling from the floret at maturity.
family
description
locally
species
description
locallyH
species
specimenp
speedwell
spelled
Holly Ferns are also know as Sword Ferns or Christmas Ferns: leaflets are often prickly, and the overall leaf shape is like that of a broad curving sword. They are small to large plants, with a tuft of leaves, well over a hundred species occurring around the world. Spores develop on the underside of the outer half of the leaf, about mid way between the vein and the edge (Photo 2).
We have a single species, Mountain Holly Fern.
0001-12M
0001-13N
038-027P
Holly FernQ
lonchitis
scopulinum
R7Mountain Holly Fern
Western Holly Fern
Rock Holly Fern
{A PteridiumB
Scop.
Pteridium (Bracken genus)
See species description locally
BrackenG
POLYPODIACEAEK\There is a single species of Bracken Fern, found around rhe world. See species description.
0 developing fruit, the lobes more or less herbaceous; corolla funnelform to subsalverform, lavender to pink or in one species salmon, rarely white; stamens arising at the same or at different levels within the corolla tube; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule ellipsoid to obovoid, seeds 1 or 2 per chamber.
CollomiaG
POLEMONIACEAE
Collomia contains a dozen species, native to temperate North and South America. They are annual or perennial herbs growing from a taproot. Ours all have simple leaves alternating along the stem.
Flowers have 5 petal lobes flaring from a narrow tube, and are clustered at the ends of stems and branches.
Our 4 species are a mixture:
Narrowleaf Collomia (Photo 3) has narrow leaves and short blue petal lobes (1/6 inch);
Large Flowered Collomia (Photo 2) is similar in form, but with broader
039-009M
028-007N
030-010
Tamarisk, a native of Eurasia, was introduced into California by the Jesuit Fathers sometime in the early 1700's and, by Father Escalante's account, had spread into southwestern Utah by 1776 (Utah Historical Quart. V. 18, l95O). Described as common by l95O (Christensen 1962), it is now abundant throughout the Colorado Plateau (Graf 1978). The plants replace natural vegetation along waterways and transpire water in large amounts. They form dense stands that stabilize and expand streambanks,BO reducing the width of channels and resulting in overbank flooding (Graf 1978).
TAMARICACEAE
085-016M
095-026N
112-011P
Bur ReedQ!angustifolium
emersum
eurycarpum
TamarixB
DodecatheonB
Dodecatheon (Shooting Star genus)
Perennial scapose herbs from rhizomes bearing fleshy fibrous roots; herbage glabrous to glandular-pubescent. Leaves basal, petioled, entire or toothed. Scapes 1 or 2; flowers solitary or more often few to many, nodding on slender pedicels in an involucrate umbel; calyx deeply 4- or 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, reflexed at flowering, becoming erect in fruit; corolla lavender to rose-purple, the tube very short, the 4 or 5 elongate, linear-oblong lobe
to form a star-shaped structure with slender spreading segments, these often obliterated or inconspicuous at maturity.
WoodsiaG
POLYPODIACEAE
odsiaQ
oregana
scopulina
shaped structure with slender spreading segments, these often obliterated or inconspicuous at maturity.
Scop.
TBladder Ferns are a small genus with 8 species around the world. They are small to medium ferns of moist places. Their leaves are subdivided 2-3 times, with spores produced in patches (sori) on the veins of the underside.
We have 2 species, the Brittle Bladder Fern being very common, the Bulblet Bladder Fern being very rare in our area.
Bladder FernQ
bulbifera
fragilis
R7Bulblet Bladder Fern
Brittle Bladder Fern
Brittle fern
DryopterisB
Adans.
Dryopteris (Shield Fern or Wood Fern genus)
See species description locally
Shield Fern
Wood FernG
POLYPODIACEAE
ODIACEAE
Cheilanthes
See species description locally
. Achene sharply 3-angled, pale to
canyon bottoms and other wet spots in the valleys. The very prickly Buffalo Burr or Texas Thistle (Solanum rostratum) can be found at several places around horse pasturage.
133-035M
015-012N
016-001P
NightshadeQQcarolinense
dulcamara
nigrum
rostratum
sarrachoides
triflorum
elaeagnifolium
Horsenettle
Bullnettle
Carolina Nightshade
Bittersweet Nightshade
European Bittersweet
Black Nightshade
Buffalo Burr
Texas Thistle
Hairy Nightshade
Cutleaf Nightshade
SparganiumB
etals, Photo 3).
003-033N
069-002P
Shooting StarQ
alpinum
pulchellum
RBAlpine Shooting Star
Beautiful Shooting Star
Pretty Shooting Star
GlauxB
Glaux (Saltwort or Sea Milkwort genus)
See species description locally
Saltwort
Sea MilkwortG
PRIMULACEAE
There is a single species in the Sea Milkwort genus, which occurs around the cooler Northern Hemisphere, and which is widespread in the U.S.
See the description of the species.
Saltwort / Sea MilkwortQ maritima
Common Sea Milkwort
LysimachiaB
chiaB
PORTULACACEAE
nearby
nearest
nearlyC
nectariesV
orangeZ
oranges
orchid
orchids
oregon
oreintation
organisms
organizedb
oriental
origin]
originalZ
originally
originated
originating
ornamental
ornamentalsY
ornamented
orogeniaQ
s circumscissile C[near the apex and the tip falling with the style; seeds numerous, minute, ovoid or angled.
Shooting StarG
PRIMULACEAEP
Shooting StarQ
alpinum
pulchellum
GlauxB
Glaux (Saltwort or Sea Milkwort genus)
See species description locally
chimaphila
chimaphila
pipsissewa
genus
chloris
chloris
fingergrass
genus
chlorocrambe
chorispora
chorispora
mustard
genus
chromosome
chrysanthemumk
chrysanthemum
chrysanthemum
genusk
chrysothamnusl
chrysothamnus
rabbitbrush
genusl
cicelyR
cichoriumm
cichorium
chicory
genusm
cicutaJ
cicuta
water
hemlock
genusJ
ciliate
ciliate-fringed
cinna
cinna
woodreed
genus
cinquefoil
circaea
circular
orangeZ
orange-red
orbicularP
orchard
orchid
organs
orientedG
originalu
orobanche
orobanche
broomrape
cancer-root
genus
orogeniaQ
orogenia
turkey
genusQ
orthocarpus
orthocarpus
clover
genus
oryzopsis
oryzopsis
ricegrass
genus
osmorhizaR
osmorhiza
sweet
cicely
sweetroot
genusR
other
others
otherwise
Ranunculus (Buttercup or Crowfoot genus)
Annual to perennial, aquatic or terrestrial herbs from clustered, fibrous or sometimes fleshy roots. Leaves simple or compound, alternate or rarely opposite, the petioles of the basal and sometimes the stem leaves dilated, membranous-margined, and stipule-like at the base, the uppermost stem blade scarcely to greatly reduced, usually sessile, and often subtending the inflorescence as a bract. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, either solit
ary or in cymose panicles on short to elongate pedicels; sepals 5 (3-6), greenish-yellow to yellow, sometimes purple-tinged, soon falling or rarely persistent in fruit; petals 5 (6-10 or more) or rarely lacking, white or yellow and generally fading to white, often shiny on the upper surface, obovate to oblanceolate, short- to long-clawed, each with a gland (nectary) usually covered by a minute scale just above the base or claw; stamens 5-numerous; pistils 4-numerous, the style short to lon
ActaeaB
Actaea (Baneberry genus)
See species description locally
E BaneberryG
RANUNCULACEAE
There are just 5-6 species of Baneberry, in temperate North America and Eurasia. They are perennial herbs: 1 to many stems from a branching root system. Leaves are compound, on long stalks, with the 3 main leaflets being further compound into 3 or more (Photo 1).
Flowers in dense clusters at the ends of stems and branches, the clusters to 4 inches long (Photo 2). Individual flowers are white, with 4-10 small petals and 3-5 petal-like sepals.
Fruits are fleshy poisonous berries (photos 3 B
& 4).
027-012M
069-016N
015-021P BaneberryQ
rubra
Western Baneberry
AdonisB
Adonis
See species description locally
umbianum
{Oats are an important cereal grain. It is a small genus of about a dozen European and Asian species. The heads are characteristically loose for a cereal grain, with whiskers. Two species are recognized here. Wild Oats (Avena fatua) is the parent from which Cultivated Oats (Avena sative) were developed, long enough back in time that the two are now considered distinct species.
OatsQ
fatua
sativa
Wild Oats
Cultivated Oats
BeckmanniaB
Host Sloughgrass
Beckmannia
See species description locally
POACEAE
(Three-awn genus)
See species description locally
old-man's
old-man's
beard
oleaster
olive
olney's
olney's
threesquare
one-flower
one-flower
cancer-root
one-seeded
one-seeded
hawthorn
oneheadw
onehead
sunflowerw
oneseed
oneseed
hawthorn
onespike
onespike
oatgrass
onion
oniongrass
opposite
opposite
stonecrop
orach
orangeZ
orange
agoserisZ
orange
dandelionZ
orange
sneezeweedv
orbicular
orbicular
whitetop
orchard
orchard
grass
orchid
orcutt
orcutt
lovegrass
oregonq
sepals and no petals, but many stamens. Seeds develop individually, with a long tuft.
We have one species which is a cB
ommon small tree of the midmontane (Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany). A second species which is a widespread shrub, is being added to the new edition of Arnow's book. They are significant browse plants.
the style short to long,
buffaloberry
bugleweed
bugloss
bugseed
bulblet
bulblet
bladder
bulbous
bulbous
bluegrass
bulln
thistlen
bullnettle
bulrush
bristlegrass
buttercup
marigolde
ragweed[
burdock
burnet
burweed
oceanspray
seepweed
bushrock
bushrock
spiraea
bushy
bushy
knotweed
butter
butter
buttercup
butterweed
butterweed
groundsel
buttonh
cabbage
cactus
californiaf
california
brickellbushf
california
poppy
california
tansy
mustard
caltrop
calyx
calyx
starwort
calyxeye
calyxeye
starwort
camas
camissonia
campion
canadan
canada
bluegrass
Sparganium (Bur Reed genus)
Characters of the family.
Bur ReedG
SPARGANIACEAE
The Bur Reed genus ha about 15-20 species from the cooler regions of the Northrn Hemisphere and Australasia. They are aquatic perennial herbs, spreading by the roots. Leaves are erect or floating, basically grass-like.
Flowers are of separate sexes in globular clusters, male above female. Fruits are in clusters of numerous nut-like achenes, each with 1 or 2 seeds.
Four species occur in the Intermountain Region, three locally. The Narrow-leaved Bur Reed is a submerged or floating plant (PBDhoto 3), while the others (Giant and Emersed Bur Reeda) are upright.
085-016M
095-026N
112-011P
Bur ReedQ!angustifolium
emersum
eurycarpum
, 1-chambered, the carpels 2, these free at the tips as divergent beaks, the styles almost obsolete to well developed, arising at the beaklike carpel tips, each with a globose or subglobose stigma. Capsule dehiscent along at least the ventral suture of the free beaklike tip of the carpels; seeds numerous, minutely spiny in longitudinal rows (ours) or sometimes tuberculate to nearly smooth.
AlumrootG
SAXIFRAGACEAE
as divergent beaks, the styles almost obsolete to well developed, arising at the beaklike carpel tips, each with a globose or subglobose stigma. Capsule dehiscent along at least the ventral suture of the free beaklike tip of the carpels; seeds numerous, minutely spiny in longitudinal rows (ours) or sometimes tuberculate to nearly smooth.
reticulata
rigida
scouleriana
AzollaB
flowers consi
ls, catkinlike, yellow or purple, usually 1-2 cm long; female cones terminal on twigs of the upper branches, ovoid to cylindric, sessile or short-stalked, pendent, maturing in one season and deciduous as a whole, the scales thin and more or less flexible, strongly imbricate, erose to nearly entire or notched on the margins, the bracts much smaller than the scales, thin, narrow, and erose; seeds with a wing longer than wide.
SpruceG
PINACEAE
062-001M
061-024N
120-012P
SpruceQ
engelmannii
pungens
and more or less flexible, strongly imbricate, erose to nearly entire or notched on the margins, the bracts much smaller than the scales, thin, narrow, and erose; seeds with a wing longer than wide.
groundsmoke
gumweedt
gumweed
resinweedt
hackberry
hairgrass
halogeton
hardgrass
hare's
hare's
harebell
harebell
bellflower
hawksbeard
hawkweed
hawthorn
heath
hedgehog
hedgehog
cactus
hedgenettle
heliotrope
hellebore
helleborine
hemlockJ
henbane
heron's
holly
holly
hollyhock
holosteum
honeysuckle
horehound
hornwort
hornwort
coontail
horsebrush
horsemint
horsetail
horsetail
scouring
hound's
hound's
tongue
beggar's
huckleberry
husktomato
hutchinsia
hymenoxys
hyssop
indian
indian
paintbrush
inkweed
iodine
iodine
ivesia
jacob's
jacob's
ladder
jamesia
jasmine
jimson
jimson
thornapple
joe-pyer
joe-pye
bonesetr
velvetgrass
verbena
vervain
vetch
violet
virgin's
virgin's
bower
wallflower
wallrocket
waterC
water
hemlockJ
water
horehound
bugleweed
water
parsnipH
water
plantainC
water
starwort
watercress
waterfern
waterfern
mosquito
waterleaf
watermeal
waternymph
weedr
wheat
wheatgrass
whitecockle
whitetop
whitlow
whitlow
grass
buckwheat
cucumber
geranium
hollyhock
licorice
lilac
onion
garlic
wildrye
william
willow
willow-weed
willowherb
willowherb
willow-weed
willowherb
Verbascum (Mullein genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or rarely small shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or rarely opposite, the basal leaves forming a rosette. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles; calyx 5-lobed; corolla yellow or rarely white, nearly radially symmetrical, with a very short tube and a horizontally flaring 5- lobed limb, fertile stamens (4) 5, the filaments, or some of them, typically long-hairy; stigma globose to somewhat flattened. Capsule globose to ellipsoid, 2-valvB
ed; seeds numerous.
MulleinG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
096-022P
MulleinQ
blattaria
thapsus
virgatum
OPHULARIACEAEP
Monkeyflower
Mitella (Miterwort genus)
Perennial herbs from rhizomes, sometimes developing stolons in late summer and the leaves remaining green beneath the snow throughout the winter; flowering stems slender, naked or bracteate to sparingly leafy; herbage typically stipitate-glandular and sometimes pubescent with simple hairs. Basal leaves prominent, petioled, generally ovate to suborbicular and toothed to palmately lobed; stem leaves, when present, alternate and much reduced; stipules membranous
, at least partially fused with the base of the petiole, often ciliate. Flowers radially symmetrical, greenish-white to pink- or purple-tinged, in bracteate, spikelike, terminal racemes; floral tube saucer- to top- or bell-shaped, often lined with a thin glandular disc; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the apex of the floral tube; petals 5, entire or variously lobed into threadlike segments; stamens 5 (ours) or 10, included; pistil 1, the ovary inferior to varying degrees,
douglas
rabbitbrushl
douglas
sedge
douglas
water
hemlockJ
downingia
buttercup
draba
dragonhead
drooping
drooping
woodreed
dropseed
drummond
drummond
campion
drummond
catchfly
drummond
rockcress
drummond
drummond's
drummond's
willow
ducksmeat
duckweed
dullseed
dullseed
cornbind
duncecap
duncecap
larkspur
dwarf
catseye
dwarf
draba
dwarf
fireweed
dwarf
goldenrod
dwarf
huckleberry
dwarf
spikerush
dyer's
dyer's
early
early
coralroot
eatonn
eaton
fleabaneq
eaton
thistlen
eaton'sb
eaton's
asterb
eaton's
daisyq
elder
elderberry
elegant
elegant
death
camas
sedge
thistlen
elkweed
elodea
enchanter's
enchanter's
nightshade
engelmannb
engelmann
asterb
hibiscus
hibiscus
mallow
genus
hieraciumz
hieracium
hawkweed
genusz
highj
higher
hilum
hippuris
hitchcock
holcus
holcus
velvetgrass
genus
hollhock
hollowj
holly
hollyhock
holodiscus
holodiscus
oceanspray
genus
holosteum
honeysuckle
hooded
hoodlike
hoodsX
hooked[
hordeum
hordeum
barley
foxtail
genus
horehound
horizontal
horizontallyl
horn-like
hornsX
hornwort
horny
horsebrush
horsemint
horses
bered, sometimes imperfectly so. Seeds mostly oblanceolate in outline and terete, not angled, 1-3 mm long (ours) nearly always with a tuft of long hairs at the apex.
Willowherb
Willow-weed
The genus Epilobium is currently being revised. Accordingly, the genus Zauschneria is reduced to a section of Epilobium following Raven (1976), the Epilobium ciliatum complex is treated according to Hoch (1978), and E. paniculatum becomes E, brachycarpum Presl (see discussion under the latter name). Our treatment of other species is a tentative one pending completion of the revision of the remaining sections of the genus as it occurs in North America.
ONAGRACEAE
ndsmokes.
We have 8 species: Fireweed and Dwarf Fireweed are showy plants with large flowers, now to be separated as Chamerion); Fire Chalice, a brilliant red-flowered plant, to be returne
brookgrass
brookgrass
small
genus
species
mostly
eurasian
broomrape
broomrapes
brooms
brought
brown
brown-purple
brownish
browse
brush
buckthorn
buckthorn
gives
family
there
about
buckwheat
buffalo
buffaloberry
buffaloberry
restricted
north
america
species
bugloss
bugseed
bugseeds
bugseeds
annual
herbs
branched
there
about
building
builds}
buildup
built
bulblet
bulbs
bulging
bulrush
bulrushes
bulrushes
worldwide
genus
about
species
renowne
bumps
bunched
bundle
bundles
tly clawed, the blade entire; stamens 10, in some species arising from the sepals, the filaments sle
Q(debilis
odontoloma
rhomboidea
stellaris
R6Pygmy Saxifrage
Brook Saxifrage
Diamondleaf Saxifrage
Castilleja B
Mutis ex L. f.
Castilleja (Indian Paintbrush genus)
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, partially parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves alternate, sessile, entire or toothed to dissected. Flowers distinctly bilaterally symmetrical, borne in leafy-bracteate, terminal spikes or spikelike racemes, each flower subtended by a conspicuous, usually colored bract, these often obscuring the flowers; calyx herbaceous, often brightly colored near the apex, tubular, dorsally and ventrally cleft, often unequa
cer- to bell-shaped; sepals 5, arising with petals and stamens at the apex of the floral tube or from the receptacle when a floral tube is lacking; petals usually 5, white (commonly flecked with yellow or red) to greenish or purple, sessile or distinctly clawed, the blade entire; stamens 10, in some species arising from the sepals, the filaments sle
perennial
perennial
herbs
rhizomes
these
sometimes
bearing
tubers
perennial
annual
herbs
shrubs
stems
erect
decumbent
summit of the corolla tube, included in the upper lip, the anther sacs unequally attached to the filaments, one terminal, the other pendulous from the apex or sometimes absent; stigma unlobed, terminating in a minute tuft of hair. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid seeds few to many, reticulate or pitted.
top one sometimes larger than the other 3. Most often they are blue or violet, occasionally white. There are just 2 stamens. Seed capsules are flattened, notched at the top.
Ten species occur in our area, about half of them native. Water Speedwell is an introduced plant, which is now common in the shallow edges of ponds. Thyme-leaved Speedwell occurs widely round the Northern Hemisphere, including locally (Photo 2). Alpine Speedwell (Photo 3) is restricted to the high mountains, and is dC
istinctive because of its dense flower clusters.
Several species are grown as ground cover in gardens, and make a mass of blue flowers.
058-011M
067-004N
069-017P Speedwell
biloba
catenata
hederifolia
peregrina
persica
serpyllifolia
wormskjoldii
officinalis
cle, included, the filaments slender and terete, the anthers elongate, attached below the middle, dehiscing laterally; ovary superior and 3-chambered, the styles 1 or 3 and partially fused. Fruit a membranous capsule, seeds numerous.
FritillaryG LILIACEAEP
FritillaryQ
atropurpurea
pudica
R4Leopard Lily
Chocolate Lily
Yellowbells
Yellow-bell
LloydiaB
Salisb.
Lloydia
See species description locally
LloydiaG LILIACEAEP
LloydiaQ serotina
Alpine Lily
Alp Lily
A SmilacinaB
Desf.
included, the filaments slender and terete, the anthers elongate, attached below the middle, dehiscing laterally; ovary superior and 3-chambered, the styles 1 or 3 and partially fused. Fruit a membranous capsule, seeds numerous.
toadflax
tobacco
together
tolerance
tongue
#d illness or death in both livestock and humans. Among cultivated species, the potato (S. tuberosum L.) causes more problems than any other, the ingestion of potato vines, sprouts, peelings, or spoiled potatoes not infrequently causing death in livestock, rarely in humans (Kingsbury 1964).
NightshadeG
SOLANACEAE
est is Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), a vine of the moist
r obovate. Most species of Solanum contain a toxic alkaloid. With the exception of S. sarrachoides, all the non-cultivated species in our area are documented as having caused il
lness or death in both livestock and humans. Among cultivated species, the potato (S. tuberosum L.) causes more problems than any other, the ingestion of potato vines, sprouts, peelings, or spoiled potatoes not infrequently causing death in livestock, rarely in humans (Kingsbury 1964).
usuallyA
utricleE
vaccaria
vaccaria
cowcockle
genus
vaccinium
vaccinium
blueberry
huckleberry
genus
valerian
valeriana
valeriana
valerian
genus
valve
Mare's Tail
Early botanists treated Hippuris as a monotypic genus. Recent workers in both North America and Europe have named additional species based on variations in leaf morphology. McCully and Dale (1961) found that plants of diverse origin developed similar leaves when grown under uniform conditions and, conversely, plants from a single population displayed great diversity in leaf morphology when grown under different conditions. For this reason, they question the validity of recognizing variatioB5n in leaf morphology even at the infraspecific level.
HIPPURIDACEAEP
Mare's TailQ vulgaris
Mare's Tail
Common Mare's Tail
ElodeaB
Michx.
URIDACEAEP
Mare's TailQ vulgaris
Mare's Tail
Common Mare's Tail
ElodeaB
Michx.
The Crazyweed genus is very closely related to the Locoweeds/Milkvetches, not just in name, but physically. There are about 300 species, mostly spread around the temperate Northern Hemisphere, They are usually perennial herbs, occasionally subshrubs. Leaves have many leaflets arranged featherwise. Crazyweeds tend to be plants of colder climates than the locoweeds.
One fairly reliable way of telling the two groups apart is a close look at the end of the keel petal, the central boat-shaped B
one. In the Locoweeds/Milkvetches it has a smooth profile, while in the Crazyweeds it is notched.
We have a single species in our area, Sticky Crazyweed, which is a rare inhabitant of the high mountains.
087-004M
087-005P CrazyweedQ
viscida
Sticky Crazyweed
PsoraleaB
n some species purple-tinged to bright red; stamens (1-3) 5; ovary superior, the styles 1-3. Fruit a membranous, 1-seeded, circumscissile capsule (ours), rarely dehiscing irregularly or indehiscent and a utricle; seeds erect, lenticular, shiny.
Amaranth
Pigweed G
AMARANTHACEAE
The Pigweed genus is the only one of the family occurring in our area. We have three species:
Amaranthus albus (Tumbling pigweed) is a tumbleweed growing 2-3 feet tall and as much across. Leaves 1/2-3 inches long.
Amaranthus blitoides (Sprawling pigweed) spreads along the ground.
Amaranthus retroflexus (Redroot pigweed) is a tall weed of waste ground. Up to 5 feet tall, with leaves.
[In major revisions of our understanding of plant relationships, many plants will be moved into the Amar
the Amar
AMARANTHACEAE
Amaranth / Pigweed
Pigweed G
AMARANTHACEAE
o whether the huge group can be broken up into smaller natural groups.
Among the more distinctive kinds of Euphorbia:
Poinsettia (yes!) Leafy shrubs; clusters of flowers in cyathia are surrounded by highly colored bracts. Sometimes given their own genus.
African succulent Euphorbias have diversified into a whole range of cactus mimics, from Giant Saguaro types to Pincushions. Actually, cacti are probably Euphorb mimics.
Sprawling Spurges are common here, prostrate lawn weeds and similaC7r natives. Someties given their own genus Chamaesyce.
Spurge
ents.
lMayweeds are aromatic herbs with leaves that are divided into fine segments. A number of them have been used by herbalists for centuries.
Only one species, the Scentless Mayweed, was listed in the first edition of Arnow's book. Now, however, Pineapple Weed has been switched from another genus. Both are introduced, the first from Europe, the other from ne Asia.
MayweedQ maritima
R(Dogcamomile Mayweed
Scentless Chamomile
MicroserisB
D. Don
Microseris (Scorzonella genus)
See species description locally
ScorzonellaG
ASTERACEAE
MayweedG
ASTERACEAE
ry; pappus persistent, of somewhat unequal minutely barbed, white to brown bristles, in some species a pappus lacki
P CatchweedQ
procumbens
Common Catchweed
BoragoB
Borago (Borage genus)
See species description locally
BorageG
BORAGINACEAEP
BorageQ
officinalis
Common Borage
CryptanthaB
Lehm.
Cryptantha (Cryptanth or Cat's Eye genus)
Annual to perennial herbs; herbage pubescent throughout with coarse, often pungent, pustulose-based hairs, these frequently underlain by fine, soft, more or less woolly ones. Leaves alternate or opposite below, entire, usually narrow. Flowers generally borne on a series of coiled axes, these elongating into bracteate or ebracteate spikes or racemes, rarely the flowers solitary in leaf axils; calyx 5-lobed to the base or nearly so; corolla whitedia
AnchusaB
Blackcreeper Sedge
Raynold's Sedge
Ross Sedge
Beaked Sedge
Beaded Sedge?
Lookalike Sedge
Sawbeak Sedge
Prickly Sedge
Shasta Sedge
Mt Shasta Sedge
Valley Sedge
CyperusB
Cyperus (Flatsedge genus)
E FlatsedgeG
CYPERACEAE
Also called Nutgrasses, the Flat-sedge genus is a worldwide one of 600 species. They are annual or perennial herbs with triangular stems, around which are nestled 3 ranks of leaves. Probably the most famous is the Papyrus, Cyperus papyriferus.
Flowers are bisexual, built into spikelets which are arranged in dense or loose heads, the whole surrounded by leaflike bracts.
One species was definitely known from our area, and a second has since been found here. Both are fairly widespread, but
havingV
hawaii
hawkeedz
hawkeed
quite
simple
dozen
species
hawksbeardp
hawksbeard
large
genus
perhaps
species
mostly
hawksbeardsp
hawkweedz
hawkweedsz
hawthorn
hay-fever
hazardous
headG
head-on
headsY
heart
heart-leafed`
Physalis (Groundcherry or Husktomato genus)
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, or rarely in whorls of 3, entire or toothed to rarely pinnatifid. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in leaf axils; calyx tubular to bell-shaped and apically 5-toothed, in fruit membranous, greatly enlarged and usually bladdery-inflated, the teeth remaining small, generally becoming connivent, and the calyx nearly closed apically; corolla broadly funnelform to bell-shaped or rotate
|, shallowly 5-lobed; stamens 5, arising near the base of the corolla tube, the filaments slender throughout or expanded above, the anthers longitudinally dehiscent; stigma globose to weakly 2-lobed. Fruit a globose, sometimes dry berry surrounded by and usually much smaller than the fruiting calyx; seeds few to numerous, flattened, suborbicular to kidney-shaped, finely pitted.
Silverscale
Wedgescale
Silver Orach
Fourwing Saltbush
Four-wing Saltbush
Shadscale
Spiny Saltbush
Three-toothed Saltbush
Gardner's Saltbush
Two-seed Orach
Garden Orach
Spearscale
Spear Orach
Fathen Saltplant
Red Orach
Tumbling Orach
BassiaB
Bassia
See species description locally
SmotherweedG
CHENOPODIACEAE
Smotherweed is a small genus of 5 species, which many botanists fell should be included inthe Summer Cypress genus Kochia. There is one species in our area, native to Eurasia.
The calyx is very woolly, white to tan
078-010M
078-011N
078-020P
SmotherweedQ
hyssopifolia
Smotherweed
Fivehooks Bassia
ChenopodiumB
ertifolia
gardneri
heterosperma
hortensis
patula
rosea
so. Utricl
groundsels
large
difficult
group
groundsmokes
gayophytum
complex
which
hackberry
genus
about
species
tropics
hairgrasses
smallish
genus
annuals
tufted
hawthorn
genus
large
species
concentrated
heliotrope
genus
named
turner
hellebores
small
genus
dozen
species
tempe
genus
ancient
linkage
human
henbane
genus
about
species
mostly
mediter
honeysuckle
genus
about
species
mostly
spread
DipsacusB
Dipsacus (Teasel genus)
See species description locally
TeaselG
DIPSACACEAE
Teasels have been used for centuries as part of the cloth-making process. The dried flower heads are a very stiff brush which can does an excellent job of fluffing up the surface fibres - "raising the nap". As with many plants that have been cultivated, it can be hard to draw the lines between species which have been bred for particular characteristics.
There are about 15 species, native to Europe, western Asia and Africa.
005-011M
008-027N
008-028P
TeaselQ
sylvestris
Wild Teasel
A ElaeagnusB
Eaeagnus
See species description locally
Russian Olive
Vetches (Vicia genus) and Sweetpeas (Lathyrus genus) are extremely similar. Both have an even number of leaflets in each leaf, and the central rib of the leaf is extended into a tendril, which enables the plant to hold on to other plants. Strict identification requires a microscopic look at details of the female flower parts.
About 140 species of vetch are known, some cultivated for thousands of years as forage, or as bean crops. They are concentrated in the Mediterranean region, but extB
end widely elsewhere, including North and South America. We have a single native species and two introduced.
Flowers are of the pea type, usually lavender to purple. Seed pods can be large, as in the Broad Bean (Vicia faba).
Ribes (Currant or Gooseberry genus)
Shrubs with branches erect to spreading or prostrate, unarmed or sparsely to densely spiny and often prickly. Leaves alternate and simple, palmately lobed and generally toothed, sometimes with clusters of secondary leaves in the axils of primary ones; stipules lacking or entirely to partially fused with the petiole. Flowers bisexual (ours), radially symmetrical, 2-many (rarely solitary) in axillary clusters or racemes; sepals and petals (4)5, free,
arising at the apex of a saucer-shaped to cylindric floral tube, the sepals spreading to reflexed, the petals typically shorter than the sepals; stamens (4)5, alternate with the petals at the apex of the floral tube or emerging slightly below the level of the petals at the outer margin of a glandular disc lining the floral tube; pistil 1, the 1-chambered ovary at least partially inferior at flowering and wholly inferior in fruit, the styles 1 or 2 and free or partially fused, the stigmas 2
Blue-eyed GrassG IRIDACEAE
,Blue-eyed Grass is a name widely applied to small members of the Iris family, of which there are numerous species in the eastern parts of the country. We have just one or two species here.
Unlike the more familiar "typical" irises, the Blue-eyed Grasses have relatively even-sized sepals and sepals.
Blue-eyed GrassQ
idahoense
sp. 1
demissum
R,Idaho Blue-eyed Grass
Stiff Blue-eyed Grass
IsoetesB
Isoetes (Quillwort genus)
See species description locally
Quillwort
Merlin's GrassG
ISOETACEAEK
Quillwort / Merlin's GrassQ
bolanderi
Bolander Quillwort
JuncusB
Blue-eyed GrassG IRIDACEAE
milkweed
milkwort
mistletoe
miterwort
monkeyflower
monkshood
monkshood
wolfbane
montia
moonwort
morning
morning
glory
mosquito
motherwort
mountainZ
mountain
mountain
dandelionZ
mountain
lover
mountain
mahogany
mountain
mustard
mountain
sorrel
mouse
mouse
mudwort
muhlygrass
mulesears
mullein
mustard
myriophyllum
myrtleW
navarretia
needlegrass
nemophila
nettle
nightshade
ninebark
o'clock
oatgrass
oceanspray
olive
onion
oniongrass
orchard
orchard
grass
orchid
clover
oysterplant
sagebrusha
sagebrush
wormwooda
salsify
saltbush
samphire
verbena
sandspurry
sandwort
scorpionweed
scorzonella
scouring
Solanum (Nightshade genus)
Herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees; herbage frequently dark green, glabrous or pubescent, the hairs sometimes stellate or glandular, the stems, leaves, and often the calyces of some species spiny. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or pinnate.
Flowers axillary, leaf-opposed, or arising from the internodes between leaves, usually in cymes, umbels, or panicles; calyx bell-shaped to rotate, generally 5-lobed; corolla rotate, the limb with 5 spreading to reflexe
d lobes; stamens 5, exserted, the filaments much shorter than the anthers (ours), the latter connivent around the style, dehiscing initially by terminal pores, later splitting along the inner surface; stigma small, subglobose or 2-lobed. Fruit a dry or juicy berry; seeds numerous, flattened, mostly C-shaped to ovate or obovate.
Most species of Solanum contain a toxic alkaloid. With the exception of S. sarrachoides, all the non-cultivated species in our area are documented as having cause
The Tobacco genus has about 60 species, mainly in the New World. They are typically herbs, with some shrub-like. Leaves are alternate, with or without stalks.
Flowers are tubular in shape, with a flaring set of 5 small lobes. They are usually pale colored, open at night, and have a heavy fragrance.
Many of the species contain the highly toxic and addictive alkaloid nicotine, and Nicotiniana tabacum is cultivated as the source of tobacco. Several species are cultivated for their foliage B
and flowers.
We have a single native species, Coyote Tobacco, which I have not encountered. Further south is the Desert Tobacco,
103-032M
103-031N
048-004P
TobaccoQ
attenuata
glauca
trigonophylla
Coyote Tobacco
Wild Tobacco
PhysalisB
globemallow
glory
goatgrass
goatsbeard
goatsbeard
salsify
oysterplant
goldeny
golden
astery
goldeneye
goldenrod
goldenweed
goodyera
gooseberry
goosefoot
goosegrass
grape
grape
grass
grass-of-parnassus
grasswrack
greasewood
gromwell
groundcherry
groundcherry
husktomato
groundsel
groundsel
butterweed
harebell
bellflower
hawksbeard
hawkweed
hawthorn
heliotrope
hellebore
helleborine
hemlockJ
heron's
heron's
holly
holly
hollyhock
honeysuckle
horehound
hornwort
hornwort
coontail
horsebrush
horsemint
horsetail
horsetail
scouring
hound's
hound's
tongue
beggar's
huckleberry
hyssop
indian
indian
paintbrush
inkweed
jacob's
jacob's
ladder
jasmine
a narrow to broad stylar notch; style obsolete to prominent, the stigma unlobed; seeds 1 on each side of the replum.
E#Peppergrass / Pepperweed
Pepperweed
oregon
checkermallow
oregon
daisyq
oregon
grape
oregon
woodsia
oriental
oriental
clematis
oriental
poppy
ox-eyek
ox-eye
daisyk
oyster
oyster
plant
pacificb
pacific
asterb
paintbrush
paleE
agoserisZ
amaranthE
evening
primrose
sedge
smartweed
stickseed
palmer's
palmer's
onion
palmer's
penstemon
panicgrass
panicled
panicled
bulrush
pansy
Epilobium (Willowherb or Willow-weed genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, the latter often flowering the first year, herbaceous or sometimes woody at the base, often reproducing vegetatively by means of stolons, rhizomes, underground rosettes of incipient leaves, or from fleshy red bulblike offsets (turions) which persist about the base of the stem of the previous year Leaves opposite or alternate, sessile or petioled, entire or toothed. Flowers bisexua1, radially or weakly bilaterally s
ymmetrical, borne in simple or compound, bracteate racemes, occasionally solitary in the axils of leaflike bracts; sepals 4, arising with the petals and stamens from the receptacle or from the apex of a floral tube; petals white or pink to rose-purple, often notched to 2-lobed at the apex; stamens 8 in 2 whorls; ovary inferior, the stigma 4-lobed or entire and club-shaped to subglobose. Capsules narrowly subcylindric, sometimes tapered to the apex or club-shaped, terete or 4-angled, 4-cham
RGSpotted Coralroot
Striped Coralroot
Northern Coralroot
Early Coralroot
CypripediumB
Cypripedium (Lady's Slipper genus)
Perennial herbs from rhizomes with fibrous roots; herbage pubescent, some of the hairs usually gland-tipped. Leaves opposite or alternate, sessile and often sheathing. Flowers solitary or several in a leafy-bracteate raceme; sepals 3, spreading or the lateral pair united to some degree under the lip; petals 3, similar to the upper sepal, but often slightly longer, the lip pouched and much inflated, often somewhat puckered around the central opening;
column inclined over the opening, bearing a fertile anther on either side, the third anther represented by a dilated petaloid staminode longer than the column, the pollen granular; stigma terminal on the column, broad, obscurely 3-lobed, a rostellum lacking.
Puccinellia (Alkaligrass genus)
Tufted annuals or perennials, often occurring in alkaline or saline soil. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat to inrolled; ligule membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a narrow to open panicle; spikelets 3-9-flowered, subterete to some-what laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes unequal, usually shorter than the lowermost lemma, rounded on the back, the first 1(3)-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas rounded on the back, mostB
ly obtuse to acutish and often erose at the membranous apex, 5-7-nerved, the nerves indistinct to conspicuous, parallel or nearly so, the lateral nerves not extending through the membranous margin.
AlkaligrassG
POACEAE
AUAbout 30 species make up the Alkali-grass genus, 3 resident here, but only 1 native.
e up the Alkali-grass genus, 3 native here.
open]
opened
opening
openings
opens
operate
opinion
opium
opposite`
opuntias
qual or rarely subequal, the first often minute and clasping, the second mostly as long as
} and similar in texture to the reduced lemma; lower lemma membranous and several-nerved, together with the second glume usually enclosing and sometimes longer than the fertile floret, the fertile lemma usually hardened, dorsiventrally compressed, obscurely nerved, the margins inrolled around the edges of the equally firm palea, both smooth and shiny (ours) or dull and wrinkled.
temperate
tenacioust
tendb
tendency
tendril
tension
tentatively
tenuis
tepals
terrestrial
tetrandra
texas
texture
thanX
thatR
erica, and has smaller violet flowers about 3 inches long.
All parts of the plants are highly toxic, and somewhat narcotic. Fruits are round thorny "apples", also toxic, but not likely to be eaten.
134d-01M
100-033N
134d-02P
Jimson Weed / ThornappleQ wrightii
* second (1)3-nerved; lemma thin, mostly 5-nerved, with a slender awn arising from the back anywhere from near the base to just below the tip, the lateral nerves often extended as 4 minute bristle-like teeth, the callus well developed and usually bearing a tuft of long hairs; palea well developed.
E Reedgrass
Complexity within this genus derives from the frequent formation of hybrids by closely related species and from the occurrence of apomixis in some species complexes. Apomixis is known to occur in three of our species: C. canadensis, C. purpurascens, and C. stricta (Nygren 1954, 1958). Because of the profusion of forms intermediate between the various species in this genus, Stebbins (1930) notes that recognition of variation below the level of species is of dubious value.
POACEAE
ciliate. Caryopsis adherent to the palea, be
balsam-apple
barley
begonia
black
currant
candytuft
carrotM
cucumber
fuschia
firechalice
hollyhock
hyacinth
lettuce}
lily-of-the-valley
millet
mustard
parsnipS
raspberry
sweet
william
teasel
tobacco
wildrye
william
willow
willow
willow
gaura
willow-weed
willowherb
windflower
windmill
windmill
grass
ledum
leersia
lemna
leonurus
lepidium
leptochloa
leptodactylon
lesquerella
leucelene
leucopoa
lewisia
ligusticum
limosella
linanthus
linaria
linnaea
linum
listera
lithophragma
lithospermum
lloydia
About 100 species of Reedgrass have been described, from cooler regions of the world. Mostly they are tall and slender, with a single flower in each spikelet.
P ReedgrassQ+canadensis
purpurascens
scopulorum
stricta
R5Bluejoint
Purple Reedgrass
Jones' Reedgrass
Slimstem
7A CatabrosaB
Beauv.
Catabrosa (Brookgrass genus)
See species description locally
BrookgrassG
POACEAE
Brookgrass is a small genus (7 species) of mostly Eurasian grasses. They are aquatic perennials, spreading by rhizomes (underground stems which root at intervals. We have a single species, which is widespread in Eurasia also.
BrookgrassQ aquatica
Brookgrass
CenchrusB
rostisB
WildryeQ0canadensis
cinereus
glaucus
junceus
triticoides
RQCanada Wildrye
Great Basin Wildrye
Blue Wildrye
Russian Wildrye
Creeping Wildrye
Elysitanion (X)B
Bowden
Elysitanion
A hybrid genus resulting from crosses between species of Elymus and Sitanion (Bowden 1967).
POACEAE
A>This is a hybrid genus between members of Elymus and Sitanion.
Q hansenii
Hansen Squirreltail
EragrostisB
Beauv.
ldrye is a moderate-sized genus (60 species) of grasses, often tall and rather coarse. They are of some importance as forage. Several species occur here, mostly native.
OatgrassG
POACEAEK
Two species of Oatgrass have been found in our area, both of them rare. The genus itself is fairly large, with 100 species in temperate regions of both hemispheres, most common in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
OatgrassQ
intermedia
unispicata
R"Timber Oatgrass
Onespike Oatgrass
DeschampsiaB
Beauv.
Deschampsia (Hairgrass genus)
Annuals or tufted perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat or inrolled, ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to contracted panicle, the branches commonly hairlike; spikelets often shiny, (1) 2 (3)-flowered, nearly terete to laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes, the rachilla prolonged beyond the upper floret as a usually hairy bristle, sometimes bearing a rudimentary floret; glumes thin, lanceolate, usually su
nthoniaB
DC. in Lam. & DC.
Digitaria (Crabgrass genus)
Annuals or perennials, stems erect to prostrate. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence of several slender, spikelike, mostly unbranched racemes terminating the stem in a whorl or racemosely arranged on a short axis; spikelets (1) 2 (3-5) per node, in pairs and appressed to the rachis (ours), one subsessile and the other short-pedicelled, arising from two sides of a triangular rachis or from one side of a fla
ttened one; spikelets dorsiventrally compressed, lanceolate or elliptic and somewhat planoconvex, disarticulating below the glumes, 2-flowered, the lowermost floret sterile, the uppermost fertile; first glume reduced or lacking, the second well developed, shorter than the florets; sterile lemma about equal to the fertile floret, prominently 5-nerved, similar to the second glume in texture, the fertile lemma firm and more or less glossy. rounded on the back, obscurely 3-nerved, acute at th
A AndrosaceB
Androsace (Rock Jasmine genus)
Low scapose annual (ours) or perennial herbs with fibrous roots or taproots; herbage often minutely pubescent with simple or branched, sometimes gland-tipped hairs. Leaves in a basal rosette, simple, entire or toothed. Flowers white or cream, 2-numerous in umbels subtended by an involucre consisting of a single whorl of small bracts; calyx top-shaped to hemispheric, 5-lobed, the tube becoming chartaceous in fruit; corolla funnelform to bell-shaped, with
a short tube, constricted throat, and 5 spreading to reflexed lobes; stamens 5, arising opposite the corolla lobes, included. Capsule thin-membranous, at least near the base, dehiscent from the apex along the 5 valves; seeds variously angled, minutely pitted, yellow to brown.
Rock JasmineG
PRIMULACEAE
sonii
A AnagallisB
Claytonia (Springbeauty genus)
Glabrous, often somewhat fleshy, annual or perennial herbs, the latter from fleshy taproots, rhizomes, or corms. Leaves entire, the basal 1-many, more or less persistent, the stem leaves 2, opposite, free or partially to completely fused around the stem (perfoliate). Flowers (1) 2-many, in one or more racemes; sepals 2 herbaceous, persistent; petals generally 5, white to deep pink or rose, free or fused at the base; stamens 5, opposite the petals and fus
ed with them at the base; ovary superior, the style 1 (3) with 3 stigmas. Capsule leathery, ovoid to obovoid, 1-chambered, 3-valved, opening from the apex by the inrolling of the valve margins; seeds 1-6, lenticular, generally black and shiny, often with a faint cobblestone pattern.
Springbeauty
Alyssum has about 150 species. We have 4 species, all of them introduced from Europe/Eurasia.
They are small annuals/biennials, variously decorated with star-shaped hairs easily visible with a good magnifier. Plants are about 4-12 inches tall with short narrow leaves. Flowers are usually yellow, but fading to white, only about 1/8 inch across or less.
Seed pods (silicles) are disc-shaped, 1/6 to 1/4 inch across. These help identify species:
A. alyssoides fine starry hairs, style 1/10 as
8long as pod
A. desertorum not hairy, style 1/5 as long as pod
A. minus coarse starry hairs, style 1/3 as long as pod
A. sjowitsianum oval, fine starry hairs, style 1/5 as long as pod
That is probably more than you want to know, but typical of what it takes to identify many mustards - if you have the seed pods.
about half as long as the nutlets (ours).
ghened or rarely smooth; style about half as long as the nutlets (ours).
E Bluebells
Geranium (Wild Geranium genus)
Annual to perennial herbs; stems erect to decumbent, frequently dichotomously branched. Leaves petioled and usually opposite near the base of the stem, often sessile and alternate in the inflorescence, sometimes chiefly basal and long-petioled, the blades more or less orbicular in outline and palmately (rarely pinnately) lobed or divided. Flowers (1)2 or more in cymes borne on axillary peduncles; sepals 5, persistent, free, often awned; petals 5, deciduou
s, free, often dark-veined and generally pubescent to some degree; stamens 10, all fertile or rarely 3-5 reduced to staminodes, the filaments free or fused near the base; ovary of 5 loosely fused carpels, the 5 styles united to form an ultimately elongate stylar column with 5 free stigmas at its summit. Schizocarp splitting from the base (often explosively so) into 5 mericarps at maturity, each with a usually persistent elongate style, this recurved from the base and ultimately coiled, all
replace
replenish
representative
represented
reproduce
reproducing
reproductive
reptileb
reputably
reputationV
reputedly
require[
required
requires
research
resemblanceZ
resemblances
resembleb
resembled
resembling
resident
resinous
resist
resistant
resource
respectively
restoring
restricted
resultZ
resultedl
retain
retainedj
retaining
retroflexusE
return
returned
reveals
revenge
reverse
reviewed
revisedE
revisionk
revisionsE
rhizomes
ribes
ricegrass
richest
acaulis
acetosella
acicularis
acuminata
acuminata
acuminatum
acutifolia
acutiloba
acutus
adoneus
adunca
aegyptium
aequalis
aestivalis
aestivum
aethiopis
affinis
africana
aggregata
airoides
albicaulis
albiflorum
albomarginata
album
albus
aleppicum
alismaefolius
alnifolia
alpigenus
alpina
alpinum
alpinus
alternans
altissimum
alyssoides
amarella
ambiguum
ambiguus
americana
americanus
amphibium
amplectens
amplexicaule
amplexicaulis
amplexifolius
amygdaloides
anagallis-aquatica
anagalloides
andersonii
androsaemifolium
anglicum
angustifolia
angustifolium
bulbosus
bursa-pastoris
caerulea
caespitosus
calceoliformis
californica
calycantha
calycina
campestre
dimorpha
dissectum
distans
divaricata
divergens
diversifolia
diversifolius
dodecandra
domingensis
dorrii
douglasii
douglasli
draba
dracunculus
drummondiana
drummondii
dubius
dulcamara
dumosus
eastwoodiae
eatonii
echinata
edulis
elaeagnifolium
elatius
elegans
elongata
elongatum
elynoides
emersum
endressii
engelmannii
ensifolius
episcopus
erecta
eremophilus
ericoides
erinacea
eriophorum
eriopoda
erythrorhizos
eschscholtzii
esculentus
esula
eurekensis
europaea
eurycarpum
exaltatum
exarata
exigua
exilis
fascicularis
fasciculata
fasciculatum
fatua
fendleri
fendleriana
filicinum
filifolia
filiformis
filix-femina
filix-mas
fimbriata
flabellaris
grayi
greenei
hastata
junceum
junceus
juniperinum
kaber
kelloggii
kentrophyta
kingii
labriformis
laciniata
lacustre
laeta
laevicaulis
laevigatum
lanata
lanatus
lanceolata
lanceolatum
lanceolatus
lanszwertii
lanuginosa
lanuginosum
lapathifolium
lasiandra
lasiocarpa
latifolia
latifolium
latifolius
ledifolius
leiomerus
lemmonii
lenticularis
lentiginosus
leonardii
lepidota
leptocladus
leptocoma
leptomeria
leptophyllum
leptosepala
lettermanii
leucanthemum
leucodermis
lewisii
ligusticifolia
linariifolia
linearifolia
linearifolius
linearis
lobata
lonchitis
lonchocarpus
lonchophyllus
tinctoria
tomentosa
tridentata
trifida
trilobata
tripartita
triternatum
umbrinella
undulatum
verrucosum
viscidiflorus
vulgare
wheeleri
mediumV
longifolia
longipes
longirostris
longispinus
longistylis
longivaginata
ludoviciana
lunaria
lupulina
lupulus
lutea
luteus
luzulina
lyallii
lyrata
macounii
macrantha
macrocera
macronema
macropetalum
macrophylla
macrophyllum
macrosperma
maculata
maculatum
maculosa
magnifica
major
malvaceus
malviflora
margaritacea
marginata
marina
marinum
maritima
maritimus
matronalis
media
recutita
repens
retroflexus
richardsonii
rosea
runcinata
ruthiae
rydbergii
sagittata
sativa
scouleri
serriola
solstitialis
speciosa
speciosus
sphondylium
spinosa
squarrosa
suave
suaveolens
tanacetifolia
tatarica
tenuifolium
tinctoria
tomentosa
tridentata
trifida
trilobata
tripartita
triternatum
umbrinella
undulatum
uniflora
ursinus
urticifolia
utahensis
uva-ursi
vallicola
variegatum
velutinus
venenosus
venosus
vermiculatus
verna
verrucosum
verticillata
verum
vesca
vestita
villosa
virgatum
virginiana
virginica
virginicum
viride
viridis
viridula
viscida
viscidiflorus
viscosissimum
viscosum
viviparum
vulgare
vulgaris
watsonii
wheeleri
whippleanus
whitneyi
wolfii
woodsii
wormskjoldii
wrightii
mediumV
xanthifolia
zothecina
acacia
acuminate
acuminate
onion
african
african
mustard
alder
alismaC
alkalib
alkali
asterb
alkali
marsh
asterb
alkali
popcorn
flower
cryptanth
alpine]
alpine
dusty
maideni
alpine
groundsel
alpine
pussytoes]
alyssum
amaranthE
angelicaG
anne'sM
mediumV
menziesii
mertensianus
mexicana
mexicanum
michauxiana
micrantha
micranthum
microcarpa
microcarpus
microphylla
microptera
miliaceum
millefolium
miniata
minimum
minimus
minor
minus
miser
missouriensis
modocensis
mollis
mollissimus
monogyna
monosperma
monspeliensis
montana
montanum
montanus
monticola
montigenum
moschatus
multifida
multiflora
multiflorum
multijuga
multilobatus
multiradiata
munita
muralis
murinum
muscoides
myrsinites
myrtillus
myuros
nardina
nauseosus
nebrascensis
neglecta
negundo
nemorosa
nemorum
neomexicana
nephrophylla
nervosa
neurophora
nevadense
nevadensis
strum
pratensis
procumbens
psilostachya
pubescens
pulchra
pumila
pumilus
purpurascens
purpureus
racemosa
radicans
traditional
camomile
prepared
anthemis
tree-of-heaven
genus
about
species
trees
twinpods
small
dramatic
genus
mustards
twistflower
genus
medium
sized
about
species
species
euclidium
native
eurasia
valerian
genus
about
species
almost
verbena
vervain
genus
about
species
mainly
violet
genus
about
species
wallflower
genus
about
species
temperate
whitecockle
genus
relatively
small
species
buckwheat
genus
large
about
specie
onion
genus
widespread
northern
hemispher
primula
prunella
prunus
pseudotsuga
psilocarphus
raphanistrum
rapunculoides
raynoldsii
rectifructa
recutita
rediviva
redowskii
regelii
repandum
repens
reptans
reticulata
retroflexus
retrorsa
rhexifolia
rhodanthum
rhomboidea
richardsonii
rigida
rigidula
rivalis
rivularis
robusta
rollinsii
romanzoffiana
rosea
rossii
rostellata
rostrata
rostratum
rotundifolia
rubella
rubellus
rubescens
rubiginosa
rubra
rubrum
ruderale
runcinata
ruthiae
rydbergii
saginoides
sagittata
sagittatum
salicaria
salicifolius
salina
sanguinalis
sanguineum
sarothrae
sarrachoides
sativa
saundersii
saxatile
saxicola
saximontanum
scabra
scabrida
scapoidea
sceleratus
sclarea
scoparia
scoparium
scopulina
scopulinum
scopulorum
sibirica
silvatica
simulate
canadensis
canariensis
candida
canescens
canina
cannabinum
canum
canus
capillare
capillus-veneris
capitatum
cardiaca
cardinalis
carinatus
carolinense
carolinianum
carolinianus
carota
carvi
caseana
cataria
catenata
caudatus
cereale
cereum
cernua
cernuum
cespitosa
cespitosum
chalepensis
chamaejasme
chambersii
chamissoi
chamissonis
cheiranthoides
chilense
chilensis
chlorantha
chromosa
cibarius
cicer
cicutarium
cilianensis
ciliata
ciliatum
ciliatus
cinerea
cinereus
circinatus
coccinea
coltonii
columbiana
columbianum
comata
commixta
communis
compositus
compressa
concatenata
concinna
concolor
confertiflora
confertifolia
confinis
confusus
congesta
contorta
dimorpha
disperma
dispersa
newberryi
nigra
nigrum
nitens
nivalis
nodosus
norvegica
nutans
nutkana
nuttalliana
nuttallianum
nuttallii
oblongifolia
obtusa
obtusifolius
obtusiloba
occidentale
occidentalis
octoflora
odontoloma
odorata
odoratissima
officinale
officinalis
oleracea
oleraceus
oligosperma
orcuttiana
oregana
oreophilus
orientalis
orthoceras
orthorhynchus
oryzoides
osteosperma
ovalifolium
ovina
pachystachya
pallida
palmeri
palustre
palustris
panguicense
paniculatus
parishii
parryi
parthenium
parviflora
parviflorum
parviflorus
parvifolia
olius
porteri
portulacastrum
praeceptorum
praegracilis
praelongus
pratense
pratensis
heterosperma
hippiana
hirsuta
hirsutissima
hirta
hispida
hispidus
holboellii
hoodii
hookeri
hoopesii
hordeaceus
horridulum
hortensis
howelliana
hudsonianum
humilis
hybridum
hydrophilus
hyemale
hyemalis
hymenoides
hymenosepalus
hyperborea
hyssopifolia
hyssopifolium
hystrix
idaeus
idahoense
illota
imbricatus
inamoenus
incana
incarnata
incisum
indecora
indica
indivisa
inerme
inermis
inflatum
integerrimus
integrifolia
integrifolius
interior
intermedia
intermedium
interrupta
interruptus
intertexta
intybus
involucrata
ischaemum
jacobaea
jamesiana
japonicus
johnstonii
jonesii
jovis
jubatum
annua
annuus
anomalus
anserina
antirrhina
aparine
apetalus
aphanactis
applegatei
approximata
aquatica
aquatilis
aquilinum
arachnoidea
arbuscula
arctica
arcticus
arenarioides
argentea
argenteus
argillosa
argophyllus
arguta
aristatum
arizonica
arizonicum
artemisiifolia
arundinacea
arvense
arvensis
asarifolia
asclepiadoides
asper
asperifolia
asperula
asperum
athrostachya
atrabarba
atrata
atratus
atropurpurea
attenuata
aurantiaca
aurea
aureum
australis
austromontana
autumnale
aviculare
axillaris
azurea
backii
balsamifera
balsamita
barbarum
barrelieri
basilaris
bebbiana
bigelovii
bisceptrum
bistortoides
blitoides
bolanderi
boothii
boreale
botrys
brachyactis
brachyantherum
brachycalyx
preussii
primiveris
procerus
procumbens
proserpinacoides
prostrata
prostratus
pseudacorus
psilostachya
pterosperma
pubescens
pudica
pulchellum
pulcherrimum
pulchra
pulverulenta
pulvinata
pumila
pumilus
punctata
pungens
purpurascens
purpurea
purpureum
purpureus
pusillum
pusillus
pygmaea
pyramidata
pyrenaicum
quamash
quinquefolia
racemosa
racemosum
radiata
radicans
rafaelensis
ramosissima
ramosissimum
indian
hempV
indian
parsleyP
indian
potatoQ
indian
ricegrass
inland
inland
sedge
intermediateV
intermediate
dogbaneV
intermediate
wheatgrass
intermounbtain
intermounbtain
ladies
tresses
iodine
iodine
iodinebush
island
island
yellowcress
ivesia
ivy-leaf
ivy-leaf
duckweed
ivy-leaved
ivy-leaved
speedwell
ivyleaf
ivyleaf
speedwell
jacob's
jacobsladder
jagged
jagged
chickweed
james's
james's
chickweed
jamesia
japanese
japanese
knotweed
japanese
hairy
chess
jasmine
jenny
jerusalem-oak
jessie's
jessie's
tickweed
mustard
jimson
jimson
joe-pyer
joe-pye
weedr
4-angled
4-parted
4-sided
parvula
patagonica
patens
patientia
patula
pauciflora
pauciflorus
paucifolius
pectinacea
pectinatus
pedatum
pensylvanica
pentagona
pentandra
peplus
peregrina
peregrinus
perelegans
perennans
perenne
perennis
perfoliata
perfoliatum
perforatum
persica
persicaria
petasata
phaeacantha
phaeocephala
phylicifolia
pinchotti
pinnata
pinnatifida
piperita
plantago-aquatica
platyphyllus
polifolia
polyacantha
polyrhiza
ponderosa
porrifolius
porteri
portulacastrum
praeceptorum
praegracilis
praelongus
pratense
pratensis
030-003M
030-002N
014-021P
HenbaneR
Henbane
Black Henbane
CentranthusB
(L.) DC.
CentranthusG
VALERIANACEAE
The Centranthus genus has about a dozen species of annuals and perennials, native to the Mediterranean region. We have a single species (Red Valerian), often grown in gardens and sometimes becoming established outside the garden.
CentranthusR
Red Valerian
HederaB
ARALIACEAEP
convallarioides
convolvulus
cordatus
cordifolia
corniculata
corymbosa
cotula
coulteri
crassifolia
crassisepala
crassulus
crenulata
crispa
crispus
cristatum
crusgalli
cryptandrus
cryptoceras
cuneata
cuneifolia
curassavicum
curvipes
cusickii
cuspidatum
cyananthus
cyanus
cylindrica
cymbalaria
cymboides
dactylon
danthonioides
dasystachyum
debile
debilis
demersum
demissum
densa
densiflorum
densifolia
dentata
dentatus
depauperata
deppeana
desertorum
desperatus
deweyana
diandrus
dianthopsis
dichotomiflorum
dictyotum
diffusum
digyna
dilatata
dimorpha
dioica
disperma
dispersa
grandis
grayi
greenei
groenlandica
grossulariaefolia
guadalupensis
guttatus
halepense
hansenii
hastata
havardii
haydeniana
hederacea
hederifolia
hendersonii
heracleoides
hermaphroditica
hesperium
hesperius
heterophylla
americana
anagallis-aquatica
arvensis
biloba
catenata
hederifolia
peregrina
persica
serpyllifolia
wormskjoldii
officinalis
HAmerican Speedwell
Brooklime
American Brooklime
Water Speedwell
Common Speedwell
Corn Speedwell
Snow Speedwell
Bilobed Speedwell
Chain Speedwell
Ivyleaf Speedwell
Ivy-leaved Speedwell
Purslane Speedwell
Necklace Weed
Persian Speedwell
Birdseye
Thyme-leaved Speedwell
Thyme-leaf Speedwell
Alpine Speedwell
Wormskjold's Speedwell
SelaginellaB
Beauv.
Selaginella (Spikemoss genus)
See species description locally
E SpikemossG
SELAGINELLACEAE
The Spikemoss genus is a lare one of about 500 species worldwide, evergreen herbs, commonest in warm moist regions. They reproduce by spores, not seeds. Stems tend to be sprawling, covered in short leaves.
We have a single species, Watson's Spikemoss.
subulata
suksdorfii
sulphurea
sylvestris
syriacum
syzigachne
szowitsianum
tanacetifolia
tanacetifolium
tatarica
tectorum
tenella
tenellum
tenellus
tenerrima
tenuifolium
terrestris
tessellata
testiculatus
tetramera
tetrandra
texensis
thaliana
thapsus
thurberiana
tilingii
tinctoria
tinctorum
tolmiei
tomentosa
torreyana
torreyi
trachycarpum
trachycaulum
tremuloides
triangularis
trichomanes
tricolor
tridactylata
tridentata
trifida
trifidum
triflorum
trigonophylla
trilobata
trionum
tripartita
triphylla
trisulca
triternatum
triticeum
triticoides
trivialis
truxillensis
turbinella
tweedyi
umbellata
umbellatum
umbrinella
unalascensis
undulatum
uniflora
unispicata
urbanum
subulata@
ursinus@
agoseris@
alpine
dusty
maiden@
american
sloughgrass@
annual
aster@
beautiful
shooting
star@
bigleaf
balsamroot@
black
groundsel
black
locust@
bluebur
desert
stickseed@
borage
branchy@
brown@
buffaloberry@
canada
fleabane@
chambers's@
clammy
groundcherry@
cobwebby@
common
cattail@
common
hornwort@
common
yampa
corn@
crested
wheatgrass@
cutleaf
water-parsnip@
desert-parsley@
douglas
campion
douglas
rabbitbrush@
dune@
enchanter's@
engelmann
fleabane
fairy@
field
chickweed@
fleece
flower@
fremont
groundsel
fringed
stoneseed@
geyer
giant
ducksmeat@
grass
alisma@
richardson's@
running-myrtle@
sandberry@
seapurslane@
serrate@
siskiyou@
slender
dodder@
arearranged
areasG
arenaria
areoles
argument
argumentsy
arise
arisen
arises
arising|
arizonai
armed
arnica`
arnow
arnow'sE
aroma
aromaticL
aroundG
arrangedY
arrangementq
arrangements
arrayl
arrow-shaped
arrowheadc
arrowleafc
artemisiaa
arthur
artless
arundina
scouleri
scouleriana
scribneri
secunda
semiverticillatus
sepium
septentrionalis
sericeus
serotina
serpens
serpyllifolia
serra
serriola
serrulata
sibirica
silvatica
simulate
sinuata
smithii
solstitialis
sophia
sparsiflora
sparsiflorum
spathulata
speciosa
speciosus
spectabilis
sphondylium
spicata
spicatum
spinosa
squarrosa
stansburii
stauropetala
stellaris
stellata
stenoloba
sterilis
stipata
stolonifera
straminiformis
streptanthifolius
striata
stricta
strictus
strumarium
suave
suaveolens
subnuda
flaccidus
flammula
flava
flavescens
flavoculata
flavula
flavus
flexilis
floribunda
floribundus
foeniculaceum
foliaceus
foliosissimum
foliosus
fontanum
formosa
formosum
fragiferum
fragilis
fragrans
fragrantissima
fremontii
frondosa
frondosus
fruticosa
gairdneri
gambelii
gardneri
garrettii
geniculatus
genistifolia
germanica
geyeri
geyeriana
gigantea
glabella
glabellus
glaberrimum
glaberrimus
glabra
glabrum
glandulosa
glandulosum
glauca
glaucodes
glaucum
glaucus
glomerata
glomeratus
glyptosperma
gordonii
gracile
gracilis
gracillima
gramineum
gramineus
grandidentatum
grandiflora
grandiflorum
beckwithii
bicknellii
bicolor
biennis
bifolium
bigelovii
biloba
bipinnitifida
bisceptrum
bistortoides
blattaria
blitoides
bolanderi
boothii
boreale
botrys
brachyactis
brachyantherum
brachycalyx
brachycarpum
brachystylis
bracteata
bracteosa
brandegei
brevicaule
brevicaulis
breviflora
brevissimus
brevistyla
breweri
brizaeformis
bromoides
bufonius
bulbifera
bulbosa
bulbosus
bursa-pastoris
caerulea
caeruleum
caespitosa
caespitosum
caespitosus
calceoliformis
calecolus
californica
californicum
calycantha
calycina
calycosa
campestre
beckwithii@
brachycarpum
canadensis@
convallarioides@
dissectum@
episcopus
flaccidus@
gordonii
grandis@
havardii
heterosperma@
junceum@
longifolia@
medium@
newberryi@
parvula@
preussii@
rapa@
scouleri@
sinuata
sparsiflora
Description
pigweedE
pilot
pimpernel
pincushion
pincushion
plant
violet
pineapplej
pineapple
weedj
pinnate
pinnate
tansy
mustard
pipsissewa
plain
plain
dodder
plains]
plains
prickly
plains
pussytoes]
planeleaf
planeleaf
willow
plant
small-leafG
small-leaf
angelicaG
small-leavedG
small-leaved
angelicaG
smoothA
smooth
mapleA
smooth
sumacF
southernO
southern
ligusticumO
spiderX
spider
milkweedX
spreadingR
spreading
dogbaneV
spreading
sweetrootR
spring-parsleyL
springparsleyL
squawbush
stinkingP
stinking
lomatiumP
sumacF
swampX
swamp
milkweedX
sweetR
sweet-cicelyR
sweetanise
sweetrootR
ternateP
ternate
lomatiumP
threadleafP
threadleaf
lomatiumP
tumblingE
tumbling
pigweedE
utahG
angelicaG
virginia
virginia
creeper
Turkey PeasG
APIACEAE
AeOrogenia contains only two tiny species, O. linearifolia and O. fusiformis which occurs further west.
Turkey PeasQ
linearifolia
Indian Potato
A OsmorhizaB
water
plantainC
water
sedge
water
smartweed
water
speedwell
water
springbeauty
water
starwort
water-cress
water-parsnipH
watercress
waterfern
waterleaf
watermeal
waternymph
waterparsnipH
waterweed
watson'su
watson's
orchid
watson's
death
camas
watson's
goldenbushu
watson's
slenderlobe
watson's
spikemoss
watson's
synthyris
wavy-leaf
wavy-leaf
paintbrush
wavyleafn
wavyleaf
thistlen
currant
flower
weatherglass
wedge-leaf
wedge-leaf
cinquefoil
wedgeleaf
wedgeleaf
draba
wedgescale
weedj
weedy
weedy
milkvetch
westernR
western
asterb
western
baneberry
labrador
Rhus (Sumac genus)
Polygamous or dioecious shrubs or small trees, often with resinous bark. Leaves alternate, pinnately or palmately compound or rarely simple. Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual or rarely bisexual, borne in terminal or axillary panicles; calyx persistent, mostly 5-lobed, with a flat, lobed disc lining its base; petals 5, greenish to white or yellow, spreading at flowering; fertile stamens 5; ovary 1-chambered; styles 3, free or fused at the base. Drupe small, whitish orBD red to red-brown, subglobose or compressed, pubescent or glabrous.
SumacG
ANACARDIACEAEK
SumacQ
glabra
radicans
trilobata
R<Smooth Sumac
Poison Ivy
Skunkbush
Squawbush
Lemonade Sumac
AngelicaB
tanding of plant relationships, many plants will be moved into the Amar
Amaranth / PigweedQ
albus
blitoides
retroflexus
Angelica (Angelica genus)
Perennial herbs from a stout taproot; stems solitary, usually simple below and branched in the inflorescence. Leaves 1-2 times pinnate or ternate, the ultimate segments broad and distinct, toothed and sometimes 1- or 2-cleft, the lateral veins oriented toward the tips of marginal teeth, not toward the sinuses between them; petioles of lower leaves sheathing only near the base, those above more prominently sheathing, the uppermost leaves often reduced to a bla
deless sheath. Flowers in 1-several compound umbels; involucre usually lacking, sometimes replaced by a bractlike, bladeless, sheathing petiole; involucel of entire bractlets or lacking; calyx teeth lacking or inconspicuous; petals white or rarely pink or yellowish; epigynous disc margins often somewhat lobed or wavy and broader than the immature fruit; stylopodium broadly low-conic. Fruit strongly compressed parallel with the commissure, the lateral ribs with broad, thin to corky wings; t
Water HemlockG
APIACEAE
gThere are four known species of Cicuta, one of which occurs around the northern hemisphere, the other three being American.
Cicuta maculata and Cicuta douglasii occur in the western U.S. and are difficult to tell apart. This led to our local plants being referred to as Cicuta douglasii for many years, but they have now been reassigned to the other species.
Water HemlockQ
douglasli
R$Douglas Water Hemlock
Water Hemlock
ConiumB
Conium (Poison Hemlock genus)
See species description locally
AngelicaQ
pinnata
wheeleri
arguta
RISmall-leaf Angelica
Small-leaved Angelica
Wheeler Angelica
Utah Angelica
BerulaB
Hoffm. ex Bess.
Berula (Water Parsnip genus)
See species description locally
Water ParsnipG
APIACEAEK-There is only a single species in this genus.P
Water ParsnipQ
erecta
R+Cutleaf Waterparsnip
Cutleaf Water-parsnip
CarumB
Carum (Caraway genus)
See species description locally
CarawayG
APIACEAEKAAbout 50 species of biennial herbs, some used as culinarry herbs.P
CarawayQ
carvi
Caraway
CicutaB
Cicuta (Water Hemlock genus)
See species description locally
Lomatium (Desert Parsley or Biscuitroot genus)
Perennials from fleshy tubers or taproots, the latter short and thick or elongate with 1 or more rounded protuberances spaced along the axis. Leaves often entirely or chiefly basal, variously compound and often much dissected. Flowers in compound umbels; involucre usually lacking or inconspicuous; involucel often well developed, in some species confined to one side of the umbellet, rarely lacking; rays few to numerous, the central umbelle
ts often sterile and reduced; calyx teeth well developed to obscure or lacking; petals yellow or white, less often purple; stylopodium obscure or lacking. Fruit glabrous to pubescent, narrowly elongate to orbicular or obovate, strongly flattened parallel with the commissure and with more or less well-developed membranous to corky lateral wings, or the fruit scarcely flattened and the lateral wings obsolete; dorsal ribs threadlike, wingless or narrowly winged (sometimes with well-developed
E SpeedwellG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
The Speedwells are annual or perennial herbs, about 200 species occurring in the northern temperate regions, especially of the Old World. Plants are usually found in or near water, or in damp meadows. Leaves are most often opposite, except for in the flowering parts where leafy bracts may be alternate. They are smooth or toothed.
Flowers are solitary in leaf junctions, or in small clusters. Four sepals come in 2 pairs. Petals are joined around the base, and flare out into 4 lobes with theinalis
HawksbeardG
ASTERACEAE
Hawksbeard is a large genus of perhaps 200 species, mostly European or African, only 12 native to the U.S. They are members of the Lettuce tribe, having milky juice and heads composed entirely of ray flowers. Flowers are almost always yellow. Leaves are typically deeply lobed in a feather pattern.
Most of our plants belong to a group in which the borders between species are very difficult to define, because of oddities in their breeding patterns - they are as likely to fertilize themselve
-s as they are to breed with other plants. Don't be surprised if plants appear to be a blend of more than one type.
In many ways the hawksbeards resemble the dandelions. Seeds are wind-carried by a ring of bristles, but they are attached directly to the ring, rather than by a slender stalk ("beak").
028-014M
121-013P
HawksbeardQ:acuminata
atrabarba
modocensis
occidentalis
runcinata
jThw Wolfberry genus is widely distributed, with about 100 species of spiny shrubs of warm regions. Leaves are alternate, in small bundles on older branches.
Flowers are mostly 4 or 5 lobed, white, yellow or pink to violet. Fruit is a berry, usually reddish.
We have a single species, Matrimony Vine, a native of China which was widely planted as an ornamental.
017-007M
076-023N
017-006P
Wolfberry / Desert-thornQ barbarum
Matrimony Vine
A NicotianaB
Nicotiana (Tobacco genus)
See species description locally
TobaccoG
SOLANACEAE
E%Wolfberry / Desert-thorn
Desert-thornG
SOLANACEAE
ocally
of its dense flower clusters.
069-017P Speedwell
biennis}
bigger
biggest
biggish
bigleafc
bigtoothA
bilateral
bilaterally
bilberry
bindweed
birch
birches
bird's
bird's-foot
bird's-foot
trefoil
given
plants
because
birdeye
birdsX
birdsbeaks
birdsbeaks
small
genus
annuals
occurring
western
bisexual[
bistorts
bitter
bitterbrush
bittercress
bitterroot
bittersweet
blackq
black-eyed
blackberry
blackbirds
bladder
bladder
ferns
small
genus
species
around
bladderpods
bladderpods
large
genus
about
biennials
bladders
bladdery
C Reichenb.
Perideridia (Yampah genus)
See species description locally
YampahG
APIACEAE
Most of the 15 species of Perideridia are from the western U.S. All are perennials, growing from a thick tuber. These roots were gathered for food by Native Americans.
YampahQ
gairdneri
bolanderi
Common Yampa
SiumB
Sium (Water Parsnip genus)
See species description locally
Water ParsnipG
APIACEAEKVThis is a small genus of about 8 species, in north temperate regions and South Africa.P
Water ParsnipQ
suave
Hemlock Water-Parsnip
ApocynumB
description locally
Apocynum (Dogbane genus)
Perennial herbs from rhizomes; stems commonly branched, erect to trailing; herbage glabrous to pubescent. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled. Flowers in bracteate, terminal and axillary cymes; calyx 5-lobed; corolla greenish-white to white or pink, cylindric to bell-shaped, the tube with basal, arrowhead-shaped appendages alternating with the stamens, the limb 5-lobed; stamens arising at base of the corolla, the filaments short and broad, the anthers connivent
5around and lightly adherent to the large ovoid stigma; pistil 1, the 2 ovaries subtended by 5 distinct nectaries, the style essentially lacking and the broadly ovoid stigma sessile or subsessile. Follicles slender, paired or occasionally only one developing; seeds numerous, each with an apical tuft of hair.
DogbaneG
APOCYNACEAE
rt; stigma 5-angled, flat-topped. Follicles fusiform or narrowly lanceolate.
Kingsbury (1964) states that many species of Asclepias have somB
e degree of toxicity.
MilkweedG
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Our only members of the family occur in the large genus Asclepias.
MilkweedQHasperula
incarnata
speciosa
macrosperma
ruthiae
labriformis
cryptoceras
MilkweedQHasperula
incarnata
speciosa
macrosperma
ruthiae
labriformis
cryptoceras
ROCreeping Milkweed
Spider Milkweed
Antelope Horns
Swamp Milkweed
Showy Milkweed
AchilleaB
Achillea (Yarrow genus)
See species description locally
YarrowG
ASTERACEAE
Most of the 75 species of Yarrow occur in the Old World. Some of these with yellow or purple flowers are grown here as ornamentals.
They are typified by highly dissected, feathery leaves, and by very hairy foliage. Flowers are arranged in small heads, which in turn are grouped in flat, tight clusters. Each head, about 1/4 inch across, looks very much like a small flower, but in fact contains 10-70 tiny flowers.
YarrowQ
millefolium
Common Yarrow
Milfoil Yarrow
AgoserisB
Mountain DandelionQ
aurantiaca
glauca
heterophylla
RROrange Dandelion
Orange Agoseris
Mountain Dandelion
Pale Agoseris
Annual Agoseris
AmbrosiaB
Ambrosia (Ragweed genus)
Monoecious annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, herbage commonly pubescent throughout. Leaves opposite or alternate, mostly lobed or dissected. Heads entirely of unisexual disc flowers; staminate heads nodding in terminal ebracteate spikes or racemes, the involucral bracts fused to form a cuplike, 5-12-lobed, green involucre, the receptacle flat or nearly so, naked or with threadlike bristles subtending at least the outer flowers, the stamens with filaments fu
Our only members of the family occur in the large genus Asclepias, the true Milkweeds. Many plants contain toxic alkaloids which deter most insects. The Monarch butterfly, however, has learned how to deal with them. Eggs laid on the plants hatch into caterpillars which store the toxins in their bodies. Mature butterflies are then highly toxic to birds, which soon learn to avoid them.
Showy Milkweed (A. speciosa) is by far the most common and widespread, and is familiar as the milkweed of
}our roadsides, growing to 4 feet tall or more.
Creeping Milkweed (A. asperula) is much less familiar to most people. It occurs in the dry foothills, and is rarely more than 18 inches tall. Once you find it, enjoy the intricate ball of flowers.
Swamp Milkweed (A. incarnata) has been found here in the past, but its semi-aquatic habitat has neen almost eliminated from the valley.
greenleaf
greenmolly
greyishL
grindelt
gromwell
gromwells
groundE
groundcherry
groundsels
groundsmokes
group[
groupedY
grouping
groupsb
grouse
growO
growingE
grownY
growsL
withA
wither
gnifier or microscope.
P PussytoesQ4alpina
corymbosa
dimorpha
rosea
umbrinella
neglecta
Alpine Pussytoes
Flattop Pussytoes
Plains Pussytoes
Low Pussytoes
Rose Pussytoes
Rosy Pussytoes
Umber Pussytoes
Mountain Pussytoes
AnthemisB
Anthemis (Chamomile or Dogfennel genus)
Annual or perennial, usually aromatic herbs or dwarf shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or 2-3 times pinnate. Heads with both ray and disc flowers or rarely with disc flowers only, solitary and terminal on the branches of the inflorescence; involucre saucer-shaped to hemispheric, the bracts generally in 2 or 3 series and subequal to imbricate, membranous-margined, thin and subherbaceous to firm and chartaceous; receptacle convex to cone-shaped, ch
seed case.
plantainC
plantain
buttercup
plantainleaf
plantainleaf
buttercup
pleasant
pleasant
buttercup
pleated
plectritis
poisonF
poison
hemlockK
poison
polecat
polemonium
polypody
ponderosa
ponderosa
pondweed
man's
weatherglass
popcorn
poplar
poppy
popweed
potatoQ
pottawattami
pottawattami
poverty|
poverty
brome
poverty
sumpweed|
poverty
weed|
poverty-weed
prairie
prairie
pepperweed
prairie
rocket
prairie
smoke
prairie
spurge
pretty
pretty
cinquefoil
pretty
jacob's
ladder
pretty
shooting
pretty
wallflower
pussytoes]
rosy]
pussytoes]
roughf
rough
brickellbushf
rough
fiddleneck
rubberl
rubber
rabbitbrushl
All three Mulleins in our area are originally from SE Europe or SW Asia, where there are about 250 species of biennials or perennials. They sometimes form huge stands. Hundreds of acres of Antelope Island are covered with the tall stems, though not tightly packed.
Stems are usually tall and unbranched, ours reaching 6 feet for Woolly Mullein. Leaves are both basal and on the stem, as is typical of biennials.
Our 3 species have yellow flowers, which are very attractive (see individual sp
ecies). Flowers are almost evenly round, unlike most members of the Figwort family. They form densely crowded spikes in Woolly Mullein (Photo 1), small clusters without individual stalks in Wand Mullein (Photo 2), and are usually solitary on a stalk in Moth Mullein (Photo 3).
005-012M
010-014N
096-022P
MulleinQ
blattaria
thapsus
virgatum
R9Moth Mullein
Flannel Mullein
Woolly Mullein
Wand Mullein
Artemisia (Sagebrush or Wormwood genus)
Herbs or shrubs, often strongly aromatic, glabrous to woolly hairy and frequently glandular- punctate. Leaves alternate, entire to much dissected. Heads small, entirely of bisexual disc flowers or sometimes the marginal flowers pistillate and the central ones sterile, generally numerous, often nodding, borne in a paniculate inflorescence which sometimes appears racemose or spicate; involucral bracts imbricate, at least the middle ones nearly as
wide as long and rounded, broadly membranous-margined or the inner ones membranous throughout; receptacle flat to conical, naked or with long hairs, corolla to 1 mm long, pale yellow, often red-tinged or red, frequently gland-dotted; style branches flat, truncate, without appendages. Achenes ellipsoid to obovoid, most 1.5 mm long (ours), 2-5-ribbed or smooth, usually glabrous; pappus none.
k brown or blackish; receptacle naked; staminate flowers with the anthers tailed at the base, the style undivided or shallowly cleft, and the pappus of minutely barbed or more coarsely branched bristles, the latter club-shaped in outline; pistillate flowers with a threadlike tubular corolla and a 2-cleft style. Achenes terete or slightly compressed; pappus of numerous, soft, hairlike bristles united at the base and generally falling in a ring.
E PussytoesG
ASTERACEAE
usual among plants, they are dioecious, having separate plants for male and female flowers. There is not much difference visually, as the individual flowers are very tiny and are disc flowers without colorful rays. A. dimorpha is an exception, in that the male and female heads can be distinguished.
We have five species locally, which can be difficult to tell apart.
The origin of the name "Arnica" is unclear. About 30 species are known, widespread around the northern hemisphere, but concentrated in western North America.
They typically have several pairs of opposite leaves alonf a slender stem, and are moderately to markedly hairy. Flowers are always yellow or orange, usually with long ray flowers.
We have six species locally. By far the most common is the Heart-leafed Arnica: although leaves are often heart-shaped they vary a lot and can be quite dBrifferent.
Parry's Arnica is very distinctive, in that it sometimes lacks ray flowers, so the heads look wanting.
ArnicaQDchamissonis
cordifolia
latifolia
longifolia
mollis
parryi
rydbergii
RkChamisso Arnica
Heartleaf Arnica
Broadleaf Arnica
Longleaf Arnica
Hairy Arnica
Parry Arnica
Rayless Arnica
!A ArtemisiaB
BalsamorhizaB
Nutt.
Balsomorhiza (Balsamroot genus)
Perennials from stout, rough-barked taproots. Basal leaves large, the stem leaves 1-several, generally much reduced. Heads large, usually solitary; involucre hemispheric or nearly so, the bracts in 2-4 subequal or somewhat imbricate series, usually herbaceous throughout (ours); receptacle chaffy, the receptacular bracts folded around the achenes; ray flowers pistillate and fertile, yellow or rarely dark pink; disc flowers numerous, bisexual and fertile,Balsamroot genus)
Perennials from stout, rough-barked taproots. Basal leaves large, the stem leaves 1-several, generally much reduced. Heads large, usually solitary; involucre hemispheric or nearly so, the bracts in 2-4 subequal or somewhat imbricate series, usually herbaceous throughout (ours); receptacle chaffy, the receptacular bracts folded around the achenes; ray flowers pistillate and fertile, yellow or rarely dark pink; disc flowers numerous, bisexual and fertile,
036-032P
FleabaneQ
arenarioides
caespitosus
compositus
coulteri
divergens
eatonii
engelmannii
garrettii
glabellus
leiomerus
lonchophyllus
peregrinus
pumilus
speciosus
ursinus
aphanactis
Rock Fleabane
Wasatch Daisy
Wasatch Fleabane
Tufted Fleabane
Fernleaf Fleabane
Coulter Fleabane
Coulter's Daisy
Spreading Fleabane
Spreading Daisy
Eaton Fleabane
Eaton's Daisy
Engelmann Fleabane
Engelmann's Daisy
Garrett Fleabane
Garrett's Daisy
Smooth Fleabane
Smooth Daisy
Rockslide Fleabane
Glaber Daisy
Spearleaf Fleabane
Longleaf Daisy
Peregrine Daisy
Subalpine Daisy
Strange Daisy
Low Fleabane
Vernal Daisy
Showy Fleabane
Oregon Daisy
Bear River Fleabane
Bear Daisy
EupatoriumB
Eupatorium (Joe-Pye Weed or Boneset genus)
See species description locally
Joe-Pye Weed
BonesetG
ASTERACEAE
to describe, hence the emphasis in the key on the natur
Sagebrush
WormwoodG
ASTERACEAE
To Americans "Artemisia" means Sagebrush, and usually the Big Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata. However, the genus is a large one with about 100 species occurring through the northern hemisphere and South America. "Wormwood" is used as a common name for many of the European species, some of which have migrated here as herbs such as Tarragon and Absinthe. Plants vary from annual herbs to woody shrubs up to 10 feet tall.
Foliage is aromatic with a herbal "anthemideous" odor. Subtle difference
s abound in the smells of the various plants. Flowers occur usually in long spikes of inconspicuous heads, there being no ray flowers. Individual flowers may be effectively male, female, or perfect (bisexual).
We have 6 species in our local area. One of them, A. tripartita, was found for the first time in 1997 in Big Cottonwood Canyon. Another, Michaux's Sage, occurs in Utah County and may extend here in the mountains.
greaterW
greater
periwinkleW
greater
seaspurrey
green
green
bristlegrass
green
cinquefoil
green
gentian
green
needlegrass
green
shinleaf
green
spleenwort
greenish
greenish
wintergreen
greenland
greenland
bluegrass
greenleaf
greenleaf
bluebells
greenmolly
gromwell
ground
ground
ground-cherry
groundcherry
groundsel
groundsmoke
groundweed
grouseberry
gumweedt
hackberry
hairgrass
hairleaf
hairleaf
water
crowfoot
hairy`
hairy
arnica`
hairy
bittercress
hairy
crabgrass
hairy
draba
hairy
golden
astery
hairy
goldeneye
hairy
goldenweedu
hairy
nightshade
hairy
rockcress
hairy
vetch
hairy
whitetop
leafyb
leafy
asterb
leafybractb
leafybract
asterb
lemonadeF
lemonade
sumacF
our foothills. Leaf blades are up to a foot long and ..... arrowhead shaped. White appearance is due to hairs on the leaves and stems.
Cutleaf (Bigleaf) Balsamroot is the principal "big yellow daisy" towards the top of Emigration Canyon, and over into the next drainages. Leaves are up to 2 feet long, but being deeply lobed into sections do not seem as big as those of the Arrowleaf Balsamroot.
Hooker's Balsamroot is a smaller plant with finely lobed leaves. I have seen it only in the soutCHhwest corner of the valley, where housing development may threaten it.
022-014M
051-025N
049-022P
BalsamrootQ
hookeri
macrophylla
sagittata
ROHooker's Balsamroot
Cutleaf Balsamroot
Bigleaf Balsamroot
Arrowleaf Balsamroot
BellisB
generally yellow; anthers arrowhead-shaped; style branches flattened with elongate hairy tips. Achenes of the ray flowers 3-angled, those of the disc flowers compressed-quadrangular, usually glabrous; pappus typically lacking.
BalsamrootG
ASTERACEAE
Balsamroots are named for the herbal-aromatic character of their thick roots, which have been used medicinally.
Like their close relatives the Mule's Ears (Wyethia), balsamroots are large perennial herbs with thick taproots. Three of the eight species occur in our area. Very large leaves form a cluster at the base, and bright yellow flowers up to 6 inches across make them a spectacular part of the spring show on the hillsides.
Arrowleaf Balsamroot is the most familiar, being dominant in
leaflets).
Both our species occur in lower elevations, preferring wet sites such as the banks of the Jordan River or Farmington Bay.
BeggarticksQ
cernua
frondosa
R5Nodding Beggarticks
Bur Marigold
Devil's Beggarticks
BrickelliaB
Brickellia (Brickellbush genus)
Perennial herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, often glandular-punctate. Heads entirely of bisexual disc flowers; involucre cylindric to bell-shaped, the bracts imbricate in several series, chartaceous to membranous, with fine longitudinal lines; receptacle flat, naked; flowers 3-many per head, white to greenish-yellow (ours) or orange to pink-purple, the style branches with short stigmatic lines and elongate papillose appeB
ndages. Achenes cylindric, (5) 10-ribbed, usually hairy; pappus of 10-80 hairlike bristles, these smooth or minutely barbed to subplumose.
BeardtongueG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Penstemons are the largest genus of flowering plants which are restricted to North America, 280 species which occur nowhere else in the world. Utah has the highest concentration, with over 70, eight native to our local area. They are perennial herbs, with a few shrubs. Leaves are usually opposite, mostly plain or toothed.
Flowers are mostly in small tight clusters at leaf junctions, creating a spike with sub-clusters (Photo 1). Each flower has a calyx that is split 5 ways almost to the
Figwort (Scrophularia) is named in both English and Latin for diseases it was suposed to cure: 'the fig' was an old name for piles, or haemhorroids, which the flowers somewhat resembled; scrofula was a disease of the lymph nodes. There are about 150 species, mostly in temperate Eurasia, with 10 in the U.S.
They are perennial herbs with square stems (unusual for the family) and opposite leaves.
Flowers are greenish purple to dark reddish brown, rather globular and undistinguished. Our siB/ngle species, the Lanceleaf Figwort, is native.
005-033M
005-034N
063-011P
FigwortQ
lanceolata
Lanceleaf Figwort
Synthyris B
Benth. in DC.
Synthyris (Kittentails genus)
See species description locally
over the world. Fruits often have barbed hairs, enabling them to stick to fur, clothes or skin - hence the "beggarticks".
"Bidens" (two teeth) refers to the unusual character of the bracts around the flower heads, which are of two very distinct types: the outer ones are large and usually leaflike, the inner smaller and membranous.
Leaves are usually opposite, and may be simple (with a single blade) or compound (with severalB
leaflets).
Both our species occur in lower elevations, preferring wet sites such as the banks of the Jordan River or Farmington Bay.
BeggarticksQ
cernua
frondosa
BrickelliaB
junegrasses
junegrasses
small
genus
northern
hemisphere
juniper
junipers
justP
keats
kellogg's
kentrophyta
kidney-shaped
kinds
king's
kingii
kinnikinnick
kitchensO
kittentails
kittentails
small
genus
perennials
western
kittentials
knapweedh
knobs
knotweed
knotweeds
knownJ
kochia
kolob
krascheninnikovia
labelled
labrador
labrador
small
genus
shrub
species
xCarduus is a genus of about 80 species of thistles native to Eurasia and North Africa. They are considered a separate genus from the typical Cirsium thistles because of small differences in the bristles of the pappus (thistle down). The Musk Thistle is well established as a roadside weed in our area.
As is typical of thistles they lack ray flowers, and have spiny leaves.
ThistleQ
nutans
Musk Thistle
Nodding Thistle
(A CentaureaB
Centaurea (Knapweed genus)
See species description locally
KnapweedG
ASTERACEAE
ThistleG
ASTERACEAE
Hedgehog Cacti are a medium-seized genus (45 species) of the southwestern U.S. and Mexico. They are low mound-forming plants, fiercely spined, with colorful flowers. However, the spines are not usually barbed, so they are less troublesome than the Prickly Pears.
There are two species in Utah, only one of which comes this far north. The southern species is the Engelmann's Hedgehog or Purple Torch. This is quite common in the deserts of the southern part of the state, as in Zion National B
Park. We are near the northern limit of the Claret Cup Cactus. Flowers are smaller, slightly inrolled petals are red, rather than purple.
000-044P
Hedgehog CactusR
Claret Cup
LinnaeaB
TwinflowerG
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Dusty Maidens are a group of about 25 species of taprooted herbs. The leaves are finely divided into segments, and commonly have a dusty appearance due to a dense covering of hairs.
We have two in our area.
Douglas Dusty Maiden, or simply Dusty Maiden, occurs widely from British Columbia to Montana, and south to Arizona and California. It is found both in the lowlands and the mountains.
Alpine Dusty Maiden is a smaller plant of high elevations, above 10,000 feet in our area.
Dusty MaidenQ
alpina
douglasii
R=Alpine Dusty Maiden
Douglas Dusty Maiden
Douglas Dustymaiden
ChamomillaB
S. F. Gray
Dusty MaidenG
ASTERACEAE
Helianthus (Sunflower genus)
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves simple, the lowermost opposite, the remainder generally alternate, petioled throughout. Heads large, solitary or in corymbs; involucre more or less hemispheric, the bracts herbaceous, subequal to imbricate in 2 or more series; receptacle flat to low-convex, chaffy throughout; ray flowers sterile, yellow; disc flowers bisexual, numerous, the corolla yellow or the lobes purple-brown, the style branches flattened, with externB
ally hairy appendages. Achenes moderately compressed, more or less 4-angled, with 2 acute and 2 obscure angles; pappus of 2 (rarely more) lanceolate, long-tapered, readily deciduous scales.
E SunflowerG
ASTERACEAE
The Sunflower genus has about 50 species in North America. They tend to be coarse herbs, often to 6 feet tall, with cultivated ones being even taller. Some species are annual plants, while others are perennial. Leaves are opposite on the lower stem, but often alternate elsewhere. Leaves and stems are very rough in most cases.
We have two native sunflowers. The Common Sunflower is native to the western U.S. and has become a weed elsewhere - very familiar along roadsides. Nuttall's SunfloweBZr is uncommon in our area: its habitat (marshes and streambanks) has all but disappeared.
006-026M
035-028P SunflowerQ
annuus
nuttallii
R%Common Sunflower
Nuttall's Sunflower
HeterothecaB
Cass.
Heterotheca (Golden Aster genus)
See species description locally
Golden AsterG
ASTERACEAE
less than 2 mm wide (to 4 mm wide in E. peregrinus), white to pink, blue, purple, or rarely yellow; style of the disc flowers with acute to obtuse appendages. Achenes usually compressed, 2-7 (14)-nerved; pappus of few to rather numerous, often fragile, minutely barbed, hairlike bristles, commonly with a short outer series of chaffy scales or bristles.
Species in this genus, though unquestionably distinct, differ in characters difficult to describe, hence the emphasis in the key on the natuC-re of the pubescence. We recommend patience.
Fleabane
DaisyG
ASTERACEAE
appendages. Achenes terete or angled, variously hairy; pappus of numerous, unequal white to tan, minutely barbed, usually persistent, hairlike bristles. Cassini's original spelling of the generic name was Aplopappus, but the name Haplopappus is conserved by international agreement. Disagreement exists as to whether or not Haplopappus constitutes a natural grouping of species. Some workers prefer to t
GoldenweedQ=acaulis
lanceolatus
macronema
parryi
rydbergii
linearifolius
Cushion Goldenweed
Stemless Goldenweed
Hairy Goldenweed
Meadow Goldenweed
Whitestem Goldenweed
Cobwebby Goldenweed
Parry Goldenweed
Parry's Goldenrod
Rydberg Goldenweed
Watson's Goldenbush
HeleniumB
Helenium (Sneezeweed genus)
Annual or perennial herbs from fibrous roots (ours). Leaves simple, alternate, glandular-punctate, often decurrent on the stem. Heads solitary to numerous in a flat-topped inflorescence; involucral bracts herbaceous in 2 or 3 subequal series; receptacle convex to globose, naked, ray flowers pistillate or sterile, mostly orange to yellow, sometimes lacking; disc flowers numerous, bisexual, the anthers minutely auricled or arrowhead-shaped at the base, the st
At the time of publication (1980) of Arnow's book on which this CD is based, it was widely known that the Goldenweed genus (Haplopappus) needed revision. It was large and heterogeneous. Since then reasonable agreement has been reached, and our five plants will be renamed:
Quite a dramatic shift! Plants all have bright golden yellow flowers, but differ widely in their growth habits. The Ericamerias are small shrubs, Solidago has long contained the Goldenrods, and the others are herbs.
erbs.
Louseworts have some truly strange flowers. It is a very large genus with 400 species around the Northern Hemisphere, mostly in colder places. Most are perennials with alternate leaves, which are sometimes toothed or whole, but usually divided featherwise.
Flowers are in spikelike clusters, the calyx split into 2-5 segments. Corolla can be white to yellow, or red to purple, with 2 lips. These take on most unusual shapes, irresistibly reminding one of elephants' heads (Photo 1), or with gr
zeater effort parrots' beaks and other zoological wonders (Photo 2). The highly divided leaves can be seen in Photo 3.
This large genus will become the center of a new family (PEDICULARIACEAE) to house the Louseworts, Paintbrushes, Owl Clovers and Birdsbeaks, with which they have much in common. Some botanists prefer to include this whole group in with the Cancer-root family.
isc flowers bisexual and fertile with the somewhat flattened, truncate style branches terminating in a tuft of minute hairs. Achenes subterete to angled, striate or ribbed to somewhat winged; pappus a short crown or lacking. European botanists have removed many species traditionally assigned to this genus and placed them in a number of different genera, basing their classification chiefly on the morphology and anatomy of the achenes (see Tutin et al. 1976).
The Fleabanes or Daisies are a very difficult group. There are many of them (15 in our small area, 70 in the Intermountain region). For the most part they can be distinguished from Asters by the arrangement of bracts around their flower heads: fleabanes have one even series of narrow bracts, asters several overlapping series. It's not foolproof, however. Fleabanes also tend to have finer, more numerous ray flowers ("petals").
The first picture compares Showy Daisy and Engelmann's Aster. S
ome of our more noteworthy fleabanes are:
Spreading Fleabane (E. divergens) 12" tall, small flowers, valleys to mid-montane.
Coulter's Daisy (E. coulteri) 18' tall, flower heads to 2 1/2 inches, white, black hairs, wet places in mountains.
Garrett's Fleabane (E. garrettii) Low, white, large flower heads, mountains.
ocensis
occidentalis
runcinata
ErigeronB
al, variously pinnately lobed to merely toothed or rarely entire, the stem leaves few, alternate, generally much reduced, occasionally bractlike or lacking. Heads 1-numerous, entirely of bisexual ray flowers; involucral bracts generally in 1 or 2 sets, the outer, when present, much shorter than the inner, often unequal and relatively inconspicuous, the inner or principal bracts e
longate and equal, in a few species the bracts imbricate; receptacle flat to convex, naked or somewhat hairy; rays yellow (ours), often fading to whitish in the dried specimen, style branches threadlike, long-tapered or truncate. Achenes terete or nearly so, gradually tapered to the summit but not distinctly beaked, smooth or 10-20-ribbed; pappus copious, of soft, white, hairlike bristles, these smooth or minutely barbed, falling separately or in clumps but not in a ring.
Chaenactis (Dusty Maiden genus)
Annual to perennial, taprooted herbs. Leaves alternate, entire to pinnately much dissected. Heads entirely of bisexual disc flowers; involucre hemispheric to top-shaped, the bracts herbaceous and narrowly elongate, in 2 or 3 subequal to loosely imbricate series; receptacle generally naked; flowers yellow to white or pink, the corolla usually densely glandular; style branches slightly flattened, acute, generally externally hairy at the tips. Achenes subB
cylindric to clubshaped, terete to somewhat compressed, usually appressed-hairy; pappus of 4-20 membranous scales in 1 or 2 series, those of the marginal flowers considerably shorter than those of the inner flowers.
Dusty MaidenG
ASTERACEAE
Most of the 16 species are native to the western U.S. with some overlap into Canada and Mexico. Leaves are simple in outline, aromatic, and alternate along the stem. Plants are usually small to medium shrubs or subshrubs.
Flower heads contain no ray flowers. However, they are numerous and crowded together. The disc flowers are intensely yellow (1 species white), so the whole array can be quite spectacular.
Some species are very wide ranging, and have well-defined varieties in different aB
reas.
[Revisions in nomenclature have resulted in several species being included in Ericameria. This includes our two species.]
RabbitbrushQ
nauseosus
viscidiflorus
RORubber Rabbitbrush
Douglas Rabbitbrush
Viscid Rabbitbrush
Mountain Rabbitbrush
-A CichoriumB
Cichorium (Chicory genus)
See species description locally
nes (see Tutin et al. 1976).
base. The corolla is basically tubular and bilateral with 5 lobes, the proportions of these varying greatly among the species. Colors are predominantly blues and violets, with a minority of bright red-flowered species, and a few white or yellow. Stamens deserve comment. There are 4 fertile stamens with anthers, and a fifth which has none. This "staminode" is often hairy, and extends to the opening of the corolla like a tongue - hence the name "beardtongue". Differences in the staminode pro
vide one of the main ways of telling the differents species apart. Penstemon derives from 'pene' (almost) rather than 'pent' (five). Photo 2 shows a close-up of a penstemon flower which has been opened up to show the stamens and staminode. Photo 3 is of a miniature species jsut a few inches tall, with both staminode and style visible.
Numerous plants have been brought into cultivation, and there is a whole society dedicated to their culture, the American Penstemon Society.
063-035M
087-032N
038-005P
HawkweedQ%albiflorum
gracile
scouleri
greenei
RAWhite Hawkweed
Slender Hawkweed
Woollyweed
Houndstongue Hawkweed
;A HymenoxysB
Cass.
Hymenoxys
See species description locally
E HymenoxysG
ASTERACEAE
Most of the 25 species in Hymenoxys are North American, and have showy yellow flowers and aromatic foliage.
Traditional classification lists only one for our area, but Orange Sneezeweed (Helenium hoopesii) may be renamed as a member, based on chemical evidence.
011-007P HymenoxysQ!grandiflora
richardsonii
acaulis
Graylocks
black
locust
black
medick
black
mustard
black
nightshade
black
black
prickly
currant
black
raspberry
black
twinberry
black-eyed
black-eyed
susan
blackcreeper
blackcreeper
sedge
blackroot
blackroot
sedge
blackscaled
blackscaled
sedge
bladder
bladderpod
blazing
blazing
bleedingheart
blister
blister
buttercup
blite
blue}
beardtongue
bugloss
camas
clematis
columbine
elderberry
jacobsladder
lettuce}
mustard
spurge
tansy
mustard
vervain
violet
wildrye
willow
blue-eyed
blue-eyed
bluebells
bluebunch
bluebunch
wheatgrass
bluebur
HawkweedG
ASTERACEAE
Hawkeed is quite simple in our area (half a dozen species in the Intermountain Region), but incredibly complicated in Asia and Europe. Because of peculiarities in its breeding system there appear to be enormous numbers of species (10,000 by some accounts!) Disentangling the details will probably leave only a few hundred.
Hawkweeds have relatively small flower heads, containing only ray flowers. These are mostly yellow, but can be orange or white. Leaves have the milky juice characteristicB
of the lettuce tribe.
We have 3 species:
White Hawkweed found in shaded apots in the middle montane areas;
Slender Hawkweed found in the high mountains;
Wollyweed found in the foothills to subalpine zones (very hairy).
termountain Region), but incredibly complicated in Asia and Europe. Because of peculiarities in its breeding system there appear to be enormous numbers of species (10,000 by some accounts!) Disentangling the details will probably leave only a few hundred.
Hawkweeds have relatively small flower heads, containing only ray flowers. These are mostly yellow, but can be orange or white. Leaves have the milky juice characteristicB
of the lettuce tribe.
We have 3 species:
White Hawkweed found in shaded apots in the middle montane areas;
Slender Hawkweed found in the high mountains;
Wollyweed found in the foothills to subalpine zones (very hairy).
Owl Clover has about 25 species, mostly in the western U.S. They are in the Paintbrush group, and will go with them as the family is divided. To many people in our area they have been a source of confusion: the particular species of Owl Clover shown in Craighead's Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Flowers is not at all like our species, and much more like one of our paintbrushes. Owl Clovers have bracts which may be colored or leaf-like, and a tubular calyx. The corolla is 2-lipped, but unlike
that of paintbrushes, the lips are of more or less equal size - a magnifier might be needed for this. Structure of an Owl Clover flower is best seen in Photo 1, which is of a plant occurring on the west coast: the broad rose-colored flaps are the floral bracts, whilt the corolla's 2 lips are of conveniently different colors, one just a little longer than the other.
We have 2 species, one (Tolmie's Owl Clover, Photo 3) a common plant of rocky slopes in the high mountains, the other (Yello
CQrated as L. pulchella. Flowers are blue, found in moister, more shaded habitats.
007-034M
012-002N
036-013P
LettuceQ&biennis
ludoviciana
serriola
tatarica
RnTall Blue Lettuce
Biennial Lettuce
Western Lettuce
Lousiana Lettuce
Wild Lettuce
Prickly Lettuce
Blue Lettuce
LapsanaB
Lapsana
See species description locally
NipplewortG
ASTERACEAE
with 3 spreading or appressed lobes; stamens 4, didynamous, enclosed by the upper corolla lip; stigmas globose. Capsule compressed and asymmetrical, often curved and dehiscent on the upper portion.
E LousewortG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
in spikelike to subglobose, bracteate racemes; calyx 2-5-cleft, often irregularly so; corolla white to yellow or red to purple, 2-lipped, the upper lip narrow and hooded with the tip often prolonged beyond the hooded portion and variously curved, the lower lip generally shorter than the upper,
l CloverG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
ranous margins, the outer ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the various inner series coming progressively longer and narrower, acute and often minutely hairy at the apex; receptacle flat, naked; flowers relatively few (5-56 per head in our species), the rays yellow, blue, purple, or white, truncate at the apex. Achenes oblong to oblanceolate, compressed, 1-several-nerved on each face, marginally strongly nerved to winged, distinctly beaked or rarely merely tapered to the apex; pappus of numerous,C8 soft, smooth or occasionally minutely barbed bristles.
LettuceG
ASTERACEAE
inate with funnelform corollas to 6 mm long. Achenes wedge-shaped to obovoid, somewhat compressed; pappus none.
E"Sumpweed / Povertyweed
PovertyweedG
ASTERACEAE
Lettuce contains about 50 species native to Europe and N. America. They typically have milky juice, and only ray flowers in their heads, yellow or blue, occasionally whitish.
Cultivated lettuce is an annual, imported from Europe. It builds a thick cluster of leaves at the base, and then sends up a 3-4 foot flowering stalk. Our wild lettuces have much tough leaves and make less of a basal rosette before flowering.
Of the 4 listed in the present edition of Arnow's book, two were known onl
y from single collections many years ago (L. biennis and L. ludoviciana). They have been removed from the new edition.
Prickly Lettuce is by far the most common, sending its spindly stalk up to about 5 feet along roadsides and trailsides in the valleys and foothills (it is a weed from Europe). Flowers are yellow, but you must catch them in the morning.
Blue Lettuce is truly native, but closely related to a Russian species: depending on ones views it may be included as L. tatarica or sepa
plant
plant's
plantay
plantain
plantainleaf
planted
plantes
planting
plantings
plantsE
plants
hairless
annuals
perennnials
usually
platanthera
platelike
platyopuntias
plays
wn family.
BQ(canescens
commixta
kingii
tanacetifolia
R^Hoary Tansyaster
Hoary Aster
United Tansyaster
Bigelow's Aster
King's Tansyaster
King's Aster
MadiaB
Madia (Tarweed genus)
Annual or perennial, tar-scented herbs. Leaves alternate or occasionally opposite, linear to oblong, entire or the lower blades remotely toothed. Involucral bracts herbaceous, uniseriate, each bract completely enclosing a ray achene, the involucre thus appearing deeply grooved; receptacle bearing between the ray and disc flowers a single row of bracts, these often more or less united; ray flowers pistillate and fertile; disc flowers bisexual, the style branches f
lattened and externally hairy, at least above. Ray achenes usually moderately compressed, with a sharp ventral angle and a narrow flat back, generally faintly longitudinally striate, lacking a pappus; disc achenes similar or abortive, a pappus of a few scales sometimes present.
in some species a pappus lacki
Machaeranthera (Tansyaster genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or shrubs from a well-defined taproot, this sometimes surmounted by a branching caudex. Leaves simple, alternate, entire or toothed (ours) to variously pinnately parted, the teeth or ultimate segments terminating in minute, sharp, horny tips. Heads generally numerous in a corymbose or paniculate inflorescence; involucre top-shaped to hemispheric, the bracts scarcely to strongly imbricate in several series, usually herbaceous
above and chartaceous below, typically narrow and acute, less often obtuse, the green tips erect to spreading, often strongly reflexed; receptacle flat, naked; ray flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays lavender to purple or less often white to yellowish, rarely lacking; disc flowers bisexual. Achenes top-shaped to linear-oblong, subterete to compressed, glabrous to densely hairy; pappus persistent, of somewhat unequal minutely barbed, white to brown bristles, in some species a pappus lacki
About 20 species of western N. America. Members of the lettuce tribe, they have milky juice and only yellow ray flowers.
Our only species is the Nodding Scorzonella, a spring flower of the foothills.
ScorzonellaQ
nutans
R'Nodding Scorzonella
Nodding Microseris
FA OnopordumB
Onopordum (Cotton Thistle genus)
See species description locally
Cotton ThistleG
ASTERACEAE
This genus of thistles is from the Mediterranean, and contains about 20 species.
Our uninvited guest is the Scotch Cotton Thistle which grows to 6 feet.
Cotton ThistleQ
acanthium
R4Scotch Cotton Thistle
Scotch Thistle
Winged Thistle
PerityleB
Benth.
r of the foothills.
PetradoriaQ
pumila
Rock Goldenrod
PsilocarphusB
Nutt.
Psilocarphus
See species description locally
PsilocarphusG
ASTERACEAE
Four species of low, white-woolly annuals make up the genus Psilocarphus. The colloquial name is "Woolly Marbles". Only one is present in our area, the diminutive Psilocarphus brevissimus, which might be translated as "really short woolly marbles".
PsilocarphusQ
brevissimus
Psilocarphus
Woolly Marbles
JA RudbeckiaB
Rudbeckia (Coneflower genus)
See species description locally
ConeflowerG
ASTERACEAE
pumila
Rock Goldenrod
michaux'sa
michaux's
wormwooda
microseris
milfoilP
milfoil
lomatiumP
milfoil
yarrowY
milkvetch
milkweedX
milkwort
millet
millet
woodrush
millions
miner's
miner's
lettuce
miniature
miniature
monkeyflower
missouri
missouri
goldenrod
mistletoe
miterwort
cucumber
modocp
modoc
hawksbeardp
molly
money
money
plant
monkeyflower
monkshood
montana
montana
larch
montane
montane
meadowrue
montia
moonwort
morning-lily
mosquitofern
campion
mosspink
mullein
mother
mother
millions
motherwort
narrowleafC
narrowleaf
gromwell
narrowleaf
lomatiumP
narrowleaf
water
plantainC
pepperweed
nineleafP
nineleaf
biscuitrootP
nipplewort
noddinge
Several different genera may be called Coneflower, so the name is not easy to pin down. What they have in common is a large bulging center made up of disc flowers, with or without a circle of ray flowers. Prairie Coneflower (Ratibida columnaris) has such a ring. Western Coneflower (Rudbeckia occidentalis) completely lacks ray flowers, but our other Rudbeckia (Black-eyed Susan) has them.
ConeflowerQ
occidentalis
hirta
R$Western Coneflower
Black-eyed Susan
SenecioB
townsendia
trapper's
trapper's
treacle
treacle
mustard
tree-of-heaven
trefoil
tresses
trisetum
trumpet
tuber
tuber
starwort
tuftedq
tufted
evening
primrose
tufted
fleabaneq
tufted
hairgrass
tufted
rockmat
tumbleweed
tumblingE
tumbling
mustard
tumbling
orach
tumbling
pigweedE
tundra
tundra
twayblade
tweedy's
tweedy's
plantain
twin-flower
twinberry
twincrest
twincrest
onion
twinflower
o-seed
two-seed
orach
uinta
uinta
groundsel
umbellate
umbellate
starwort
umber]
umber
pussytoes]
umbrella
umbrella
starwort
umbrellawort
united
united
tansyaster
utahG
angelicaG
bladderpod
buttercup
honeysuckle
ivesia
juniper
cranberry
crazyweed
crazyweeds
cream
cream-colored
createn
creating]
creek
creeper
creepingX
cress
crevice
crevices
crimson
crises
criterion
critical
cronquist
crops
cross
crowdedl
crowdingh
crowfoot
crwoded
cryptanth
cryptanth
cat's
large
genus
about
species
ad in habitat, a streamside perennial (most others are also yellow) to 2 feet tall. Another showy plant of wet places is the pink Lewis's Monkeyflower, while the diminutive Yellow Monkeyflower
truncate end. Achenes cylindric, 5-10-nerved; pappus of numerous, soft, smooth or minutely barbed, usually white, hairlike bristles.
Groundsel
ButterweedG
ASTERACEAE
The Groundsels are a very large and difficult group. Over a thousand species have been described from all over the world. They vary widely in general form (herbs, shrubs, vines, trees), but are relatively uniform in their flower structure.
A unifying feature is that the bracts around the flower heads are fairly uniform and narrow, and form a single row, sometimes with overlapping. Often their tips are black. Separate from the main row of bracts is usually a small number of shorter "outer
e, receptacle flat to convex, naked; ray flowers pistillate, fertile, yellow (ours) to orange-red or sometimes lacking; disc flowers bisexual, fertile, the style branches somewhat flattened and minutely hairy at the
Orthocarpus B
Nutt.
Orthocarpus (Owl Clover genus)
Annuals; stems erect, often diffusely branched. Leaves alternate, sessile, entire or toothed to pinnately dissected.
Flowers distinctly bilaterally symmetrical, in leafy-bracteate spikes or spikelike racemes; calyx tubular or bell-shaped equally 4-lobed or cleft into 2 lateral segments with each primary segment more shallowly lobed; corolla 2-lipped, the tube narrow, the upper lip beaklike, straight or slightly curved, entire or nearly so at the acute Leaves alternate, sessile, entire or toothed to pinnately dissected.
Flowers distinctly bilaterally symmetrical, in leafy-bracteate spikes or spikelike racemes; calyx tubular or bell-shaped equally 4-lobed or cleft into 2 lateral segments with each primary segment more shallowly lobed; corolla 2-lipped, the tube narrow, the upper lip beaklike, straight or slightly curved, entire or nearly so at the acute
The Dandelion genus remains "in utter confusion" according to one of the foremost botanists of the 20th century, Arthur Cronquist. Actually, it's the botanists who are in confusion, and freely admit it. The problem stems from the fact that dandelions can reproduce in more than one fashion, generating instant "microspecies" - plants that look very distinct, and that seem to reproduce the new form.
Although more than a thousand microspecies have been described, there are probably no more thB
an a hundred. We have a single species the Common Dandelion, which may show forms with smooth leaves or exuberately toothed leaves, etc.
P DandelionQ
officinale
Common Dandelion
Tetradymia B
cliffs.
diversifolia
OA TaraxacumB
Weber
splitA
splits
splitting
spore-bearing
spore-producing
spores
spots
spottedh
sprangletops
sprawl
sprawlingE
spread-out
spreadingq
spreadsE
springP
springbeauty
springparsleysL
springs
sprouts
spruce
spruces
spruces
evergreen
trees
about
species
numerous
spurge
spurges
squashed
squirreltail
squirreltails
squirreltails
species
known
hybridize
stages
stalkp
stalked
stalks
relationshipsE
relative
relativelyG
relativesc
release
reliable
relieve
remain
remaining
remains
remember^
reminding
removed}
renamedu
renaming
renowned
repeatedly
plenish
representative
represented
reproduce
reproducing
reproductive
reptileb
reputably
reputationV
reputedly
require[
required
requires
research
resemblanceZ
resemblances
resembleb
resembled
resembling
resident
resinous
resist
resistant
resource
respectively
restoring
restricted
apartA
aphyllon
apotsz
apparent
apparently
appealing
appear_
appearance]
appearing
apple
apples
licaG
archetype
arctic
suggests
roots
least
species
asclepiasX
asiaR
asian
aspects
aspen
asperulaX
asperum
aspidotis
it'sq
itegrated
lackingf
lacks`
lactuceaem
laidX
lanceolatau
lanceolatusu
largeA
larger
largestP
lateb
lately
latin
latitudes
latterj
lavender
lavenders
there
single
species
genusH
there
single
species
goldenrod
seems
there
dyer's
people
there
species
iodine
occurring
across
there
argument
whether
genus
theseT
bottomsA
boulders
bouncing
boundaries
bowden
bower
bowls
bracken
brackish
bract
bractlets
bracts]
braids
bramble
brambles
branch
branched
brown
bugloss
builds}
bulging
marigold
beggarticks
genus
about
species
frome
burdocks_
burweed[
butterfliesX
butterflyX
button
buttonsh
cabbage
cabbages
californiai
cally
called[
calyx
listedO
lists{
literal
literally
littlew
little
polecat
member
genus
which
littleleaf
livesZ
livestock
living
lizard
lobedA
lobelia
lobes
localJ
localized
locallyG
located
locoweed
locoweeds
locoweeds/milkvetche
locust
lodgepole
lomatiumP
loment
lupine
lupines
lupinus
lupulus
lychnis
C3w Owl Clover, Photo 2) a plant of lower elevations.
093-004M
096-003N
038-033P
Owl CloverQ)luteus
tolmiei
imbricatus
hispidus
R&Yellow Owl Clover
Tolmie's Owl Clover
Pedicularis B
Pedicularis (Lousewort genus)
Perennial or rarely evidently annual herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed to more often pinnately lobed or dissected. Flowers distinctly bilaterally symmetrical, borne in spikelike to subglobose, bracteate racemes; calyx 2-5-cleft, often irregularly so; corolla white to yellow or red to purple, 2-lipped, the upper lip narrow and hooded with the tip often prolonged beyond the hooded portion and variously curved, the lower lip generally shorter than the upper,
alder
alkali
alkali
heath
alkali
alkaligrass
alumroot
alyssum
amaranthE
amaranth
pigweedE
anchusa
angelica
apera
apple
arabidopsis
arnica
arrowgrass
arrowhead
asparagus
aspen
aspidotis
aster
avens
balsamroot
baneberry
barberry
barley
barley
foxtail
barnyard
barnyard
grass
beardgrass
beardtongue
bedstraw
bedstraw
cleavers
beeplant
beeplant
spider
flower
beggar's
beggarticks
bellflower
bells
bentgrass
bermuda
bermuda
grass
bindweed
bindweed
morning
glory
birch
bird's-foot
bird's-foot
trefoil
birdsbeak
biscuitrootP
to obtuse tip, the lower lip somewhat shorter than or nearly equal to the upper one, often pouched, and either entire or 3-toothed at the tip; stamens 4, didynamous, arising near the summit of the corolla tube, included in the upper lip, the anther sacs unequally attached to the filaments, one terminal, the other pendulous from the apex or sometimes absent; stigma unlobed, terminating in a minute tuft of hair. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid seeds few to many, reticulate or pitted.
Owl CloverG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
038-033P
Owl Clover
reachingG
readilyW
readilydistinguished]
realized
really
reasonableu
reasonably
reasons
reassignedJ
recentj
recentlyO
reclaimed
reclamation
reclamations
reclassified
reclusive
recognizable
recognizably
recognize
recognizedb
recordedb
recovering
rectangular
recurving
red-flowered
red-winged
reddish
redeeming
redrootE
reduced
reeda
regular
relate
relatedj
orogenia
contains
species
linearifolia
osier
osmorhizaR
osmorhiza
species
occurring
north
south
americR
otherJ
othersL
otherwise
apartA
members
family
occur
large
genus
asclX
representative
low-growing
perennial
widely
ours_
outere
outermost
outlinel
outwards
overZ
overall
overlapl
overlappingb
overlooked
dogsV
dogwood
dominantc
dominated
don'tp
double
doubt
douglasi
douglasiiJ
downg
downingia
downingia
about
species
native
western
downward-hanging
dozend
draba
draba
quintessential
little
brown
birds
plant
drainage
drainagesc
dramaticu
dramatically
dripping
dropped
dropseed
dropseed
large
genus
species
richest
warmer
drosophila
drugsW
drummond's
drupes
during
dustyi
dusty
maidens
group
about
species
taprooted
dwarf
dwellers
dyer's
vincaW
vinesW
violetn
violets
violin
virgin's
virginia
virginiana
virginicum
virtues
viscum
visible
visually]
vivid
volume
vulgarek
wallflower
wallrocket
wanting`
warmerf
wasatchr
washington
withinV
without]
wonderfullyP
woodlandR
woodsb
woodya
woolly\
workj
worldY
wormwooda
wrappingG
wyethiac
yarrowY
yearsJ
yellowL
yellow-greenP
yellowishf
finelyP
finerq
finged
finger-like
fingergrass
fingergrass
about
species
warmer
regions
fingers
finish
fireweed
firly
genus
about
species
occurring
mainly
firsta
fitting
flapG
flaps
flare
flaring
flatL
flat-sedge
flat-topped
flats
flatsedge
flattened
flavor
flaxflower
flaxflower
about
species
southwestern
fleabaneq
fleabanesb
flehy
flesh
fleshy
floating
flora
floral
mostlyP
mound-forming
mountainA
mountain
native
north
temperate
regions
where
mountain
lover
genus
species
mountain
mahogany
small
genus
about
species
mountainous]
mountainsL
mouse
mouse
genus
consists
group
small
inconspicuous
mouse-ear
moutain
mouth
alder
genus
represented
single
species
alkali
heath
genus
family
within
parsnip
genus
native
eurasia
where
there
aboutS
pearlwort
genus
species
northern
temperate
pellitory
genus
about
species
worldwide
peppergrasses
pepperweeds
worldwide
genus
periwinkles
cultivated
vines
extensively
pheasant's
genus
small
about
species
pigweed
genus
family
occurring
pimpernal
genus
european
about
species
plantain
genus
species
worldwide
popcorn
flower
genus
mostly
native
americas
poplar
cottonwood
aspen
genus
about
species
poppy
genus
largest
narrowly
defined
poppy
prickly
pears
constitute
large
genus
around
prince's
pipsissewa
genus
consists
radish
genus
species
native
mediterranean
parsnip
genus
native
eurasia
where
there
about@
puncturevine
genus
about
species
regions
ragweed
genus
scourge
people
because
sneezeweed
genus
named
helenium
after
helen
stickseed
genus
closely
related
tickweed
genus@
traditional
camomile
prepared
anthemis
whitecockle
genus
relatively
small
species
white-flowered@
whitish@
wollyweed@
yellow
yellowrocket@
beggar's@
bitterbrush@
caraway@
clover@
everlasting@
globemallow@
groundsmoke@
joe-pye@
john's@
knapweed@
loosestrife@
milkweed@
paintbrush@
reed@
scrambled@
snowberry@
sunflower@
timothy@
velvetgrass@
windflower@
woodrush@
acaulis@
annua@
amaranthE
amaranthusE
amateur
amazing
americaK
americanJ
americansT
americanus
americas
amongV
amounts
ample
heart-shaped`
heartleaf
heath
heavily
heavy
hedge
hedgehog
hedgehog
cacti
medium-seized
genus
species
heel-cup
height
heights
helical
heliotrope
hemisphereG
hemispheresO
hemlockP
hencee
hendersoniiL
herbf
herbal^
herbal-aromaticc
herbalists
herbsI
hereX
heterogeneousu
heterophyllaZ
heterothecay
hidden]
highL
higherA
highlyX
hillsidesc
history
hoary
holdb
honeysuckle
honeysuckles
honor
honoring
honors
hooked
hooker'sc
hoopesii{
pleasant[
pleasure
plectritis
plectritis
small
genus
species
mostly
western
plentiful
plumes
plums
plusV
podsV
poinsettia
point
pointed
poisonP
poisonous
polecat
pollen[
pollination
pollinators
polygonum
polypodium
polypodium
genus
whole
family
polypody
ponderosa
ponds
poor|
poorly
popcorn
poplar
poplars
poppy
popular
popularityW
population
populations
porcelain
portion
portions
possibly
potato
potentilla
togetherA
toldA
tolerance
tolerate
tolmie's
tomato-like
tomatoes
tomentosum
tones
tonestus
tongue
tongues
tooth
toothbrushes
toothed
topmost
torch
total
totally
toughP
towardsc
tower
townsend
townsendia
toxicX
toxinsX
troublesome
troyv
trueX
truly}
trumpet-shaped
trunk
tuberT
tubular
tufts
tumbleweedE
tumblingE
turnY
turner
twelveb
twenty
twenty
north
american
species
thelypodium
genus
ip of 3, but this division is sometimes weak. The opening of the tubular section is called the throat, and the raised section of the lower lip the palette. This area often hairy, and spotted with red. Seed capsules are cylindrical, often enclosed in the calyx which expands into a papery sheath - some visible in Photo 3.
We have 7 species, with an eighth having been added since the first edition of Arnow's book. Several of these are small and inconspicuous, and not likely to be found witho
ut searching. Yellow Monkeyflower (Photo 3) is the most common and widespread in habitat, a streamside annual (most others are also yellow) to 2 feet tall. Another showy plant of wet places is the pink Lewis's Monkeyflower, while the diminutive Subalpine Monkeyflower likes wet places in the upper mountains.
In the revised naming scheme the whole genus will be put into its own family.
Monkeyflower
Linaria (Toadflax genus)
Annual to perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite to whorled, sessile. Flowers distinctly bilaterally symmetrical, in terminal spikes or racemes; calyx of 5 nearly free sepals; corolla yellow or white to blue, 2-lipped, the tube elongate and conspicuously spurred at the base, the well-developed palate of the lower lip often nearly closing the throat; stamens 4, didynamous; style threadlike, the stigma minute or somewhat expanded and globose to club-shapeB
d. Capsule cylindric or subglobose, dehiscent by 4 or more, often 3-toothed pores or slits near the apex; seeds generally numerous, black, minutely pitted.
ToadflaxG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
dozen
species
native
europe
half-shrubs
half-way
halogeton
halogeton
three
species
plants
handP
hand-fashion
hand-type
hands
handsome
hangA
hanging
haplopappusu
happens
hardW
single
member
hardstem
hare's
harebell
harmful
harsh
hashish
MonkeyflowerG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
The Monkeyflower genus has about 100 species, most in western North America but also scattered in Eurasia and the Southern Hemisphere. They are annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, with or without teeth.
Flowers grow singly from the leaf junctions, and are often strongly bilateral (head-on view in Photo 2). Calyx is tubular or bell-shaped, with 5 unequal teeth (Photo 1). Corolla has 5 lobes and a tubular section, the lobes often grouped into an upper lip of 2 and a lower let tall. Another showy plant of wet places is the pink Lewis's Monkeyflower, while the diminutive Subalpine Monkeyflower likes wet places in the upper mountains.
In the revised naming scheme the whole genus will be put into its own family.
orfii
tilingii
cardinalis
cusickii
movedE
moves
muchE
mudwort
muhly
muhylgrass
muhylgrass
about
species
diverse
western
mule'sc
mule's
applies
genus
about
species
sunflo
mules
mullein
mulleins
multicolored
multipley
multiplyO
muskg
must}
mustard
mustards
mutate
muted
myrrhisR
myzorrhiza
nakedZ
nameP
organizedb
origin]
originalZ
ornamentalsY
orogeniaQ
carotaM
carried
carriesZ
carrotM
carrotsP
carry
carrying
case[
casesx
casing
cat's
cat-tail
catch}
catchfly
catchweed
caterpillarsX
catkin
catkins
cattail
cauliflower
cause
causes[
causing
cautiousP
ceanothus
cedar
cedars
center
centered
centralv
centranthus
centuriest
centuryf
cereal
certainly
chaetopappa
chalice
chamaesyce
chamerion
combinedy
comes]
commonP
commonestP
commonlyi
compactingj
comparesb
completeV
complicatedz
composedZ
compositesm
compounde
concentrated`
confined
confuseb
he well-developed palate of the lower lip often nearly closing the throat; stamens 4, didynamous; style threadlike, the stigma minute or somewhat expanded and globose to club-shapeB
d. Capsule cylindric or subglobose, dehiscent by 4 or more, often 3-toothed pores or slits near the apex; seeds generally numerous, black, minutely pitted.
ToadflaxG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
SCROPHULARIACEAE
ToadflaxG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
namedb
namesk
naming
narcissus
narcotic
narow
narrowq
narrow-leaved
narrowleaf
narrowly
national
nativeA
Blue-eyed MaryG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Blue-eyed Mary is a genus of 17 species. mostly in California. They are small annulas. We have a single representative, which should be checked for the description.
Blue-eyed MaryQ
parviflora
Blue-eyed Mary
Cordylanthus B
Nutt. ex Benth. in DC.
Cordylanthus (Birdsbeak genus)
See species description locally
E BirdsbeakG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
abounda
abour
aboutG
actively
oils[
older
olive
omitted
onceX
openings
operate
opinion
opposite`
opuntias
The Toadflax genus has about 100 species, only 1 of which is native to North America. They are annual or perennial herbs with hairless foliage. Leaves are alternate or almost opposite, simple.
Flowers are bilateral, the 2 sides being mirror images. Calyx has 5 almost distinc sepals. Petals are fused into a tubular corolla, strongly 2-lipped like a snapdragon. The tube of the corolla is extended backwards in a long spur, which makes them easy to recognize (Photo 2). Colors are yellow, whit
#e or blue.
We have 2 species. Dalmatian Toadflax is a tenacious weed of dry sites, and invades native hillsides (Photo 1, growing among Cheatgrass). Common Toadflax is a roadside plant, smaller than the other, less branched, much less common here (Photo 3). Both are called Butter-and-Eggs.
udwort occurring around the world. They are small annuals or perennials growing next to water, often submerged.
We have a single species
attractiveV
aurianticaZ
australasia
australia
australis
authority
authors
autmun
avena
avens
average
avidly
avoidX
bachelor'sh
background
backward-pointing
backwardsb
bacteria
bahia
bahia
genus
about
species
occurring
wester
balanced
balkan
ballX
balls
balsam
balsamitak
balsamrootc
balsamrootsc
balsamroots
named
herbal-aromatic
character
baneberry
barley
barnyard
basal}
baseG
basedW
bases
basin
basis
bassia
distinguishedq
distinguishing
distributed
distribution
disturbances
disturbeds
ditches^
divergensq
diverse
diversified
divide
dividedG
division
divisions
dodder
dodder
familiar
sight
mostly
confined
doesM
doesn'tb
dogbanesV
morningm
morning
glory
familiar
twining
plant
cultivation
mosquito
mostP
species
perideridia
western
species
native
western
species
hymenoxys
north
american
species
yarrow
occur
world
someY
wasteE
water
water-lilies
watercress
watercress
given
genus
having
moved
waterfern
waterfern
mosquito
about
species
aquatic
watson's
waysp
members
buttercup
genus
which
large
dealX
death
debate|
decay
decided
deciduous
decorated
decorative
decreasing
dedicated
deep-rooted
deeplyc
definep
defined
definiteA
definitelyZ
degree
delicacy
delicateP
delphinium
denizen|
denotes
denseG
densely
densiflorum
depend
depending}
derive
derived
derives
yotum
differu
difference]
differencesa
differentL
differentleaf
difficultJ
good]
good-sized
goodyera
goose's
gooseberry
goosefootE
gordon's
gorgeous
grain
grain-like
grainlike
grains
grandidentatumA
granules
grape
grass
grass-like
grass-of-parnassus
grass-of-parnassus
small
genus
species
found
grasses
grasslike
grasswrack
grassy
grateful
gravel
gravellyL
grayiP
grayish
greasewood
great
greater
greatly
greek
greenb
green-white
greenishf
growingE
grownY
growsL
blue-flowered
blue-violet-purple
bluebell
bluebells
blueberries
blueberry
blueberry
huckleberry
bilberry
cranberry
whinberry
bluegrass
blueness
blues
bluish
bluish-white
bluntleaf
blurs
boat-shaped
bodiesX
body's
bookE
bordersp
borne|
botanicaly
botanisrt
botanistf
botanistsk
botanists
divided
where
lines
should
drawn
bothO
bottom
three
native
maple
species
easily
apartA
members
family
occur
large
genus
asclX
representative
low-growing
perennial
widely
bristlegrasses
european
natives
behave
sweetclovers
genus
species
erigeronb
erysimum
escapeW
escaped
escapee
escapees
escapes
escaping
especiallyP
essentially
establishW
establishedg
euclidium
euphorb
euphorbia
euphorbias
eurasiaS
eurasianK
eurasion
europed
evening
primrose
fairly
large
genus
species
eventually
evergreen
evergreens
weaklyL
wedge-shaped
wedges
weedE
weeds
weedy
welcome
wellg
well-behavedn
well-definedl
well-drainedL
well-known
wereT
westQ
westerly
westernJ
medicinalW
medicinallyc
medick
mediterraneanh
mediuml
medium-seized
medium-sized
melancholy
melilot
memberP
membersX
microspecies
mid-montaneq
middleb
midmontane
might
migrateda
milkvetch
milkvetches/locoweed
milkweedX
milkweedsX
milkyZ
millennia
mimics
miniature
minorW
minuartia
minus
minute|
missing
misspelled
mistake
mixed
mixture
models
moderately`
modernb
modest
modified
lly so, the lateral lobes entire or toothed to lobed; corolla greenish with colored margins, 2-lipped, the tube long, the upper lip long-tapered and beaklike, entire or nearly so, the lower lip generally shorter than the upper and 3-lobed, in our species greatly reduced, green and thickened, the lobes reduced to 3 minute teeth, stamens 4, didynamous, arising from the upper half of the corolla tube and included in the upper lip of the corolla. Capsule ovoid or somewhat cylindric, seeds smalC
l and numerous. Natural hybridization among species within the genus Castilleja accounts in large measure for the occurrence of plants which cannot be assigned with certainty to any one species.
Indian PaintbrushG
SCROPHULARIACEAE
thereG
there
species
povrty
western
north
there
about
european
species
shepherd's
purse
there
about
species
bugloss
world
there
about
species
angelica
occurring
there
approximately
species
rocket
genus
nativ
there
known
species
cicuta
which
occurs
there
species
conium
south
african
other
there
single
secies
cowcockle
native
The Saxifrage genus is very large, over 400 species, and is in process of being subdivided by botanists into smaller groups. They are herbs, mostly perennials of cold parts of the Northern Hemisphere, many of them mat-forming. Otherwise they are quite variable in general habit.
Flowers are typically 5-parted, with 5 sepals alternating with 5 petals. There are 10 stamens, 5 opposite the sepals and 5 opposite the petals (Photo 2). Fruit is a capsule splitting across the top.
We have 3 spe
?cies, though 2 of them will be reassigned to a different genus in the new edition of Arnow's book.
Largest, and most familiar is the Brook Saxifrage, living streamside in the high moutains. Its flowers are shown in Photo 2. The other two are diminutive, just a few inches tall. All three can be found in Albion Basin.
071-020M
003-030N
072-011P Saxifrage
nobilisj
nobody
nodding
nodes
nodules
nomenclaturel
non-cultivated
non-green
non-hairy
non-native
non-tropical
nondescript
noned
nonetheless
noonm
nootka
normal
northK
levisticumO
lewis
lewis's
lewisias
licorice
licorice
about
species
mostly
european
lifeV
lightly
ligules
likeY
tickweeds
small
and/or
white
flowers
likelyp
likeness
likes
likewise
lilac
limber
limestone
limit
limited
limitingk
limits
linear
linearifoliaQ
linesk
linkage
links
linnaeus
lion-toothedZ
named
spores
develop
under
levisticum@
listed@
london@
lovage@
lowland
macronema@
larg@
lowland@
macronema@
species
hymenoxys
north
american
mostly@
moved@
named@
nutlets@
occurring@
oils@
orogenia
contains
species
linearifolia
packed@
parryi@
peppergrasses@
plantsu
pleasant@
principal@
publication@
reaching@
relationships@
revisions@
russian@
separated@
sides@
significant@
soil@
southern@
speciosa@
sphaeromeria
small
genus
herbs
half-shrubs
which
spikes@
split@
stems
sweet-cicely@
tansyasters@
barberry
genus
consists
shrubs
spreading@
bluebell
genus
about
species
divided
between
eura@
chamomile^
chamomile
native
world
where
there
about
chamomillaj
change
changedk
changes
characterZ
characteristicZ
characteristicallyt
characteristics
characters
charms
cheatgrass
check
checked
cheese-making
chemical{
chemicalsW
chemiscals
chenopodium
cherries
cherry
cherry-like
chess
chile
chlorocrambe
chlorocrambe
species
mountain
mustard
chlorophyll
chokeh
chollas
chord
chorispora
chorispora
genus
about
species
eurasia
chosen
chrysanthemumk
chrysopsisy
cicutaJ
circle
circumstances
cirsiumg
claret
clarkia
clarkia
species
almost
limited
western
north
clasping
classic
russianh
russian
olive
genus
shrubs
trees
about
specie
rydbergiiu
small
genus
species
containing
annuals
ryegrass
ryegrass
small
genus
about
species
local
sacred
sagea
sagebrusha
sagebrush-like
saguaro
sainfoin
saladm
saline
salinity
salmon
saltgrass
genus
species
occurring
saline
meadow
salty
samej
samphire
sandbur
sandspurrey
sandspurrey
small
genus
about
species
worldwide
nder or variously expanded and sometimes petaloid; pistil 1 with 2(3-5) carpels, these essentially free or variously fused, often with the tips free and prolonged as divergent beaklike structures, the ovary superior or partly inferior, usually 2-chambered, the styles one per carpel, each with a minute to expanded stigma. Fruit a capsule and dehiscent between the beaks or sometimes the carpels separating at maturity and dehiscent throughout; seeds numerous, smooth or variously roughened, soD
metimes winged.
E SaxifrageG
SAXIFRAGACEAE
the high moutains. Its flowers are shown in Photo 2. The other two are diminutive, just a few inches tall. All three can be found in Albion Basin.
071-020M
003-030N
072-011P Saxifrage
nts sle
shrink-wraps
shrivelled
shrubA
shrub-like
shrubby
shrubsa
sibbaldia
sibbaldia
small
genus
species
mostly
siberia
siberian
sidesZ
sideways
sight
thought
thousand
thousands
threadlike
threatenc
threeA
three
species
whitetop
natives
eurasia
occur
three-awn
three-awn
large
genus
species
mostly
warmer
three-pronged
thrive
throat
throughP
throughout
thumb
thumbs
wolfberry
genus
widely
distributed
about
thyme-leaved
tickweed
tickweeds
tidytips
tightY
tight-rooted
tightly
timber
timea
times
tipsb
tissue
tissues
unlikely
unlobed
unmistakableZ
unopened
unpleasant
unrelated
unroll
until
untoothed
unusual]
unusually
unwelcome
uponW
upperb
uppermost
upright
upwards
usable
usagej
usedI
vegetablem
vernal
veryP
views}
bladee
bladesc
blanche
blendp
blitoidesE
bloomP
bloomers
blooming
blown
blueW
blue-eyed
blue-eyed
grass
widely
applied
small
members
blue-eyed
genus
species
mostly
california
bluegrass
blueness
blues
bluish
bluish-white
bluntleaf
blurs
boat-shaped
bodiesX
body's
bookE
bordersp
borne|
botanicaly
botanisrt
botanistf
botanistsk
botanists
divided
where
lines
should
drawn
bothO
bottom
sugar
suggestsP
suitableh
suited
sulfur
summary
summerP
summer
cypress
small
genus
about
species
found
sumpweed|
sunflowerw
sunflower-like
sunflowersx
sunken
sunnyy
superb
superficialZ
superficially
suposed
supplementedn
supplied
supplier
supporting
supposed]
surfacet
surfaces
surounding
surprise
surprisedp
surprising
surrounded
surroundingL
surroundings
surrounds
survival
survive
survived
susan
susceptibility
swampX
swaying
sweetV
sweet
alyssum
small
genus
species
europe
significantP
silene
silica
silicles
silkyV
silver
silverscale
silvery
silvery-leaved
silvery-white]
similarW
similarities
similarity
similarly
simplee
simpler
simplyi
sinceZ
singleH
Wymbrium
sisymbrium
occurs
continents
around
speci
sitanion
sitese
timothy
timpanogos
tingeL
tinged
tinyL
tipsb
tissue
tissues
luded or slightly exserted; pistil 1, the ovary superior or partially to completely inferior, 1-chambered, the carpels 3, these fused throughout or nearly so, confluent at the tips with the 3 free or partially fused styles. Capsule 3-valved, the persistent, short and relatively stout styles forming 3 beaks at the apex; seeds numerous, smooth or variously roughened and longitudinally wrinkled.
Woodland StarG
SAXIFRAGACEAE
owers a delicate starry appearance.
We have 3 species. Slender Woodland Star is known only from the foothills in our area, while the others (Fringecup Woodland Star and Smallflower Woodland Star) frequently grow together in the foothills and midmontane areas. Upper part of road in City Creek Canyon is a good place to find them, although they are quite common elsewhere.
Woodland Stars illustrate the difficulties that arise with
intermountainq
intertexta
intervals
inthe
intimidating
intoA
intricateX
introduced
intuitively
invade
invader
invades
invasive
invisible
involucre]
inwards
iodine
ipomopsis
iregular
irises
irregular
irresistibly
isatis
islandP
with their petals often fringed. Seeds are in a capsule which splits from the top.
We have two species Fringed Grass-of-Parnassus and Wideworld Parnassia. The first can be found quite widely in wet places in the mountains, the other is not fringed, and occurs at lower elevations. All photos are of the Fringed Grass-of-Parnassus, showing the general habitat and basal leaves (1), the fringed petals with alternating stamens (2) and the seed capsule (3).
010-031M
075-018N
097-032P
Grass-of-ParnassusQ
fimbriata
palustris
RXRocky Mountain Parnassia
Fringed Grass-of-Parnassus
Wideworld Parnassia
Marsh Parnassia
A SaxifragaB
petals, the staminodal structure narrow and entire to broadly flared and divided into threadlike segments, these sometimes terminating in globose knobs; pistil 1, the ovary superior or (ours)
foodT
foods
foolproofq
footc
foothillsL
foothold
founder
fourJ
species
white-woolly
annuals
genus
fourth
fourwing
fragments
fragranceV
fragrantP
freely
frequentn
frequently
comes]
coming
comment
commonP
commonestP
commonlyi
communities
community
compact
compactingj
compared
comparesb
comparison
compartments
compct
completeV
completely
complex
complicatedz
component
components
composedZ
compositesm
compounde
confined
confrontational
confuseb
confusing
confusion
conical
conifers
ChicoryG
ASTERACEAE
Chicory is part of a large group of composites that have milky juice, and flower heads that contain only ray flowers (no disc flowers). They form the so-called lettuce tribe (LACTUCEAE), named for the milky juice. Other members include lettuce itself and dandelion.
There are seven species of chicory native to the Mediterranean region. Some are used as a salad vegetable, roots of others as a coffee substitute.
Flowering stems tend to be tall, with few leaves. Flowers of many members of thBOe lettuce tribe open in the morning and close by noon. Chicory is no exception.
ChicoryQ
intybus
Common Chicory
Chicory
CirsiumB
Mill.
This is a large genus of about 400 species, mainly from Europe and the Mediterranean region. None are native in our area. Some, such as C. cyanus (Bachelor's Buttons, Cornflower) are grown as ornamentals and establish themselves for a time in the wild. A few others (Russian Knapweed, Spotted Knapweed and Yellow Star Thistle) are serious weed pests, getting a choke hold on suitable habitats and crowding out almost everything else.
Flowers are all disc type, without any true rays, but the fBNlowers sometimes have highly colored extensions that make them very colorful.
100-018M
031-016N
078-004P
KnapweedQ*repens
solstitialis
cyanus
nigra
maculosa
RRRussian Knapweed
Yellow Starthistle
Bachelor's Button
Cornflower
Spotted Knapweed
ChaenactisB
Parnassia (Grass-of-Parnassus genus)
Perennial, sometimes scapose herbs from short, often stout, usually simple rootstocks; flowering stems 1-several, ascending to erect; herbage glabrous. Basal leaves petioled, mostly ovate to kidney-shaped, entire, stem leaves lacking or solitary and sessile. Flowers radially symmetrical, solitary, terminal and erect; floral tube saucer-shaped, sometimes nearly lacking; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the apex of the floral tube, pr
ominently nerved; petals 5, white to cream or pale yellow with darker nerves, rounded or clawed at the base, the blade entire or conspicuously ciliate-fringed on the lower half; fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals, a cluster of more or less fused, often fleshy staminodes opposite each of the petals, the staminodal structure narrow and entire to broadly flared and divided into threadlike segments, these sometimes terminating in globose knobs; pistil 1, the ovary superior or (ours)
yle branches flattened, short, more or less truncate, minutely hairy at the tips. Achenes mostly top-shaped, 4- or 5-angled, often pubescent with red-brown hairs; pappus of 5-10 thin, membranous, usually awned scales.
SneezeweedG
ASTERACEAE
The Sneezeweed genus, named Helenium after Helen of Troy, has about 40 species in the New World. Moderately coarse plants, 2-3 feet tall.
Yellow-orange ray flowers 1/2 - 1 inch long emerge from large central disc which are also yellow-orange. The ray flowers are 3-tipped.
SneezeweedQ
autumnale
hoopesii
bigelovii
R6Autumn Sneezeweed
Common Sneezeweed
Orange Sneezeweed
HelianthellaB
T. & G.
Helianthella (Little Sunflower genus)
See species description locally
Solidago (Goldenrod genus)
Perennial herbs from a rhizome or a simple to branched caudex, not taprooted. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Heads generally numerous and small, variously in a flat-topped to elongate inflorescence, often secund on the branches; involucre bell-shaped to subcylindric, the bracts imbricate or subequal, chartaceous throughout or more often green-tipped; receptacle naked; ray flowers pistillate and fertile, the rays yellow; disc flowers bisexual and fertilB
e, the style branches flattened, with externally hairy, lanceolate appendages. Achenes subterete, several-nerved, hairy (ours); pappus of numerous, equal or unequal, white (ours) hairlike bristles.
E GoldenrodG
ASTERACEAE
rRpCalifornia Tansy Mustard
Blue Tansy Mustard
Pinnate Tansy Mustard
Western Tansy Mustard
Flixweed
Bed Groundweed
DiplotaxisB
Diplotaxis (Wallrocket genus)
See species description locally
WallrocketG
BRASSICACEAE
There are about 25 species of Wall Rocket, native to the Old World. Our only representative is the rarely met Slimleaf Wallrocket.
WallrocketQ
muralis
Slimleaf Wallrocket
Diplotaxis
DrabaB
Lithophragma (Woodland Star genus)
Perennial herbs from bulblet-bearing, fibrous roots or rhizomes, bulblets often also present in leaf axils, in some species replacing flowers; stems usually simple and slender; herbage often stipitate-glandular. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound; basal leaves prominent, the slender petioles with expanded, membranous, stipular bases, the blades subglobose to kidney-shaped in outline, palmately 3-5-lobed or occasionally compound; stem le
aves similar to the basal but few and reduced, sometimes sessile. Flowers radially symmetrical, white or pink, in terminal, simple or sometimes compound racemes; floral tube bell- or top-shaped, rounded to narrowly wedge-shaped at the base, often accrescent; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the apex of the floral tube, often fused at the base to form a short calyx tube; petals (3 or 4) 5, narrowly clawed with an entire or toothed to deeply lobed blade; stamens (7-9) 10, inc
dubius
porrifolius
pratensis
REGoatsbeard
Yellow Salsify
Purple Salsify
Oyster Plant
Meadow Salsify
ViguieraB
H.B.K.
Viguiera (Goldeneye genus)
Herbs (ours) or shrubs. Leaves typically opposite, at least below, entire, toothed, or pinnately lobed. Heads solitary and terminal or the inflorescence cymose to particulate; involucre bell-shaped to hemispheric, the bracts in 2-7 series, largely herbaceous, narrow, subequal to imbricate; receptacle nearly flat to conic, chaffy throughout, the receptacular bracts firm, clasping the achenes; ray flowers sterile, yellow; disc flowers bisexual and fertile, yel
low, the anthers dark, the style branches flattened, with short appendages. Achenes oblong to obovoid, somewhat laterally compressed and 4-angled; pappus of 2 usually persistent awns and several, free or united, intermediate scales, or a pappus entirely lacking.
alder
genus
represented
single
species
alkali
heath
genus
family
within
anemones
windflowers
genus
perennial
herbs
apple
genus
renowned
cultivated
fruit
trees
avens
genus
about
species
mostly
northern
barberry
genus
consists
shrubs
spreading
bedstraw
cleavers
genus
about
species
bindweed
genus
convolvuluv
similar
outwardly
birch
genus
contains
numerous
known
trees
including
bitterbrush
genus
included
species
bittercress
genus
quite
large
species
occurs
JamesiaG
SAXIFRAGACEAE
"Jamesia has just 2 species of shrubs in the western U.S. and Mexico, of which Cliff Jamesia occurs in our area. Its flowers are 5-parted while those of the other species are 4-parted.
It is now generally agreed that Jamesia belongs in the Hydrangea family rather than the Saxifrage family.
069-020M
069-019P
JamesiaQ
americana
Cliff Jamesia
Lithophragma B
(Nutt.) T. & G.
naming plants which show a lot of variation. Smallflower Woodland Star has the largest flowers of any of our 3 species; the latin name of Fringecup Woodland Star ("glabrum") means "smooth", whereas it is usually very hairy in our parts.
027-005M
029-029N
029-028P
Woodland StarQ
glabrum
parviflorum
tenellum
RHFringecup Woodland Star
Smallflower Woodland Star
Slender Woodland Star
MitellaB
imilar to the basal but few and reduced, sometimes sessile. Flowers radially symmetrical, white or pink, in terminal, simple or sometimes compound racemes; floral tube bell- or top-shaped, rounded to narrowly wedge-shaped at the base, often accrescent; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the apex of the floral tube, often fused at the base to form a short calyx tube; petals (3 or 4) 5, narrowly clawed with an entire or toothed to deeply lobed blade; stamens (7-9) 10, inc
amygdaloides
arctica
bebbiana
drummondiana
exigua
fragilis
geyeriana
glauca
lasiandra
phylicifolia
reticulata
rigida
scouleriana
YPeachleaf Willow
Peach-leaf Willow
Arctic Willow
Bebb's Willow
Beaked Willow
Blue Willow
Drummond's Willow
Sandbar Willow
Coyote Willow
Dusky Willow
Narrowleaf Willow
Crack Willow
Geyer Willow
Grayleaf Willow
Glaucous Willow
Whiplash Willow
Caudate Willow
Tealeaf Willow
Planeleaf Willow
Snow Willow
Yellow Willow
Scouler Willow
Mountain Willow
AzollaB
Azolla (Waterfern or Mosquito Fern genus)
See species description locally
Waterfern
Mosquito FernG
SALVINIACEAE
Waterfern or Mosquito Fern has about 6 species of aquatic plants, reproducing by spores. They are of cosmopolitan distribution.
We have a single species, whose description is essentially that of the genus as a whole.
frontr
frost
fruit[
fruiting
gettingh
give[
givenR
gives
giving
glabrous
glabrumA
glaciation
glaucaZ
globular
globule
glochids
goatsbeard
The Barberry genus consists of shrubs, many of them spreading by underground roots. The inner bark and wood is often yellow.
We have a single species in our area, the Oregon Grape. Around the state are a few more. Flowers are a rich yellow, followed by a dark blue berry.
The genus is frequently split into two, according to major characters of the leaves. Those with compound leaves containing several to many leaflets, and without spines on the stem (including Oregon Grape), are separated Bqout as Mahonia. Not all botanists accept this distinction, and the name will remain unchanged in the new edition.
BarberryQ
repens
Oregon Grape
Creeping Mahonia
AlnusB
Mill.
Alnus (Alder genus)
See species description locally
onsists of
matchweeds
mostly
small
shrubs
western
matricariaj
matrimony
mats]
matter
matureX
matures
maturity
maybe
mayweed
mayweeds
mayweeds
aromatic
herbs
leaves
divided
meadow
meadowrues
meadowsG
mealy
meaning
meansa
meanwhiley
mechanism
mechanisms
media
medica
Birdsbeaks are a small genus of annuals occurring in western North America. They are in the Paintbrush group, and will be moved with them to the Lousewort family. Like the Paintbrushes they are also partially parasitic on other plants. Stems are branched, often highly so. Leaves are alternate, usually deeply lobed, although our species is not.
Flowers are clustered into small heads with few in each, with floral bracts. Petals are fused into a tube which opens into a wider head, making a cB
lub shape ("club flower" is a rough translations of the Latin name.
We have a single species, which grows in alkaline or salty soils of the valleys (Photo 1). Another is quite common in the Kolob area of Zion National Park (Photo 2).
094-013M
045-008P Birdsbeak
The Birch genus contains numerous well known trees, including the Silver Birch of Europe and the Paper Birch of North America. Large areas of northern forests are dominated by the latter.
Like other members of the Birch Family the Birches are monoecious, having flowers of separate sexes, but borne on the same plant. We have a single species in our area, the Western Water Birch. It grows near water, often in association with Mountain Alder.
BirchQ
occidentalis
Western Water Birch
ZA AmsinckiaB
Lehm.
Betula (Birch genus)
See species description locally
BirchG
BETULACEAE
AlderG
BETULACEAE
The Alder genus is represented by a single species in our area, the Mountain Alder. Elsewhere, especially in colder and wetter climates further north, they may be a very important part of the community.
Their role may be pivotal in areas that are recovering from glaciation and similar large scale disturbances in northern latitudes. This is because they form close associations with bacteria that take nitrogen from the atmosphere and "fix" it into a form usable by plants.
AlderQ
incana
Mountain Alder
BetulaB
Betula (Birch genus)
See species description locally
BirchG
BETULACEAE
Alumroot has about 40 species in North America, from the arctic to southern Mexico. They are perennial herbs, with stalked basal leaves and leafless flowering stems.
Flowers are small, carried in a spike at the top of the flowering stem. Base of the flower is a floral tube, yellow-green or reddish. Five each (sometime fewer) of sepals, petals and stamens grow from the rim. petals are usually white to greenish. Seed capsule has numerous tiny seeds, and opens along the seams.
We have 2 spBvecies, the Common Alumroot and the Red Alumroot, both plants of rocky places from the foothills to the high mountains.
038-034M
054-004N
038-035P
AlumrootQ
parvifolia
rubescens
R1Common Alumroot
Littleleaf Alumroot
Red Alumroot
JamesiaB
T. & G.
Jamesia
See species description locally
ompletely inferior
differentleaf
differents
difficultJ
difficulties
digestive
digging
digitate
diminutive
dimorpha]
dioecious[
dioecy
dirchgrass
directions
directlyp
disagreed
disappearedx
disc]
disc-shaped
discoideau
discovered
discs
disease
diseases
disentanglingz
disgusting
disks
dislodged
dismantled
dispersal
disperseW
dispersed
displayed
displays
dissectedY
dissectumP
distinc
distinctA
distinction
distinctions
distinctive`
distinctly
distinguish
rs). Leaves alternate, linear to ovate, generally entire. Flowers on coiled axes, these usually ebracteate, uncoiling and elongating with age; calyx 5-lobed to the base or nearly so, or occasionally some of the lobes laterally fused; corolla yellow to orange, narrowly funnelform to salverform, a crest minute or lacking; stamens included, the filaments short, the anthers oblong; s
tyles in some species of different lengths in different individuals, shorter than or exceeding the stamens, the stigma globose or nearly so. Nutlets 4, ovoid, angled, dorsally smooth or rough and often keeled, a prominent ventral keel extending from the tip to below the middle, the attachment scar small and situated near the base of the ventral keel; gynobase pyramidal, about half the length of the nutlets.
separatedA
separately
separating
september
seriesb
serioush
serrated
serve
iceberry
serviceberry
often
pronounced
sarvisberry
species
settlement
sevenm
severalR
several
different
genera
called
coneflower
sexes[
shade
shadedR
shades
shadscale
shady
shallow
shapeW
shapedc
shapes
share
shared
sharp
sharply
sharpness
shaven
sheath
shedding
sheen]
shell
ZRoRough Fiddleneck
Menzies' Fiddleneck
Western Fiddleneck
Devil's lettuce
Tarweed Fiddleneck
Fireweed Fiddleneck
AnchusaB
Anchusa
See species description locally
AnchusaG
BORAGINACEAE
There are about 40 species of Bugloss in the Old World. They are annual or perennial herbs.
Seeds ("nutlets") are wrinkled, but not prickly.
AnchusaQ
azurea
Blue Bugloss
AsperugoB
Asperugo (Catchweed genus)
See species description locally
E CatchweedG
BORAGINACEAE
AUThe Catchweed or Madwort genus has only the single species, originating from Europe.
female
flowers
partly
segregated
different
malus
managed
mannagrass
manshions
manyE
species
phlox
brightly
colored
flowers
many-branched
manzanitas
manzanitas
especially
abundant
california
where
mapleA
marbles
march|
margin
margins
marigolde
marihuana
maritima
markedly`
markings
marsh
marshesx
marshfire
massed
masses
massive
mat-forming
row and lance-shaped.
Flowers are in catkins, male and female on different plants. Distinguishing among species usually requires having one or other catkin in hand, which is hard when the tree is 30 feet tall, or the plant is not in flower. Catkins may appear before the leaves emerge, at the same time, or later, probably depending partly on whether the particular species is wind- or insect-pollinated. They often stick up rather than hang down (Photo 2).
Fruits are small capsules, tightlyC
pack with seeds, each with its cottony parachute (Photo 3). We have about a dozen species, plus several beautiful ornamentals such as the Globe Willow.
130-009M
065-015P
Willow
e hairs of the catkin axis or by the scales; staminate flowers consi
stems
stenotusu
sticke
sticking
stickseed
sticky
sticky-haired
stiff
stiffly
stigma
still
sting
stinging
stipules
stlks
stone
stonecrop
stones
stoneseed
stoneseeds
storeX
stout
straggly
straight
straighten
straightens
strange
strawberry
strawberry
plants
known
descriptio
stream
streambanksx
subactic
subalpinez
subdivided
subdivision
subdued
subfamily
subgroups
subjects
submerged
submersed
subsequentj
subshrub
subshrubsl
subspecies
substitutem
subtlea
subtropicalo
Lithospermum (Stoneseed or Gromwell or Puckoon genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs; herbage pubescent throughout, the hairs not bristlelike. Leaves alternate, entire, often petioled below and sessile above. Flowers in terminal bracteate racemes or solitary in upper leaf axils; fruiting pedicels ascending; calyx 5-lobed nearly to the base; corolla yellow to whitish, funnelform to salverform, the throat with minute appendages or with hairs in lines, sometimes with scattered stiB
pitate glands; stamens included. Nutlets 1-4, ovoid to lance-ovoid, smooth or pitted, wrinkled, or occasionally tuberculate, basally attached to a nearly flat gynobase.
Stoneseed
Gromwell
PuccoonG
BORAGINACEAE
106-003
canada]
canals
canary
canary
grass
relatively
straight
tightly
cancer-root
candiedG
candle
candy
canes
cannabinumV
cannabis
cannot
canyonA
canyonsA
cap-like
capitatum
capitol
capsule
capsules
carduusg
carduus
genus
about
species
thistles
native
carex
carex
genus
about
species
worldwide
member
carob
lf to one-third, the margins rimmed with basally flattened, apically barbed prickles, the backs with or without intramarginal prickles.
Tickweed
Wild Forget-Me-Not
+Tutin et al. (1972) submerge this genus in Lappula. Gentry and Carr (1976) retain Hackelia as a genus distinct from Lappula in habit, certain characters of the inflorescence, critical differences in the morphology of the gynobase, and in the manner in which the nutlets are attached to the gynobase.
BORAGINACEAE
BORAGINACEAE
The Stoneseeds or Gromwells have very hard, smooth, shiny seeds. The plants are hairy, the flowers yellow, white or bluish-white.
There are about 75 species, mostly in mountainous areas. Three occur in our area. One of those (Corn Gromwell) is a small white-flowered European weed: this and others that are consistently different from most Gromwells have recently been put into a separate genus.
Our 2 native Gromwells are attractive plants of the foothills and lower mountains. They have yelB
low flowers. Finged Stoneseed has rich yellow flowers with incredibly long narrow bases, and dark green leaves; they are relatively small plants. Yellow Stoneseed (Puckoon) is a larger plant with numerous clusters of sulfur yellow flowers.
106-003
Lappula (Stickweed genus)
Annual or biennial, rarely perennial, taprooted herbs. Leaves alternate, usually narrow, entire. Flowers small, borne on terminal, bracteate, coiled axes ultimately elongating into racemes; pedicels ascending in fruit; calyx 5-lobed nearly to the base, the lobes spreading; corolla blue or occasionally white, narrowly funnelform with a short tube, the throat closed by the crest; stamens included; style equal to or exceeding the mature fruit. Nutlets 4, ovate t
o oblong in outline, medially attached to an elongate gynobase, rounded and free at the base, laterally ringed with minutely barbed prickles, these free or fused to some degree, sometimes forming a winglike or cuplike border, the intramarginal surface minutely tuberculate.
E StickseedG
BORAGINACEAE
Various common names are given to members of this genus: Tickweed, Stickseed, and Wild (False) Forget-Me-Not among the most frequent. The first two refer to the spiny seeds which stick to clothing, the others to the close resemblance to the familiar garden plant. About 45 species are native to the Americas and Eurasia.
Flowers are typically forget-me-not blue, though sometimes white. We have 3 species.
Pale Stickseed is a perennial of the foothills and middle mountains, growing to aboB
ut 4 feet tall. Flowers are nearly 1/2 inch across, white with blue markings.
The other two species are more like forget-me-nots, and hard to tell apart.
Tickweed / Wild Forget-Me-NotQ
floribunda
micrantha
patens
RAWestern Tickweed
Jessie's Tickweed
White Tickweed
Pale Stickseed
HeliotropiumB
er one-ha
The Bluebell genus has about 40 species divided between Eurasia (non-tropical) and North America. Mostly very leafy, but without hairs or lightly hairy.
Flowers are (usually) bell-shaped and downward-hanging in clusters from short stalks. The 4 nutlets are ridged but not prickly.
We have 5 species locally, ranging from the foothills to the alpine mountains:
Shortstyle Bluebell (foothills to upper montane) Short, rich blue, face upwards.
Oblongleaf Bluebell (foothills, middle montane) Sh
ort, pale blue & pink; hang down.
Greenleaf Bluebell (midmontane to alpine) Short, blue; hang down.
Arizona Bluebell (midmontane to alpine) Tall, pale blue; hang down.
Mountain Bluebell (midmontane to alpine) Tall, pale blue; hang down.
The Arizona and Mountain bluebells can easily be told apart by the green calyx around the base of the flower - long or very short, respectively. Mountain Bluebells usually have bluish leaves also.
rally at or below the middle.
species
closely
related
genus
nearly
species
herbs
hybrid
between
wheatgrass
agropyron
squirrelta
hybrid
genus
between
members
elymus
sitanio
large
genus
about
species
mainly
europh
small
eurasian
genus
which
introduced
small
genus
20-30
species
regions
small
genus
about
species
north
temperate
small
genus
spreading
annuals
species
small
genus
species
european
thoug
small
genus
species
which
genus
after
which
family
asteraceae
nameb
heart
family
species
genus
thistles
supplemented
particular
locust
genus
small
north
american
principalc
prized
probablyz
probe
problem
problems
process
produce
produced
profile
progressively
projects
prominent
pronounced
proper
properlyR
proportions
proposed
prostrate
protection
protein
protrudeZ
protrudes
protruding
provide
provided
providing
proximity
pruned
psilocarphus
psilostachya[
psoralidium
psychoactive
publicationu
published
puckoon
pulchella}
pull-up
pumila
puncturevine
pungent
purpleL
purplish
purpose
quite
showy
rays]
reach
reachedu
reaches
iacking; stamens arising at or below the level of the crest, the filaments often flattened and at least as broad as the anthers, the latter included or exserted; style included to barely exserted, in some species greatly variable in length. Nutlets 4 (or fewer by abortion), variously roughened, attached to the convex gynobase laterally at or below the middle.
E BluebellsG
BORAGINACEAE
er montane) Short, rich blue, face upwards.
Oblongleaf Bluebell (foothills, middle montane) Sh
ort, pale blue & pink; hang down.
Greenleaf Bluebell (midmontane to alpine) Short, blue; hang down.
Arizona Bluebell (midmontane to alpine) Tall, pale blue; hang down.
Mountain Bluebell (midmontane to alpine) Tall, pale blue; hang down.
The Arizona and Mountain bluebells can easily be told apart by the green calyx around the base of the flower - long or very short, respectively. Mountain Bluebells usually have bluish leaves also.
036P Bluebells
mostly
motes
moths
mottle
mound
mound-forming
mounds
mountainA
mountain
native
north
temperate
regions
where
mountain
lover
genus
species
mountain
mahogany
small
genus
about
species
mountainous]
mountainsL
mouse
mouse
genus
consists
group
small
inconspicuous
mouse-ear
moutain
moutains
mouth
notched
noted
noteworthyq
nothingZ
noticeable
notoriously
nourishment
noviceb
nowhere
noxious
numbern
numbersz
numerousl
nurseryman
nut-like
nutgrass
nutgrasses
officinaleO
oftenG
lly narrowed scale, a perianth lacking the floral organs subtended by a cup-shaped, oblique, entire or irregularly lobed disc; staminate flowers with 6-numerous stamens, the anthers 0.8-3 mm or more long; pistillate flowers with 1 pistil, the style obsolete or nearly so, the stigmas 2-4 linear to broadly dilated and variously lobed. Capsule 1-chambered, 2-4-valved; seeds with a dense apical tuft of hairs.
Poplar
Cottonwood
AspenG
SALICACEAE
ative. The dominant three are Fremont Cottonwood (low elevations, classic tree of river bottoms, can be broad and massive), Narrowleaf Cottonwood (medium elevations, slender leaves, tree less spreading) and Quaking Aspen (high elevations, smooth trunks). Hybrids between the first two give rise to Lanceleaf Cottonwood. Balsam Poplar and White Poplar are both cultivated, though the first may also be native here.C
bluebur
desert
stickseed
bluedicks
bluegrass
bluejoint
blueleafb
blueleaf
asterb
bluestem
blunt
blunt
starwort
blunt-fruitR
blunt-fruit
sweet-cicelyR
bluntseedR
bluntseed
sweetrootR
bluegrass
laurel
violet
bolander
bolander
quillwort
booth's
booth's
camissonia
borage
bouncing
bouncing
bower
boxelder
bracken
bracken
branching
branching
groundsmoke
buckbrush
buffaloberry
bugloss
bugseed
bulln
thistlen
bulrush
marigolde
ragweed[
burdock
burweed
seepweed
butterweed
butterweed
groundsel
buttonh
cactus
californiaf
california
brickellbushf
california
tansy
mustard
calyx
calyx
starwort
calyxeye
calyxeye
starwort
campion
canadan
cudweeds
culinarryI
culinary
culsters
cultivatedM
cultivated
plants
derived
forebears
usually
cultivation
culture
cupped
cupsL
curdle
curving
cushion
cushion-like
customary
cutgrass
cutleafc
cyanush
cyathia
cyathium
cyclachaena|
cycleV
cylindric
cylindrical
cylindropuntias
cyperus
cypress
daffodils
daisiesb
daisyc
daisy-like
daisy-looking^
daisy-type
dame's
dampG
dandelionZ
dandelionsp
dangle[
dangling
daucusM
davidt
deal@
describe@
differentleaf@
difficult
digestive
dissected
distinguished@
dogs@
draw@
early@
edges@
elongate@
enabling@
erect
erigeron@
europe
figuring@
find@
finely@
flower@
flowers
foliage@
food@
foothold@
fragments@
from@
fruits@
gayophytum@
genus
glauca@
goatsbeard
salsify
genus
about
plant
species
golden@
golden
aster
informal
genus
about
20-25
species
good@
growth@
dozen
species
native
europe
hatch@
heart-shaped@
helen@
higher@
hops@
however@
identification@
incana@
intermountain@
jordan@
lack@
lavender@
layia@
length@
e or yellow with a well-developed crest, stamens arising below the middle of the corolla tube, mostly included; style slender, included. Nutlets 1-4, all alike (ours) or heteromorphic, the dorsal surface smooth or variously roughened, ventrally attached to a columnar or pyramidal gynobase, the attachment scar linear, extending for nearly the entire length of the ventral surface, closed or narrowly open.
Cryptanth
Cat's EyeG
BORAGINACEAE
tiny plants of openings in the trees; foothills and above.
021-027M
060-017P
Cryptanth / Cat's EyeQjaffinis
humilis
torreyana
sp. 1
confertiflora
cinerea
johnstonii
rollinsii
flavoculata
flava
crassisepala
R9Ally Cryptanth
Dwarf Catseye
Cat's Eye
Torrey Cryptantha
ArabidopsisQ thaliana
Mouse-ear Cress
ArabisB
Arabis (Rockcress genus)
Annual to perennial herbs; stems 1-several from a simple to much-branched caudex; herbage glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, the hairs simple or branched and dolabriform, dendritic, or 3- or 4-rayed. Basal leaves petioled, often forming a persistent rosette, the blades entire or pinnatifid, stem leaves alternate, petioled or sessile and often stem-clasping. Flowers in simple or compound racemes; sepals 4, erect, oblong, the outer pair often slightly po fruits, occasionally escapes from cultivation but is not known to persist
049-024P
AlyssumQ)alyssoides
desertorum
minus
szowitsianum
R^Madwort
Yellow Alyssum
Alyssum
Desert Alyssum
Smoothpod Alyssum
Small Alyssum
Szowitz Alyssum
ArabidopsisB
(DC.) Heynh.
Arabidopsis
See species description locally
ArabidopsisG
BRASSICACEAE
Arabidopsis is perhaps best known by the Latin name, for exactly the reasons that E. coli and Drosophila are known - they have become incredibly important as genetic models for figuring out how organisms work. Arabidopsis is for plants what Drosophila is for insects.
This comes about because they are easy to grow from seed in large numbers, and easy to mutate in interesting ways.
Our little representative is the Mouse-ear Cress, which had migrated from its native Europe by 1925, long befB?ore it was used in genetics research at the University of Utah.
yellow
chamomile^
yellow
columbine
yellow
evening-primrose
yellow
yellow
lady's
slipper
yellow
monkeyflower
yellow
nutgrass
yellow
clover
yellow
yellow
prairie
violet
yellow
yellow
salsify
yellow
starthistleh
yellow
stoneseed
yellow
sweetclover
yellow
trefoil
yellow
water
crowfoot
yellow
willow
yellow-bell
yellow-flax
yellowbells
yellowcress
yellowrocket
yellowrocket
wintercress
now, but typical of what it takes to identify many mustards - if you have the seed pods.
stamens usually basally appendaged; style slender and short, the stigma entire or shallowly 2-lobed. Fruit a silicle, strongly compressed parallel to the replum, dehiscing along the margins, the valves nerveless; seeds 1-several on each side of the replum, often winged or margined. Alyssum saxatile L., a mat-forming perennial with bright yellow flowers and glabrous fruits, occasionally escapes from cultivation but is not known to persist
AlyssumG
BRASSICACEAE
witsianum oval, fine starry hairs, style 1/5 as long as pod
That is probably more than you want to know, but typical of what it takes to identify many mustards - if you have the seed pods.
flowers and glabrous fruits, occasionally escapes from cultivation but is not known to persist
The Rockcress genus is large (about 170 species), and difficult. We have ten species in our area, and an eleventh was described in 1981. They range from the valleys to alpine, each species overlapping with several others. Plants are slender biennials or perennials, usually erect and unbranched (but sometimes many stems cluster from a common rootstock). Basal leaves sometimes form a rosette, stem leaves vary. Plants are usually lightly hairy or without hairs (glabrous).
Flowers develop on
short stalks at the top of the stem, which elongates so that a few flowers may be present at the tip with fruits of various stages attached lower down. Individual flowers are small (1/4 to 1/2 inch long, 1/8 to 1/4 inch across); rarely are more than a few open at the same time, so their pinks and lavenders do not make much of a show.
Fruits (seed pods) are the most distinctive feature for many rockcresses: in particular their length, and how they stick up or down from the main stem can be
uched at the base; petals 4, white to cream or pink to rose or purple, usually oblanceolate; stamens 6. Fruit an erect to pendulous silique, straight to curved, somewhat quadrangular to more often strongly compressed parallel to the replum, dehiscing along the margins, the valves nerveless or 1-nerved; style short or occasionally obsolete, the stigma entire to shallowly bilobed; seeds numerous, in 1 or 2 rows on each side of the replum, mostly flattened and orbicular to oblong, winged or wC ingless.
E Rockcress
The Wintercress genus has two species in our range. Plants are biennials, reaching to about 3 feet tall, and are glabrous (no hairs). Leaves alternate along the stems. They have no stalks, but sit directly against the stem, typically with two "ears" clasping the stem.
Flowers are bright yellow, 1/4 to 1/3 of an inch long. Seed pods are narrow and 1-2 inches long.
Wintercress is native to our area, much the western U.S. and Canada, and parts of Eurasia. Yellowrocket Wintercress is introduB
ced from Eurasia.
WintercressQ
orthoceras
vulgaris
ROErectpod Wintercress
Wintercress
Yellowrocket Wintercress
European Wintercress
BrassicaB
BRASSICACEAE
unchanged
unclear`
uncoiling
uncoils
uncomfortable
uncommonr
under
undergroundn
underneath
underside
undersides
understandingE
understory
underwayE
undesirable
undistinguished
undoubtedly
unequal
unequivocally
uneven
unfortunately
uniform
unifying
uninvited
unique
unisexual
united
units
university
unknown
unlike
Members of this genus are frequently hosts to Puccinia holboellii and P monoica, rusts which turn the leaves of affected plants bright yellow or orange. Species of Arabis form notoriously complex groups. According to Reed C. Rollins (personal communication 1971), apomixis is evidently widespread in the genus as a whole, and Rocky Mountain species closely related to A. holbooellii appear to be especially prone to hybridization, polyploidy, and apomixis. With such phenomena operating, one maB
y expect to find plants that do not match published descriptions. Because flowering plants are often indistinguishable, mature fruit is generally required for identification.
BRASSICACEAE
ong, 1/8 to 1/4 inch across); rarely are more than a few open at the same time, so their pinks and lavenders do not make much of a show.
Fruits (seed pods) are the most distinctive feature for many rockcresses: in particular their length, and how they stick up or down from the main stem can be
Barbarea (Wintercress genus)
Biennial or perennial herbs, occasionally flowering the first year, herbage glabrous or sparsely hairy with simple hairs. Basal leaves mostly pinnatifid to pinnate with a large terminal lobe or leaflet and 2-several pairs of smaller latera1 segments; stem leaves alternate, entire to pinnatifid, usually auriculatec asping. Flowers in simple or compound racemes; sepals 4, the outer pair slightly pouched at the base; petals 4, yellow fading to white, clawed sB
tamens 6. Fruit a subterete or 4-angled to compressed silique, the valves usually with a prominent midnerve; style developed, in some species beaklike, the stigma slightly 2-lobed; seeds numerous, in 1 row on each side of the replum.
WintercressG
BRASSICACEAE
049-026M
004-022N
021-036P BluebellsQ2arizonica
brevistyla
ciliata
oblongifolia
viridis
RcArizona Bluebells
Shortstyle Bluebells
Mountain Bluebells
Oblongleaf Bluebells
Greenleaf Bluebells
PlagiobothrysB
F. & M.
Plagiobothrys (Popcorn Flower genus)
Annuals or perennials; stems erect to prostrate; herbage often coarsely hairy sometimes bristly so. Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, entire, mostly narrow. Flowers borne on several to numerous, naked or bracteate, coiled axes, these usually elongating in age; calyx 5-lobed to below the middle, in some species accrescent; corolla white, the tube rarely exceeding the calyx, the limb horizontally flared, the crest well developed, stamens includ
classification{
classis
claytonia
cleanf
clean-cut
clean-lookingV
clear
clearly
cleavers
clematis
clematis
virgin's
bower
genus
about
species
cleome
click
clicking
cliff
cliffbrakes
cliffrose
cliffs
climate
climates
climbing
climbs
cling
clinging
close[
close-up
closelyj
closer
closest
cloth-making
clothese
clothing
clover
clover-like
clover-style
clovers
clump-forming
clumped
clumps
colorful]
colorsf
columbiai
columnaris
combinedy
DitchgrassG
RUPPIACEAE
A^The Dirchgrass genus has a single species, Ruppia maritima. See the species for a description.
DitchgrassQ maritima
Widgeongrass
Ditchgrass
PopulusB
Populus (Poplar or Cottonwood or Aspen genus)
Dioecious, wind-pollinated trees, occasionally shrubby; twigs stout or slender. Leaf buds covered by several, mostly resinous scales; leaves simple, alternate, petioled, broad to narrow, often turning bright yellow in autumn, stipules inconspicuous, soon falling. Catkins appearing before the leaves, stalked, usually pendulous, with either staminate or pistillate flowers; each flower subtended by a small, thin, toothed to deeply lobed, basa
that cling to everything. Nobody would want to sleep on a bed of this, but most bedstraws lack the prickles.
The name "galium" has an interesting origin, the same as that of galaxy and lactose. Extracts of a plant were used to curdle milk ("gala") for cheese-making, and the true milk plant became known as Galium verum. Another name for this plant is "Lady's Bedstraw", because its fragrant yellow flowers and lack of prickles would have made it very choice (Photo 3: does not occur here).
073-012N
111-027P
Bedstraw / CleaversQQaparine
bifolium
boreale
mexicanum
multiflorum
trifidum
triflorum
saxatile
verum
occasionally only one carpel developing.
identificationV
identifiedO
identifyb
identifying
identifyng
identity
illustrate
image
images
imbricatedb
immediate
immediately
impenetrable
implies
import
importance
important
imported^
imports
impression
False FlaxG
BRASSICACEAE
AWCamelina has only one representative in our area, False Flax which is a native of Asia.
False FlaxQ
microcarpa
False Flax
CapsellaB
Medic.
Capsella
See species description locally
Shepherd's PurseG
BRASSICACEAE
There are about 4 European species in the Shepherd's Purse genus (Latin name means "Little Box"). The one that has established itself here has done likewise almost all over the world.
Shepherd's PurseQ
bursa-pastoris
Shepherd's Purse
mA CardamineB
camelina
camelina
representative
false
camissonia
camissonia
about
species
mostly
western
north
camomilej
campestre
campion
Three of the 5 species of Whitetop (natives of Eurasia) occur in our area, although only one is common. All are noxious weeds! They are deep-rooted perennials, set enormous numbers of seeds, and can almost totally exclude other species when they get a foothold. Their preferred habitat is moist disturbed ground, which can be alkaline: this means roadsides and meadows in the valleys and midmontane.
Our main invader is just called Whitetop, or Hoary Cress. It spreads in massive stands along
the Jordan River Parkway in North Salt Lake, adding a white foreground to the dark line of Poison Hemlock in the middle ground, and the (mostly) Siberian Elms in the background (photo 1). Emigration Canyon has a serious infestation reaching far along the road.
Plants are 6-24 inches tall, with a dense mass of white flowers. Seed pods are globular or heart-shaped, hairy or not, and vary among the species.
Cardamine (Bittercress genus)
Annual to perennial herbs, glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate. Flowers in bracteate or ebracteate racemes; sepals 4, slightly pouched at the base; petals 4, white or purple (rarely pale yellow) usually clawed; stamens 4-6. Fruit a linear silique, moderately to slightly compressed parallel to the replum, explosively dehiscent, the valves coiling upward from the base, a midnerve lacking or inconspicuous; style shortB9 to beaklike, seeds in 1 row on each side of the replum.
BittercressG
BRASSICACEAE
BittercressQ
cordifolia
hirsuta
concatenata
Blue MustardG
BRASSICACEAE
Chorispora is a genus with about 12 species in Eurasia. They are annuals or perennials. Our single species, Blue Mustard, is an annual weed of the valleys and foothills.
Blue MustardQ
tenella
R&Blue Mustard
Purplebloom
Musk Mustard
qA ConringiaB
Adans.
Conringia
See species description locally
Hare's EarG
BRASSICACEAE
AxThere are 6 species of Conringia native to Eurasia. One, Hare's Ear Mustard, occurs here in the valleys and foothills.
Hare's EarQ
orientalis
Hare's Ear Mustard
DescurainiaB
Webb & Berthel.
adhesive
adjacent
admit
adorn
adorning_
affect[
africaU
africanK
african
about
species
omitted
afterb
again|
against
aggregata
aggressive
agoserisZ
agree
agreed|
agreementu
agriculturaln
agropyron
agrostis
alaska
albeit
albion
albusE
alder
aleppe
alfalfa
alike
alkali
alkali
weeds
small
genus
different
typic
alkali-grass
alkaline
alkaloid
alkaloidsX
BRASSICACEAE
The Peppergrasses or Pepperweeds are a worldwide genus with about 175 species, ranging from annuals to shrubs. Flowers grow in clusters that bloom from the top and elongate progressively as the fertilized seed pods develop below. The seed pods are typically lens-shaped discs about 1/8 of an inch across, bigger in one species.
We have 6 species, four of which are native, while two are of European origin. Flowers are white except as noted. Basal leaves and those of the lower stems are usual
ly divided feather-fashion; upper stem leaves are weakly or not at all divided.
L. campestre Vall. - foot., European, seed pods 1/4 inch, with "wings";
L. perfoliatum Vall. - foot., European, stems go 'through' leaves, flowers yellow;
L. dictyotum Valleys, poor soil, native;
L. densiflorum Vall. - mid., native, petals tiny, or none;
L. montanum Vall. - upper, native;
L. virginicum Vall. - mid., native.
E#Peppergrass / Pepperweed
Pepperweed
Fruit an elongate linear silique, compressed to quadrangular or subterete, the valves strongly nerved; style more or less prominent, the stigma entire to more often 2-lobed; seeds in 1 row on each side of the replum, winged or wingless.
WallflowerG
BRASSICACEAE
The Wallflower genus has about 160 species in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Flowers range from cream-colored to orange.
Our main representative, Western Wallflower, is a handsome native, highly variable. Botanists have disagreed as to where it fits between some wide-ranging species. Previous consensus included it with a more easterly Erysimum asperum, as in this work; more lately it is included with the westerly Erysimum capitatum, and will be labelled this way in the new
prickly}
prickly
gilia
prickly
lettuce}
prickly
poppy
prickly
sedge
prickly
sowthistle
primrose
prince's
prince's
prostrateE
prostrate
knotweed
prostrate
pigweedE
prostrate
spurge
prostrate
vervain
psilocarphus
pull-up
pull-up
muhly
punctate
punctate
watermeal
puncturevine
purpleL
purple
avens
purple
deadnettle
purple
loosestrife
purple
oniongrass
purple
peavine
purple
reedgrass
purple
salsify
purple
slipper
purple
springparsleyL
purple
three-awn
purple
virgin's
bower
nold's
raynold's
sedge
clover
elderberry
goosefoot
henbit
orach
sandspurrey
sandwort
willowherb
Lepidium (Peppergrass or Pepperweed genus)
Annual to perennial herbs from taproots, sometimes woody at the base; herbage glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, in some species auriculate-clasping, entire to much dissected. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes; sepals 4, not pouched at the base; petals white or yellow, in some species vestigial or lacking; stamens 2, 4, or more often 6. Fruiting pedicels often slightly to strongly flattened; fruit an ovat
Oe or obovate to orbicular silicle, strongly to moderately compressed at right angles to the narrow replum and dehiscing down the middle of the flattened surface, often winged, especially at the apex, the wings forming a narrow to broad stylar notch; style obsolete to prominent, the stigma unlobed; seeds 1 on each side of the replum.
Peppergrass
Pepperweed
hutchins
hutchins
mustard
hyacinth
hybridV
hybrid
dogbaneV
hyssop
idaho
idaho
blue-eyed
grass
indianP
indian
apple
hempV
indian
parsleyP
indian
potatoQ
indian
ricegrass
inland
inland
sedge
intermediateV
intermediate
dogbaneV
intermediate
wheatgrass
intermounbtain
intermounbtain
ladies
tresses
iodine
iodine
iodinebush
island
island
yellowcress
ivesia
ivy-leaf
ivy-leaf
duckweed
ivy-leaved
ivy-leaved
speedwell
ivyleaf
ivyleaf
speedwell
jacob's
jacobsladder
jagged
jagged
chickweed
james's
james's
chickweed
jamesia
japanese
japanese
knotweed
japanese
hairy
chess
jasmine
jenny
jerusalem-oak
jessie's
jessie's
tickweed
mustard
joe-pyer
joe-pye
weedr
wintercress
genus
species
range
plants
wintergreen
shinleaf
genus
gives
woodbine
genus
about
species
woody
vines
woodland
stars
small
genus
species
endemic
woodnymph
genus
single
species
where
theirL
theis
thelypodium
themV
themselve
themselvesW
thenX
African Mustard
NasturtiumB
R. Br.
Nasturtium
See species description locally
WatercressG
BRASSICACEAE
Watercress is given a genus of its own, having been moved out of the large Yellowcress genus (Rorippa) because of differences in flower color (it is the only white one) and seed shape.
WatercressQ
officinale
Watercress
Water-Cress
PhysariaB
(Nutt.) Gray
iption locally
Isatis (Woad or Dyer's Woad genus)
See species description locally
yellow
yellow-flowered
yellow-greenP
yellow-orangev
yellow-petalled
yellowcress
yellowcress
fairly
large
species
genus
occurring
yellowishf
yellowrocket
yellows
yukon
zauschneria
zealand
zonesz
zoological
tQ{aurea
brachystylis
crassifolia
cuneifolia
densifolia
nemorosa
nivalis
oligosperma
rectifructa
reptans
stenoloba
verna
@Golden Draba
Shortstyle Draba
Wasatch Draba
Lanceleaf Rockcress
Rocky Mountain Draba
Hairy Draba
Wedgeleaf Draba
Rockcress Draba
Woodland Draba
Woods Draba
Snow Draba
Longfruit Draba
Few-seeded Draba
Doublecomb Draba
Mountain Draba
Carolina Whitlow Grass
Creeping Draba
Dwarf Draba
Shiny Draba
Alaska Draba
Spring Draba
ErysimumB
Erysimum (Wallflower genus)
Annual to perennial herbs from taproots; herbage sparsely to densely hairy with appressed, sessile, dolabriform hairs, often with sessile, 3- or 4-rayed hairs intermixed with the dolabriform ones. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed to lobed, not stem-clasping. Flowers in simple or compound racemes; sepals 4, erect, the outer pair usually pouched at the base, soon deciduous; petals 4, yellow to orange-red or maroon to purple, long-clawed; stamens 6.
inutel
subalpine
sugarbowls
suksdorf's
suksdorf's
monkeyflower
sulfur
sulfur
buckwheat
sulfurflower
sulphur
sulphur
indian
paintbrush
sumacF
summer
sumpweed|
sunflowerw
susan
swampX
swamp
arrowgrass
swamp
black
gooseberry
swamp
laurel
swamp
milkweedX
swamp
wintergreen
sweetR
sweet
alyssum
sweet
false
chamomilej
sweet
rocket
sweet
violet
sweet-cicelyR
sweet-scented
sweet-scented
bedstraw
sweetanise
sweetbrier
sweetclover
sweetpea
sweetrootR
sweetvetch
swertia
swordleaf
swordleaf
synthyris
Cardaria (Whitetop genus)
Perennial herbs, often rhizomatous; herbage glabrous or pubescent with minute simple hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed, in our species those, of at least the upper stem auriculate-clasping. Racemes typically numerous in a flat-topped panicle; sepals 4, not pouched at the base, soon deciduous; petals 4, white, short-clawed; stamens 6. Fruit a tardily dehiscent or indehiscent, glabrous or pubescent silicle, subglobose to moderately compressed aB
t right angles to the replum, ours unnotched at the apex; style slender, the stigma unlobed; seeds (0) 1 or 2 on each side of the replum.
WhitetopG
BRASSICACEAE
Difficult
Reclusive
Artless
Bemusing
Anonymous
Draba are the quintessential "little brown birds" of the plant world. Tiny white or yellow flowers adorn the top of tiny stems that may or may not have tiny leaves, arising from a tiny rosette of basal leaves. Look hard for them in dry slopes, grassy meadows or rocky slopes, from the valleys to alpine. Be grateful that only a dozen of the 350 species occur here.
They are actually quite pretty, but identifyingB3 them is difficult. Try clicking on "Summary Table"
020-015M
061-010N
020-007P
Whitlow Grass
edition.
Two other species occur, much less showy, thought to be introduced from Eurasia. They are plants of disturbed sites in the lower elevations, whose flowers are only 1/5 to 1/4 inch long.
034-001M
034-003P
WallflowerQ asperum
cheiranthoides
repandum
Western Wallflower
Prairie Rocket
Pretty Wallflower
Wormseed Mustard
Treacle
Treacle Mustard
Spreading Wormseed
Spreading Wallflower
vA EuclidiumB
R. Br.
Euclidium
See species description locally
E EuclidiumG
BRASSICACEAE
seeds in 2 rows on each side of the replum, oval to suborbicular, compressed, minutel
curlb
curl-leaf
curly-cupt
currant
currant-like
currants
current
curved
curving
cushion
cushion-like
customary
cutgrass
cutleafc
cyanush
cyathia
cyathium
cyclachaena|
cycleV
cylindric
cylindrical
cylindropuntias
cyperus
cypress
daffodils
daisiesb
daisyc
daisy-like
daisy-looking^
daisy-type
dalmatian
dame's
dampG
dandelionZ
dandelionsp
dangle[
dangling
darker
datura
daucusM
davidt
Bladderpods are a large genus of about 100 biennials and perennials, mostly native to North America, but with a dozen in South America. There are 18 species in Utah, only 3 of which come into our area.
They are very attractive plants. Flowering stems tend to sprawl outwards from a central rosette of clean-cut leaves. Foliage is often covered by a mat of flat star-shaped hairs, giving it a silvery green finish. Flowers are yellow, 1/3 to 1/2 inch long. There are several stems in bloom at o
\nce, each carrying a dense globule of flowers; the overall effect is enhanced by the plants' tendency to grow directly on sand or gravel.
Seed pods are inflated to almost spherical (though only 1/4 to 1/3 inch long), with the remains of the female style attached. Distinguishing among the species id difficult without having the mature seed pods.
008-008M
034-014N
033-029P
Bladderpod
The Moonwort genus has just 3 species, all from Europe, known for their extraordinary seed pods. These are large discs, as much as 1 1/2 inches across, resembling the full moon or coins according to one's dominant interests.
MoonwortQ
annua
R)Money Plant
Honesty
Moonwort
Satinflower
Malcolmia B
(L.) R. Br.
Malcolmia
See species description locally
E MalcolmiaG
BRASSICACEAE
Malcolmia honors a London nurseryman of the 18th to 19th centuries. It is a small genus of about 35 species found in southern Eurasia and northern Africa.
One if them, African Mustard, became established in the Great Basin, where it is now widespread.
Malcolmia Q africana
083-030M
012-036N
029-021P
Peppergrass / PepperweedQJcampestre
densiflorum
dictyotum
montanum
perfoliatum
virginicum
fremontii
Fieldcress
Field Peppergrass
Prairie Pepperweed
Densecress
Net Pepperweed
Gray's pepperplant
Mountain Pepperweed
Mountain Pepperplant
Clasping Pepperweed
Peppergrass
Virginia Pepperweed
Virginiacress
Broadleaf Pepperweed
LesquerellaB
Wats.
Lesquerella (Bladderpod genus)
Annual to perennial herbs from taproots; herbage pubescent with sessile to short-stalked, erect to appressed, branched or stellate, sometimes scalelike hairs, occasionally (not in ours) with simple hairs. Basal leaves linear to oblanceolate or suborbicular, entire to pinnatifid; stem leaves alternate, short-petioled or sessile, occasionally auriculate-clasping (none of ours), oblanceolate to ovate, entire or toothed. Flowers in simple or compound racemese;
L. virginicum Vall. - mid., native.
E#Peppergrass / Pepperweed
Pepperweed
Bedstraw
CleaversFpIn this family, a whorl composed of both leaves and leaflike stipules is described as consisting only of leaves.G RUBIACEAE
The Bedstraw or Cleavers genus has about 300 species in temperate regions. They are herbs or shrubs with square stems. Leaves are simple and untoothed, in whorls around the stem. Stems and leaves are sometimes prickly and clinging.
Flowers are in clusters, the corolla tiny to small, usually with 4 lobes and a short tubular section. Fruits in our species are in pairs, dry, bristly or not.
We have 7 species, all of them native. Most familiar is the clambering Cleavers with its tiny hooks acts of a plant were used to curdle milk ("gala") for cheese-making, and the true milk plant became known as Galium verum.
eloping.
nutlets
nutrients
nutritive
nuttall'sx
oatgrass
important
cereal
grain
small
genus
oblongleaf
obovatau
obscure
observations
obtain
obvious]
obviously
occasional
occasionallyA
occasionaly
occidentalis
occsionally
occupyL
occurJ
occurrence
officinaleO
oftenG
Galium (Bedstraw or Cleavers genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby; stems 4-angled or sometimes terete, erect to often trailing. Leaves opposite or evidently whorled, entire, sessile or short-petioled; stipules free or nearly so, often as large as the leaves, the latter then appearing whorled. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, 3- or 4-merous in axillary or terminal cymes or cymose panicles, rarely solitary; calyx obsolete; corolla white to greenish-white or cream, usually r
otate or cup-shaped, the tube shorter than the 3 or 4 horizontally flaring lobes; stamens 3 or 4, short; ovary inferior and 2-lobed, the styles 2, free or basally fused, each with a minute globose stigma. Fruit a schizocarp, the mericarps 2, globose to ellipsoid, indehiscent, dry (ours) or rarely fleshy, glabrous or variously hairy, falling separately at maturity, occasionally only one carpel developing.
The Twinpods are a small but dramatic genus of mustards, about 22 perennial species of the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin.
Rich yellow flowers are set off against silvery gray leaves. Seed pods puff up into pairs of little bladders over 1/2 an inch long. At maturity these fall off intact, and are presumably blown around by the wind as part of the dispersal mechanism.
We have two species of twinpods locally.
TwinpodQ acutifolia
chambersii
newberryi
R4Common Twinpod
Rydberg's Twinpod
Chambers's Twinpod
RaphanusB
Raphanus (Radish genus)
See species description locally
RadishG
BRASSICACEAE
TwinpodG
BRASSICACEAE
packera
paintbrush
paintbrushes
paired
pairsV
paler
palette
palmate
palmately
pampas
panic
panicgrass
panicle
panicled
pansies
pansy
paper
papery
pappusg
papyriferus
papyrus
parachute
parasites
parasitic
parent
paris
parkway
parnassia
parnassiaceae
parrots
parry's`
parryiu
parsley-likeL
parsnipS
partc
The Radish genus has 3 species native to the Mediterranean region.
Both the cultivated and the wild radishes are occasionally found as weeds. I have not encountered either in our area.
RadishQ
raphanistrum
Jointed Charlock
Radish
RorippaB
Scop.
Rorippa (Yellowcress genus)
Annual to perennial herbs; stems 1-many, erect to decumbent or prostrate, simple to much branched; herbage glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent with simple hairs (ours) or with scattered, blisterlike hairs. Leaves alternate, entire or irregularly toothed to pinnatifid, often auriculate-clasping. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes; sepals 4, erect to spreading at flowering, slightly or not at all pouched at the base, persistent or soon deciduous; p
gion.
Both the cultivated and the wild radishes are occasionally found as weeds. I have not encountered either in our area.
078-024M
015-005N
078-030P
Russian ThistleQ
Russian Thistle
Tumbleweed
SarcobatusB
Sarcobatus (Greasewood genus)
See species description locally
GreasewoodG
CHENOPODIACEAE
AZThere is a single species in the Greasewood genus, native to the western U.S. and Canada.
GreasewoodQ
vermiculatus
Greasewood
SuaedaB
Forsk. ex Scop.
chambers's
chambers's
twinpod
chamisso`
chamisso
arnica`
chamisso
sedge
chamomile^
charlock
cheatgrass
checker
checkermallow
cheeses
cheeseweed
chess
chickpea
chickpea
milkvetch
chickweed
chicory
chileR
chile
sweetrootR
chinese
chinese
blazing
chinese
chivalry
chivalry
grass
chlorocrambe
chocolate
chocolate
chokecherry
chufa
chufa
sedge
cicelyR
ciliateb
ciliate
asterb
cinquefoil
avens
clammy
clary
clary
clasping
clasping
pepperweed
clear-eye
cleavers
clematis
cliff
cliff
jamesia
cliffbrake
cliffrose
cloud
cloud
sedge
clover
cloverhead
cloverhead
horsemint
clustered
clustered
broomrape
clustered
cancerroot
ntainC
herbs
hereX
heterogeneousu
heterophyllaZ
heterothecay
hidden]
highL
hatchX
haveA
branches
branching
branchlets
brassica
brassica
gives
whole
family
economically
break
breaks
breedp
breedingp
brevissimus
breweri
brickellf
brickelliaf
brickellia
named
brickell
century
botanif
brightc
brightly
brilliant
briny
bristlegrasses
bristlesg
bristly
britishi
brittle
brittleness
broad
broad-leaved
broader
broadlyW
broccoli
broken
brome
brook
cabbage
cabbages
cacti
cactus
californiai
cally
called[
calyx
Rubus (Blackberry or Raspberry or Bramble genus)
Shrubs; stems often with bristles or prickles, biennial from a perennial base, those of the first year (primocanes) sterile, with leaves unlike those of the flowering stems (floricanes) of the second year. Leaves alternate, simple or ternately to pinnately compound; stipules usually well developed, often fused to the petiole. Flowers bisexual or less often unisexual, solitary or variously clustered, mostly 5-merous; floral tube saucer-
%to somewhat bell-shaped, disc-lined, persistent in fruit; sepals arising with the petals and numerous (15 or more) stamens at the summit of the floral tube; pistils few to many, the ovaries superior, borne on an enlarged, often fleshy receptacle. Fruit a cluster of weakly coherent drupelets.
Blackberry
Raspberry
BrambleG
ROSACEAE
-015M
002-015N
060-020
,Pennycress is a biggish genus of about 75 species, mostly from the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Flowers are white to purplish.
We have two species, Field Pennycress is a plant of the valleys and foothills, originating from Europe, Mountain Pennycress is a native of the middle mountains and above.
PennycressQ
arvense
montanum
RAFanweed
Pennycress
Wild Candytuft
Alps Pennycress
Mountain Cress
OpuntiaB
Mill.
PennycressG
BRASSICACEAE
PennycressG
BRASSICACEAE
Pennycress is a biggish genus of about 75 species, mostly from the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Flowers are white to purplish.
We have two species, Field Pennycress is
ThelypodiumQ
sagittatum
R'Littlefoot Mustard
Arrowleaf Thelypody
ThlaspiB
Thlaspi (Pennycress genus)
Annual or perennial herbs from taproots, herbage glabrous (ours) or pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves simple, entire or toothed, the basal often rosette-forming, the cauline alternate, sessile and auriculate-clasping. Sepals 4, erect, not pouched at the base; petals 4, white (ours) or rose-purple; stamens 6. Fruit a silicle, strongly flattened at right angles to the replum, usually wing-margined; style slender and elongate to obsolete, the stigma obscurelyBJ 2-lobed; seeds in 1 row on each side of the replum, 1-8 in each chamber.
PennycressG
BRASSICACEAE
ck petals. Fruits are equivalent to a dry "hip" with aone or two seeds.
We have only 1 species, the Garden Burnet, a Eurasian plant which has become widely spread in our area since its first detection in 1973.
BurnetQ
minor
Burnet
Garden Burnet
A SibbaldiaB
Sibbaldia
See species description locally
E SibbaldiaG
ROSACEAE
RSibbaldia is a small genus with 6 species, mostly in Asia. They are small perennial herbs, which may be mat-forming. The leaves are mostly basal, with 3 toothed leaflets attached to a stalk. Stem leaves are few or absent.
Flowers are like those of a Cinquefoil, with 5 sepals, bractlets and yellow petals.Fruit is a single-seeded achene.
066-008M
066-010P Sibbaldia
midribs
might
migrateda
milkvetch
milkvetches/locoweed
milkweedX
milkweedsX
milkwort
milkyZ
millennia
millet
mimics
miner's
miniature
minorW
minority
minuartia
minus
minute|
mirror
mirroring
missing
misspelled
mistake
mistaken
mistletoe
mistletoe
large
genus
about
species
parasitic
mistletoes
miterworts
miterworts
occur
temperate
north
america
mixed
mixture
models
moderate
moderate-sized
moderately`
modernb
modest
modified
This is the heart of the Rose family, with 100 species of more or less thorny shrubs in the Northern Hemisphere. Leaves are pinnately compound, with 3-11 leaflets along a central stalk. At the base of each full leaf are a pair of modified leaves or 'stipules'. These occur also in a number of families (e.g. Pea, Buckwheat) and are used in technical descriptions. All these featuresa can be seen in Photo 1. As is well known, roses can have fierce thorns - more accurately described as prickles
to the botanist. Shape and oreintation of these is used in identifyng species.
Thousands of varieties have been developed in cultivation, many with dense layers of petals. The typical wild rose has a single ring of 5 sepals and 5 petals plus numerous stamens (Photo 2). As fruit matures the old sepals may drop off (Dog Rose, Photo 3), remain and point forward (Woods's Rose), or remain and spread somewhat (Nootka Rose). Such simple observations can help tremendously in identifying a plant.
ce other common names such as "Spanish Clover". Some species, including our local one, have another pair of leaflets which sit right against the stem. Flowers are small, predominantly yellow. Often the yellow has overtones of red.
Seed pods in our plants are little more than an inch long and 1/10 inch wide.
We have one or two imported species here. The plants in the photos were identified as Lotus tenuis, but there is debate as to whether they and other local plants should be included inC) the very widespread Lotus corniculatus.
113-009M
096-013P
Bird's-foot TrefoilR&Birdsfoot Trefoil
Bird's foot Trefoil
OnobrychisB
SainfoinG
FABACEAE
Water StarwortQ
hermaphroditica
palustris
RQAutumn Water Starwort
Secret Water Starwort
Water Starwort
Vernal Water Starwort
A CampanulaB
Campanula (Harebell or Bellflower genus)
See species description locally
Harebell
BellflowerG
CAMPANULACEAE
Bellflowers are the quintessential symmetrical, 5-lobed bell. They ring the changes to the tune of about 300 species, usually blue or violet or white. Many have been brought into cultivation.
Ours are perennial herbs with alternate leaves. We have a single species, Creeping Bellflower, which is actually native to Europe, but sometimes escapes from cultivation and becomes established. Close by in the Uintas we can easily find the Harebell, also known as Scottish Bluebell, which is native aB'round much of the Northern Hemisphere.
parted
partheniumk
partially
particular
particularlyG
partly
parts[
parviflora
passing
pastX
pasturage
pasture
patches
pattern[
patternsp
paxistima
pea-type
peach
peaches
pearlwort
pearly\
pears
peavine
peculiaritiesz
pediculariaceae
pellitory
penetrate
pennycress
pennycress
biggish
genus
about
species
mostly
penstemon
penstemons
penstemons
largest
genus
flowering
plants
which
peopleX
pepper
antsE
ornamentalsY
ornamented
orogeniaQ
112-022M
078-032N
075-037P GoosefootQFalbum
botrys
capitatum
fremontii
glaucum
hybridum
leptophyllum
rubrum
Lambsquarters
Pigweed
Jerusalem-oak
Strawberry Blite
Strawberry Spinach
Fremont Goosefoot
Bigleaf Goose foot
Mapleleaf Goosefoot
Slimleaf Goosefoot
Narrowleaf Goosefoot
Red Goosefoot
CorispermumB
Corispermum (Bugseed genus)
See species description locally
BugseedG
CHENOPODIACEAE
IBugseeds are annual herbs, not much branched. There are about 60 species of the northern temperate regions. Our single species, Common Bugseed, has been assumed to be an invader from Eurasia (Corispermum hyssopifolia). Now, however, opinion is leaning towards its being a native, which is tentatively named Corispermum villosum.
pared by Arnow.
hybridum
leptophyllum
rubrum
which
Wbergia
oryzopsis
panicum
phalaris
phleum
phragmites
polypogon
puccinellia
sclerochloa
secale
setaria
sitanion
sorghum
spartina
sporobolus
stipa
trisetum
triticum
poaceae
collomia
gilia
leptodactylon
llnanthus
microsteris
navarretia
phlox
polemonium
polemoniaceae
eriogonum
oxyria
polygonum
rumex
polygonaceae
adiantum
polypodiaceae
tresses
triangular
tribem
trickyV
tridentataa
trifolium
tripartitaa
trisetum
trisetum
means
three
bristles
species
triternatumP
tropicalo
tropics
troublesome
troyv
trueX
truly}
trumpet
trumpet-shaped
trumpets
trunk
trunks
tuberT
tubers
tubular
tufted
BugseedQ
hyssopifolium
Common Bugseed
Tickseed
EurotiaB
Adans.
Eurotia
See species description locally
E WinterfatG
CHENOPODIACEAE
8Winterfat is a small genus of about 8 species scattered in the northern temperate regions. Our species is native, very woolly, especially around the seeds.
It has been known for some time that the botanical name Eurotia was not correct, but only recently is a consensus emerging in favor of Krascheninnikovia.
080-029M
080-031N
080-032P WinterfatQ
lanata
Winterfat
White-sage
A HalogetonB
C. A. Mey.
Halogeton
See species description locally
suaeda
swertia
symphoricarpos
taraxacum
female[
fern-shaped
fernleafO
ferns
fertile
fertilization
fertilizep
fertilized
fescue
fewer
fiber
fibres
fibrous
fiddlenecks
fiddlenecks
named
uncoiling
flower
resembli
field
fields
fierce
fiercely
fifth
figuring
figwort
figwort
scrophularia
named
english
latin
final
findX
fineb
5-lobed
5-parted
5-petalled
50-60
woodsia
woodsorrel
woolly
woolly
groundsel
woolly
marbles
woolly
mullein
woolly
panicgrass
woolly
plantain
woolly
sedge
woollybase
woollybase
plantain
woollyweed
wormseed
wormseed
mustard
wormskjold's
wormskjold's
clover
wormskjold's
speedwell
wormwooda
woundwort
wyethP
wyeth
biscuitrootP
wyeth
buckwheat
wyoming
wyoming
paintbrush
yampaT
yarrowY
yellow^
yellow
alyssum
yellow
beeplant
outer layer, with a skin.
Several main groups of familiar fruits are included, such as plums, peaches and cherries. In all of these groups there are species which are cultivated for their flowers rather than their fruit.
We have 1 native species, the Western Chokecherry. There are some escapes from cultivation: American Plum wh
sweet-cicely@
tamarisks@
tansyasters
temperate
barberry
genus
consists
shrubs
spreading
bluebell
genus
about
species
divided
between
eura@
common
phragmites
australis
species
elderberry
genus
fairly
small
about
species
groundsels
large
difficult
group
large
difficult
group
subtropics
successfulW
successive
succulent
sucessfully
suchL
suckers
sufferers
sufficient
sufficiently
suggestsP
suitableh
suited
sulfur
summary
summerP
summer
cypress
small
genus
about
species
found
sumpweed|
sunflowerw
sunflower-like
sunflowersx
sunken
sunnyy
superb
superficialZ
superficially
supplementedn
supplied
supporting
supposed]
surfacet
surounding
surprise
surprisedp
surprising
surrounded
surroundingL
surrounds
survival
survived
susan
swampX
swaying
sweetV
sweet
alyssum
small
genus
species
europe
sneezeweed
genus
named
helenium
after
helen
speedwells
annual
perennial
herbs
about
speci
spikemoss
genus
about
species
world
spikerushes
annual
perennial
herbs
genus
spleenwort
genus
large
species
being
sprangletops
small
genus
slender
grasses
prefer
springbeauty
genus
about
species
north
america
springparsleys
early-blooming
genus
small
parsL
spurge
genus
euphorbia
sedge
genus
carex
rweeds
small
genus
species
wester
traditional
camomile
prepared
anthemis
twinpods
small
dramatic
genus
mustards
twistflower
genus
medium
sized
about
species
species
euclidium
native
eurasia
wallflower
genus
about
species
temperate
Chenopodium (Goosefoot genus)
Annual or rarely perennial herbs; herbage mealy-scurfy or less often glabrous or variously pubescent. Leaves often somewhat fleshy, alternate, usually petioled, entire or toothed to lobed, sometimes hastately so. Flowers bisexual or rare1y unisexual, greenish, sessile in axillary or terminal clusters or in simple to paniculate spikes; calyx 3-5-lobed, the lobes dorsally keeled or rounded, more or less closely surrounding the fruit; stamens 1-5; styles 2 (B
3-5). Utricle or achene horizontal or vertical, the pericarp free from or adherent to the seed; seeds lenticular to subglobose and acute to obtuse on the periphery.
E GoosefootG
CHENOPODIACEAE
sphaeralcea
sphaeromeria
spiranthes
spirodela
stachys
stellaria
streptanthus
streptopus
suaeda
swertia
symphoricarpos
taraxacum
procumbens
Sibbaldia
SorbusB
Sorbus (Mountain Ash genus)
See species description locally
Mountain AshG
ROSACEAE
Mountain Ash is native to north temperate regions, where there are about 50 species of shrubs and trees, without spines. Leaves are pinnately compound with 11-17 saw-edged leaflets attached to a central stalk (pinnate). Leaflets are narrowly lance-shaped.
Flowers are in flat clusters, individually small, but numerous. Fruits are miniature apples, orange to red, with just 1 or 2 seeds.
Mountain AshQ
scopulina
R)American Mountain Ash
Rocky Mountain Ash
GaliumB
Cherry
Stone-fruitsG
ROSACEAE
herry
Stone-fruitsG
ROSACEAE
ies, the
s at the summit of the floral tube; petals 5, pink to rose or white; stamens 20-30; pistil 1, the ovary superior. Fruit a drupe, the usually solitary seed enclosed in a bony endocarp.
Cherry
Stone-fruitsG
ROSACEAE
The Stone Fruit genus is of tremendous economic importance, providing fruit, flowers and pleasure. It has about 150 species, mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with 25-30 in North America. They are trees and shrubs with alternate leaves, which are simple and finely toothed around the edge. Often there are glands on the leaf stalk.
Flowers are 5-parted, with spreading sepals and petals, the latter white or pink. As is common in the Rose family, stamens are numerous, 15
amens are numerous, 15
virginiana
metimes hairy, convex receptacle, the whole often surrounded by the erect, accrescent sepals.
CannabisB
Cannabis (Hemp genus)
See species description locally
NULACEAE
#Downingia has about 14 species, native to the western U.S. They are plants of wet habitats, small and soft stemmed.
Flowers are of the Lobelia type, with a 2-lobed upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip. We have a single species, the Shore Downingia which grows on mud flats at lower elevations.
laeta
Shore Downingia
CannabisB
Cannabis (Hemp genus)
See species description locally
CannabisB
Cannabis (Hemp genus)
See species description locally
flower genus)
See species description locally
Callitriche (Water Starwort genus)
See family description locally
Water StarwortG
CALLITRICHACEAE
Callitriche means "beautiful hair", the slender stems swaying in slow-flowing water obviously having struck a chord. If the Latin names have you puzzled, how about the common names? One of our species is the Vernal Water Starwort, while the other is Autmun Water Starwort, but both flower from July to September.
There are about 35 species of worldwide distribution. Our 2 species are both found around the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Plants are aquatic, and may be completelyB
submerged or partly emergent at their tips. Leaf form may vary according to whether it is floating or submerged.
Flowers are small, lack sepals and petals, and are either female or male.
milkvetch
pickleweed
samphire
sweetpea
valerian
valley
valley
sedge
variableleaf
variableleaf
pondweed
variegated
variegated
clover
variegated
scouring
varileaf
varileaf
cinquefoil
varileaf
scorpionweed
varyleaf
varyleaf
phacelia
veiny
veiny
velvetgrass
verbena
vernalq
vernal
daisyq
vernal
water
starwort
vervain
vetch
violet
virgin's
virginia
virginia
creeper
virginia
groundcherry
virginia
pepperweed
virginiacress
viscidl
viscid
jacobsladder
viscid
rabbitbrushl
barley
wallflower
wallrocket
mullein
CAMPANULACEAE
VSilverweed Cinquefoil
Common Silverweed
Biennial Cinquefoil
Green Cinquefoil
Elegant Cinquefoil
Pretty Cinquefoil
Varileaf Cinquefoil
Wedge-leaf Cinquefoil
Shrubby Cinquefoil
Yellow Rose
Tundra Rose
Sticky Cinquefoil
Glandular Cinquefoil
Soft Cinquefoil
Slender Cinquefoil
Norway Cinquefoil
Rough Cinquefoil
Sheep Cinquefoil
Brook Cinquefoil
PrunusB
Prunus (Plum or Cherry or Stone-fruit genus)
Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous (ours) or evergreen, alternate, mostly serrate, usually with conspicuous glands either along the margins of the leaf base or at the petiole apex; stipules free, narrow, often deciduous. Flowers bisexual, in racemes, umbels, or corymbs, or occasionally solitary on short spur branches, appearing with or before the leaves; floral tube mostly bell-shaped, disc-lined; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamen
NinebarkG
ROSACEAE
five]
five-veinedw
fivestar
flame
flames
flapG
flaps
flare
flaring
flatL
flat-sedge
flat-topped
flats
flatsedge
flattened
flavor
flaxflower
flaxflower
about
species
southwestern
fleabaneq
fleabanesb
fleahy
flehy
flesh
fleshy
fleshy/juicy
floating
flora
floral
flowerY
and/or
andean
androsaemifoliumV
anemones
angelicaG
angles
animals
annualZ
annualsy
annuals/biennials
annulas
anonymous
anothera
answer
antelopeP
antenna]
antennaria]
anthemideous^
anthemisj
anthers
anywhere
Ninebark is a small genus of 6 species of shrubs, found in North America and Asia. They give the general impression of Currant or Gooseberry plants when in flower or leaf, but not in fruit:
Leaves are alternate, with 3-5 rounded lobe, deciduous.
Flowers are small, with 5 white petals which quickly drop. They are in compact clusters. The 5 sepals fold over and the dry remains persist.
Fruits are not at all currant-like, but small dry capsules.
A close look at the flowers will B
provide a clue: there are about 20 stamens, common for the Rose family, rather than the 5 typical of the currants.
We have 2 species, one rare, the other very common in the mountain shrub community, and important wildlife forage.
NinebarkQ
alternans
malvaceus
R6Dwarf Ninebark
Mallow Ninebark
Mallow-leaved Ninebark
PotentillaB
ashington. Use the species description.Q
caespitosum
Physocarpus
soil|
soilsL
solanum
solid
solidagou
solis
solitary
someI
somewhatV
soonX
sooner
sorghum
sorghum
about
species
perennials
native
sorrel
sounds
source
sourness
southK
Cleome (Beeplant or Spider Flower genus)
Annual (ours) or perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees; herbage glabrous or variously hairy, sometimes glandular, often spiny. Leaves palmately compound With 3-5 (11) leaflets, entire to minutely serrate; stipules minute or lacking. Flowers showy, solitary in leaf axils or few to numerous in bracteate terminal racemes; sepals 4, free or fused at the base, often persistent in fruit; petals 4, Yellow or pink to rose-purple, rarely white, free,
tsubequal, sometimes clawed, acute to rounded and entire at the apex; stamens 6, long-exserted, the anthers dehiscent lengthwise and (in ours) becoming strongly coiled after the pollen is shed. Fruit a sessile to long-stipitate, erect or pendulous capsule, linear to lanceolate or elliptic in outline, terete to somewhat compressed; seeds numerous, smooth to tuberculate.
HopsG
CANNABACEAE
There is some argument as to whether the Hops genus has one species or two. Certainly the Eurasion species (Humulus lupulus) is of very ancient and widespread cultivation, so its exact origin is unknown. Also, there is little doubt that hops are native to North America, and that they look somewhat different. The question is really about where one draws the line in naming separate species.
A majority seems to feel that one is enough, while others maintain that two species, H. lupulus and HB
. americanus are needed.
HopsQ
lupulus
American Hop
CleomeB
hordeum
horizontally
hornwort
hornwort
small
genus
species
totally
horse
horsebrush
horsetail
horsetails
horticulturist's
hosts
hound's
hound's
tongue
beggar's
genus
about
species
house
housingc
howeverP
huckleberry
huge_
human
humansV
humble
hummingbirds
humulus
hundredz
hundreds
hutchins's
hybrid
hybridization
hybridize
hybridsV
hydrangea
hymenoxys{
hyssopifolia
hysteria
hystrix
identifiable
itselfm
ivesia
jacob's
jagged
james's
jamesia
jamesia
species
shrubs
western
japanese
jardin
jasmine
jewel
jimson
johnf
joined
joint
jointed
joints
jordane
juiceZ
juicy
junction
junctions|
largestP
lateb
lately
later
lateriflora
latin
latitudes
latterj
lavender
lavenders
sprawls
spreadK
spread-out
spreadingq
spreadsE
springP
springbeauty
springparsleysL
springs
sprouts
spruce
spruces
spruces
evergreen
trees
about
species
numerous
spurge
spurges
square
squashed
squirreltail
squirreltails
squirreltails
species
known
hybridize
stages
stalkp
stalked
stalks
LoniceraB
Lonicera (Honeysuckle genus)
Shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, simple and mostly entire, the uppermost pair often fused; stipules usually lacking. Flowers radially or (ours) bilaterally symmetrical, 2 per peduncle in upper leaf axils, and in small terminal cymose clusters; sepals (4) 5, small or obsolete; corolla cylindric to bell-shaped, radially symmetrical and (4) 5-lobed or bilaterally symmetrical with the upper lip 4-lobed and the tube unilaterally pouched near the base; stB
amens (4) 5; ovary inferior, 2- or 3-chambered, the style elongate with an entire stigma. Fruit a fleshy, several-seeded, non-palatable berry.
HoneysuckleG
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
latable berry.
HoneysuckleG
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
About 20 species of Ivesia are native to the western U.S., with 2 in our area. They are perennial herbs with mostly basal leaves, which are compound with leaflets attached featherwise (pinnate). Leaflets are usually split into narow segments (Photo 1).
Flowers are in tight clusters at the ends of leafless stems (Photo 2). The 5 petals are yellow or white. Fruits are single-seeded achenes.
We have 2 species. Quite common in upper mountains is the Gordon's Ivesia, yellow flowers, upright s
items. A rare species, occurring only in the high local Wasatch and Uinta mountains is Utah Ivesia, which has white flowers and sprawling stems.
Studies published in 1995 showed that the large Cinquefoil genus (Potentilla) was a mixture of several components that are now separated. But it also showed that Ivesia belonged with the pruned version of Cinquefoil.
The Elderberry genus is fairly small, about 20 species of the Northern Hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic.
They are mostly shrubs or small trees, occasionally herbs. Leaves are compound, with about 10 leaflets arranged featherwise. Flowers are clustered into large heads which may be flat-topped or rounded. We have 2 species, one preferring lower elevations (foothills and middle montane), the other staying in higher areas (middle and upper montane).
Flowers of some species are someB
times used for wine making, and berries can be used as a fruit for pies (full of seeds, however). Fruit of the Red Elderberry is reputedly toxic, or at least uncomfortable to the digestive system.
013-030N
064-027P
ElderberryQ
caerulea
racemosa
R1Blue Elderberry
Red-berried Elder
Red Elderberry
SymphoricarposB
Duhamel
tatarica
fragrantissima
SambucusB
red-berried
red-berried
elder
red-osier
red-osier
dogwood
reddish
reddish
monkeyflower
reddish
sandwort
redrootE
redroot
buckwheat
redroot
flat-sedge
redroot
pigweedE
redtop
redtop
bentgrass
redwool
redwool
plantain
canary
grass
reedgrass
regel
regel
regel's
regel's
rhomboid
rhomboid
clarkia
ribgrass
cutgrass
ricegrass
richardson
richardson
geranium
richardson
pondweed
richardson's
richardson's
geranium
ridgeseed
ridgeseed
spurge
buttercup
ripgut
ripgut
brome
riverq
river
hawthorn
rockq
rough
brickellbushf
rough
fiddleneck
roughpod
roughpod
yellowcress
rover
rover
bellflower
rubberl
rubber
rabbitbrushl
horsebrush
genus
about
species
drier
indian
paintbrushes
colorful
genus
albeit
jacob's
ladder
genus
about
species
mostly
america
jimson
genus
about
species
herbs
juniper
genus
largest
cypress
family
knotweed
smartweed
large
uneven
1920s
lovegrasses
constitute
large
genus
species
lupine
genus
about
species
biggest
concentra
medick
alfalfa
genus
centered
mediterranean
moonwort
genus
about
species
which
occur
moonwort
genus
species
europe
known
panicgrass
relate
hysteria
synonymous
strength
origin
common
pussytoes
obvious
origin
arnica
unclear
about
species
horsebrush
genus
about
species
drier
ladies
tresses
genus
about
species
herbs
occu@
moonwort
genus
about
species
which
occur
peppergrasses
peppers
pepperweeds
perennaials
perennialc
perennialsT
petype
photob
photograph
photos
phragmites
physically
pickleweed
pickleweed
samphire
glasswort
occurs
worldwide
saline
pictureq
pigweedE
pincushions
fruitsA
fully|
functions
fungi
funnel-shaped
furnisher
furrowed
furtherQ
furthest
fused
fusiformisQ
fuzzy
gained
galaxy
galium
gambel
garden
gardening
gardens
garrett'sq
garrettiiq
gatheredT
gaura
gaura
small
genus
about
north
american
species
gayophytum
genera[
generalb
rs have escaped cultivation and become naturalized.
Plants are shrubs or woody vines. Leaves are in pairs from opposite sides of the stem, and flowers of our native species are paired on short stalks. Most honeysuckles have narrow bell-shaped flowers, regular in shape. Some, however, are obviously non symmetrical - "petals" flare widely from a short t
ysuckle") is used in reclamation projects; it sometimes escapes and doesn't get reclaimed.
036-027M
013-030P
HoneysuckleQ.involucrata
utahensis
tatarica
fragrantissima
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Sandworts are a large genus of 150 species in northern temperate areas. They are mostly small herbs. Both sepals and petals number 5, and are distinctly separate. Petals are white, unlobed.
As of the first edition of Arnow's book there were 5 species recognized in our area. Since that time two more have been identified. The constant research and renaming process has resulted in 3 of the original 5 being transferred to the genus Minuartia. One of the newly identified plants, Bluntleaf SandB^wort,which used to be named Arenaria lateriflora will be included as Moehringia lateriflora.
SandwortQ-congesta
kingii
nuttallii
obtusiloba
rubella
Sandwort
Ballhead Sandwort
Head Sandwort
King's Sandwort
Nuttall Sandwort
Arctic Sandwort
Rydberg's Sandwort
Red Sandwort
Reddish Sandwort
A CerastiumB
Cerastium (Chickweed genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, stems solitary to tufted or numerous and mat-forming, herbage generally stipitate-glandular. Leaves opposite and entire, stipules lacking. Flowers solitary or few to numerous in open to compact cymes; sepals (4) 5, free or barely fused at the base; petals (4) 5 or rarely lacking, white, notched to lobed at the apex; stamens (5) 10; styles (4) 5. Capsule membranous, cylindric, often 2-3 times as long as the calyx, commonly slightlyB
curved, 1-chambered, opening by (4) 5 apically bifid valves (8 or 10 teeth); seeds numerous, ovoid to somewhat kidney-shaped, usually papillose in concentric rows.
E ChickweedG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
ithstand harsher conditions and still bear fruit. It has non-hairy leaves, and fruits are small, to 1 inch.
Common Apple (Malus pumila) has hairy leaves and larger fruits. Small trees fitting this description are to be found at several places in City Creek Canyon.
AppleQ
sylvestris
Apple
Crabapple
PetrophytumB
(Nutt.) Rydb. Rockmat
Petrophytum
See species description locally
PetrophytumG
ROSACEAEKvThis is a small genus with only 3 species, two of which are very localized in Washington. Use the species description.
Arenaria (Sandwort genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, with a branched caudex surmounting a slender to stout taproot; stems often numerous and mat-forming. Leaves opposite, sessile or nearly so, needlelike to orbicular, entire, secondary leaves often clustered in the axils of the primary ones; stipules lacking. Flowers in open to compact, usually few-flowered, terminal or occasionally axillary cymes, or sometimes solitary and axillary; sepals (4) 5, free or nearly so, 1-5-nerved; petals
c (4) 5 or sometimes lacking, white, entire or erose to shallowly toothed; stamens (8) 10, arising with the petals at the margin of a hypogynous glandular disc; styles 3 (2-5). Capsule globose to cylindric, 1-chambered, opening by 3 (2-5) entire or apically bifid valves (3-10 teeth); seeds few to many, globose to kidney-shaped, often somewhat papillose.
Sandwort
which
whileL
whilt
whinberry
whiskered
whiskers
whiteO
white-flowered
white-woolly
whitecockle
whiteish-yellow
whitetop
whitishf
whole[
occurringE
occursA
oceanspray
odditiesp
odor[
officinaleO
oftenG
single
species
twinflower
occurs
around
northern
abandoned
ability
abnormal
bigleaf
balsamrootc
bigleaf
goose
bigseed
bigseed
alfalfa
dodder
bigtoothA
bigtooth
mapleA
bilberry
bilobed
bilobed
speedwell
bindweed
birch
bird's
bird's
trefoil
birdrape
birdsbeak
birdseye
birdsfoot
birdsfoot
trefoil
biscuitrootP
bistort
bitleaf
bitleaf
american
vetch
bitter
bitter
bitterbrush
bittercress
bitterroot
bittersweet
bittersweet
nightshade
black
black
bindweed
black
cottonwood
black
groundsel
black
henbane
bugloss
camas
elderberry
jacobsladder
lettuce}
mustard
spurge
tansy
mustard
wildrye
blue-eyed
bluebells
bluebunch
bluebunch
wheatgrass
bluebur
The Whitecockle genus is relatively small, with 35 species native to Europe. Workers on that continent have moved some of those species into the larger Catchfly genus (Silene) with which they share many similarities. A striking feature is the calyx, in which the sepals are fused to create a bladdery structure from which the petals may or may not emerge.
Several are used as garden plants, and occasionally escape. In moister climates than ours the escapees may become troublesome weeds. PetaB
ls can be white to pink or purple. Some species have separate male and female flowers. Our sole representative is one of those that are being moved, and its new name will become Silene pratensis.
WhitecockleQ
Whitecockle
SaginaB
wintercress
genus
species
range
plants
there@
there
species
conringia
native
eurasia
hare'@
there
approximately
species
rocket
genus
nativ@
there
single
secies
cowcockle
native
there
single
species
genus@
these
plants
hybrids
between
wheatgrass
species
agropyro@
typified
highly
dissected
feathery
leaves
species
closely
related
large
genus
about
species
mainly
europ
thistle@
though
thought@
timothy@
americans
artemisia
means
sagebrush
usually
together@
toxins
traditional@
tresses@
tufts@
snowberry@
sunflower@
timothy@
velvetgrass@
windflower@
woodrush@
acaulis@
annua@
039-031M
066-017N
089-025P
AvensQ1aleppicum
macrophyllum
rossii
triflorum
urbanum
RyAleppe Avens
Erect Avens
Largeleaf Avens
Alpine Avens
Ross's Avens
Prairie Smoke
Purple Avens
Old-man's Beard
City Avens
HolodiscusB
Maxim
Holodiscus (Oceanspray genus)
See species description locally
OceansprayG
ROSACEAE
LThe Oceanspray genus has only 5 species, mostly of western North America. They are shrubs to small trees, with simple alternate toothed leaves.
Flowers are clustered in loose spikes, individually small, usually white, cream or pinkish. Fruits are hairy 1-seeded achenes.
We have a single species in our area, the Bush Oceanspray.
031-025M
037-019N
039-015P
OceansprayQ
dumosus
Silene (Campion or Wild Pink or Catchfly genus)
Annual to perennial herbs, stems solitary or tufted to numerous and mat-forming. Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile or petioled, entire; stipules lacking. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, mostly radially symmetrical or nearly so, solitary or few to many, in terminal or axillary cymes; sepals fused to form a cylindric to ovoid or bell-shaped calyx with 5 apical teeth, the tube 10-30-nerved, often inflated in fruit; petals 5, white to green
ish or pink to red or purple, usually clawed, the blades horizontally flared, often apically lobed or toothed and generally appendaged at the juncture of blade and claw; stamens 10, the filaments fused to the base of the petals and forming a tube around the subobsolete to conspicuous stipe of the ovary; styles 3 (4 or 5). Capsule 1 (2-5)-chambered, opening by 3-5 entire to apically bifid valves (3-10 teeth); seeds numerous, mostly more or less kidney-shaped, dorsally flat to rounded, papil
SoapwortG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Soapwort is a small genus of about 30 species native to Eurasia. Compared with most members of the family the plants can be showy, with large flowers.
Bouncing Bet is the only one to have become established here, as a garden escapee. It grows to 3 feet tall, with white to pink flowers.
SoapwortQ
officinalis
Bouncing Bet
Soapwort
SileneB
008-014M
008-015P
IvesiaQ
gordonii
utahensis
R*Gordon's Ivesia
Utah Ivesia
King's Ivesia
MalusB
Mill.
Malus (Apple genus)
See species description locally
AppleG
ROSACEAE
The Apple genus is renowned for its cultivated fruit trees. About 25 species of natural trees occur in temperate regions, none locally. However, cultivated trees may persist long after the site has been abandoned, and in some places may even perpetuate themselve from seed. In such a case the cultivated aspects are usually lost quickly.
Two cultivated species are present locally in non-cultivated situations:
Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris) was used extensively by pioneers because it could w
e pruned version of Cinquefoil.
d generally appendaged at the juncture of blade and claw; stamens 10, the filaments fused to the base of the petals and forming a tube around the subobsolete to conspicuous stipe of the ovary; styles 3 (4 or 5). Capsule 1 (2-5)-chambered, opening by 3-5 entire to apically bifid valves (3-10 teeth); seeds numerous, mostly more or less kidney-shaped, dorsally flat to rounded, papilCqlose in regular concentric rows, the papillae sharp to rounded, usually more pronounced dorsally than laterally.
E1Campion / Wild Pink / Catchfly
Catchfly
Wild PinkG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Sandspurrey is a small genus of about 40 species worldwide. A distinctive feature is the presence of "stipules", little flaps of leaflike or membranous tissue at the base of the leaves, often surrounding the stem. Stipules are common in many families (Rose, Bean) but absent or rare in others. Unfortunately, none of the photos shows them well.
Plants are often sprawling in poor ground. Flowers are small, usually pink or white. Seed capsules open by 3 valves.
077-031N
073-028P
SandspurreyQ
marina
media
rubra
RJSaltmarsh Sandspurrey
Salt Sandspurrey
Greater Seaspurrey
Red Sandspurrey
A StellariaB
ut a delicate membranous marginal wing.
SandspurreyG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
macronemau
maculataJ
madder
madwort
magnet
magnifier]
mahogany
mahonia
maideni
maidenhair
maidensi
mainn
mainlyL
maintain
majorE
majority[
makeV
makes
making
malcolmia
malcolmia
honors
london
nurseryman
male[
female
flowers
partly
segregated
different@
matchweed
matchweeds
mostly
small
shrubs
western
medicinal@
medium
members
midribs@
modified
moehringia@
morning@
species
hymenoxys
north
american
mostly@
moved@
named@
native
natives
negundo@
nineteenth
north
nutlets@
occurring@
odorata@
oils@
oniongrass@
onto@
quadrangular@
reaching@
relationships@
revisions@
russian@
sandwort@
scabra@
selection@
sepals@
separated@
shiny@
sides@
significant@
slopes@
sneezeweed@
soil@
southern@
sowthistles@
subtropics@
Spergularia (Sandspurry genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody-based; stems erect to procumbent. Leaves opposite, linear, entire; secondary leaves often clustered in alternate primary leaf axils; stipules membranous, triangular to lanceolate, in some species partly fused at the base and sheathing the node. Flowers bisexual, in open, leafy-bracteate terminal cymes; sepals 5, free, generally membranous-margined; petals 5 or rarely lacking, white or pink-tinged to rose, usuallB
y shorter than the sepals, entire; stamens 1-10; styles 3. Capsule 1-chambered, dehiscing to the base by 3 valves; seeds several to numerous, somewhat kidney-shaped, smooth or papillose, with or without a delicate membranous marginal wing.
SandspurreyG
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Wthree
native
maple
species
easily
apartA
members
family
occur
large
genus
asclX
representative
low-growing
perennial
widely
bristlegrasses
european
natives
behave
sweetclovers
genus
species
achenes
acorn
acres
acrossE
actively
actuallyR
adaptability
adapted
added
addictive
adding
s and stamens at the summit of the floral tube, erect, persistent, alternating with bractlets; petals 5, yellow to white or purplish, linear to broadly obB
ovate, often long-clawed, deciduous; stamens 5 (ours), 10, or 20; pistils 2-6 (1-15), on a low usually stiffly hairy receptacle, the ovaries superior, each with a straight, subterminal, deciduous style. Fruit of achenes.
IvesiaG
ROSACEAE
ANAbout 20 species of Ivesia are native to the western U.S., with 2 in our area.
109-001M
060-037N
003-007P
StrawberryQ
vesca
virginiana
R>Woodland Strawberry
Starveling Strawberry
Mountain Strawberry
GeumB
Geum (Avens genus)
Perennial herbs. Basal leaves often pinnatifid or pinnately compound; stem leaves alternate or opposite, those below often compound and those above simple; stipules generally well developed. Flowers bisexual, perigynous, solitary or in bracteate cymes; floral tube saucer- to cup-shaped; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the summit of the floral tube, erect to reflexed, typically alternating with bractlets; petals 5, white to yellow or pink to purple,
$more or less clawed; stamens numerous; pistils few to numerous, the style often jointed and the upper portion ultimately deciduous, sometimes becoming greatly elongated and plumose at fruiting. Fruit of achenes on an accrescent receptacle, at least the lower portion of the style persistent.
Starworts are a large genus of about 120 species worldwide. Typical "chickweeds", with small flowers on slender stems.
We have 7 species, only 1 of which is not native to the area. That is Common Chickweed, a European plant that grows as a weed in gardens and waste places in the valleys and foothills.
Our most common native is the Tuber Starwort or James's Chickweed, found from the midmontane to subalpine. It varies quite a bit in form, but usually has a pair of narrow triangular leaves
3sticking straight out from the stem below the flowers, and is well supplied with glandular hairs (easily seen with a magnifier).
Our other plants are more reclusive, and I have not yet found them all.
Petals are typically lobed almost to the base, making them look as though there are 10 rather than 5.
lupine
mahogany
maideni
maidenhair
maidenhair
malcolmia
mallow
mannagrass
manzanita
maple
mare's
mare's
marigold
mariposa
mariposa
marsh
marsh
marigold
matchweed
mayweed
meadowrue
medick
melicgrass
merlin's
merlin's
grass
milkvetch
milkweed
milkwort
mistletoe
miterwort
monkeyflower
monkshood
montia
moonwort
morning
morning
glory
mosquito
mosquito
mountain
lover
mountain
mahogany
mudwort
muhlygrass
mulesears
mullein
mustard
myrtle
needlegrass
nettle
nightshade
ninebark
nipplewort
o'clock
oatgrass
oceanspray
onion
oniongrass
orchard
orchard
grass
orchid
clover
oysterplant
paintbrush
ves comment. When first mentioned in a publication it was "Pachistima"; when the same outher published the formal description of the plants, however, he changed it to "Paxistima". In neither case did he explain where the name came from. Makin
g guesses, later authors used "Pachystima" and "Pachystigma", thinking it derived from "thick stigma", but with no real evidence.
The rules are quite clear. Names are not required to have any meaning. But with rare exceptions they must be the one used in the first formal description - "Paxistima". It was named by Rafinesque, who perhaps was getting revenge for having his own name misspelled!
004-005M
061-012N
029-002P
Mountain LoverQ
myrsinites
Mountain Lover
CeratophyllumB
Ceratophyllum (Hornwort or Coontail genus)
See species description locally
Hornwort
CoontailG
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Hornwort is a small genus of 6 species. They grow totally submersed, or almost, in water. Stems grow to 12 feet long, much branched. Leaves are in whorls.
Flowers are tiny, separate sexes on the same plant.
Within each species there is much variation, making identification difficult.
Hornwort / CoontailQ demersum
Common Hornwort
AllenrolfeaB
Kuntze
Allenrolfea
See species description locally
Iodine BushIodine Bush
CHENOPODIACEAE
AXThere is only one species of Iodine Bush, occurring across the western U.S. and Mexico.
Iodine BushQ
occidentalis
Iodinebush
Iodine Bush
AtriplexB
Atriplex (Saltbush genus)
Annual or perennial, monoecious or dioecious herbs or shrubs; herbage often densely mealy or scurfy and thus gray to whitish at least on the lower surface of the leaves, occasionally bright green throughout. Leaves alternate or occasionally opposite, especially near the base of stems, entire or toothed to lobed. Flowers sessile, solitary or more often clustered in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles, staminate and pistillate flowers mixed or the staminate
Iodine BushG
CHENOPODIACEAE
Iodine BushG
CHENOPODIACEAE
dine Bush
Mountain Lover is a genus of 2 species in the U.S. They are small evergreen shrubs, part of the understory
Our species has tiny flowers nestled in the leaf junctions, well worth the effort of looking with a magnifier.
The name and its spelling deserves comment. When first mentioned in a publication it was "Pachistima"; when the same outher published the formal description of the plants, however, he changed it to "Paxistima". In neither case did he explain where the name came from. Makin
g guesses, later authors used "Pachystima" and "Pachystigma", thinking it derived from "thick stigma", but with no real evidence.
The rules are quite clear. Names are not required to have any meaning. But with rare exceptions they must be the one used in the first formal description - "Paxistima". It was named by Rafinesque, who perhaps was getting revenge for having his own name misspelled!
extenda
extended
extends
extensionsZ
extensive
extensivelyW
extracts
extraordinary
extravagant
extremelyP
exuberant
exuberately
eyes[
falseZ
false
dandelion
mountain
dandelion
aptly
describe
famaily
familiarX
families[
familyE
famous
fancied
farmingtone
fashion
favor
favored
favorsG
featherp
feather-compound
feather-fashion
featherwise
featheryY
feature
feetE
AvensG
ROSACEAE
The Avens genus has about 40 species, mostly in northern temperate and arctic regions. They are perennial herbs, the flowering stems being with or without leaves. Basal leaves are typicaly hairy, pinnately compound or lobed (segments arranged along a central stem, as in a feather - see Photo 3).
In many ways the flowers are similar to those of the Cinquefoils, which are more familiar: 5 sepals, 5 alternating bractlets (see Photo 1), and 5 yellow petals (sometimes white, pink or purplish).
Fruits are single-seeded achenes, often developing a long plume from the remains of the style (Photo 2).
We have 5 species here, one of which is a weed, the others native at various elevations:
City Avens Valleys, weed;
Aleppe Avens Foothills;
Largeleaf Avens Mid and upper montane;
Alpine Avens Subalpine and alpine;
Prairie Smoke Foothills to subalpine.
Summer CypressG
CHENOPODIACEAE
Summer Cypress is a small genus of about 20 species, found in western North America and Eurasia. Plants are annuals, or perennials and subshrubs.
Leaves vary among the different species. Flowers are usually bisexual. Seeds are held horizontally, somewhat flattened.
We have two species, the native Greenmolly, and the imported Summer Cypress. The former is a short plant, found in desert communities, while the latter is tall (up to 6 feet) and widely present in disturbed roadside sites. TheB+y are related to the Smotherweed (Bassia).
Summer CypressQ
americana
scoparia
R9Greenmolly
Graymolly
Gray Molly
Belvedere Summer Cypress
A MonolepisB
Schrad.
Monolepis
See species description locally
helenv
heleniumv
helianthellaw
helianthella
means
little
sunflower
helianthoides
helical
heliotrope
hellebores
helpful
helps
hemisphereG
hemispheresO
hemlockP
henbane
hencee
hendersoniiL
herbf
herbal^
herbal-aromaticc
herbalists
herbivores
herbsI
there
species
conringia
native
eurasia
hare'
there
species
jagged
chickweed
eurasian
there
about
species
mudwort
occurring
around
there
about
species
goodyera
northern
temper
there
about
species
pearly
everlasting
which
there
about
species
rocket
native
there
about
tansyasters
western
ranging
there
about
european
species
shepherd's
purse
there
about
species
bugloss
world
there
about
species
angelica
occurring
there
about
species
cliffbrakes
small
ferns
adapte
species
laurel
genus
mostly
there
species
conium
south
african
other
there
single
species
greasewood
genus
native
there
single
species
mountain
sorrel
occurring
rous, opposite, cylindric spikes arising along stems and branches; flowers bisexual or in part unisexual, in groups of 3 (1-7), sunken within cavities on opposite sides of the internodes, partly concealed by opposite, fleshy, laterally fused bracts; calyx pyramidal to obpyramidal, fleshy, with a minute slit at the apex through which the reproductive organs barely protrude; stamens (0) 1 or 2; style 2-cleft to the base or nearly so. Fruit vertical, laterally compressed, short-hairy, encloseC d by the spongy fruiting calyx.
Pickleweed
Samphire
GlasswortG
CHENOPODIACEAE
Death Valley, California.
glaucaZ
global
globe
globular
globule
glochids
glory
glycyrrhiza
goatgrass
goatgrass
small
genus
mediterranean
grasses
goatsbeard
goatsbeard
salsify
genus
about
plant
species
goldenu
golden
aster
informal
genus
about
20-25
species
goldeneye
goldenrod
goldenrodsu
goldenrods
familiar
garden
plants
goldenweedu
goldenweeds
3 species are native to the whole Intermountain Region. One of these, the Douglas Hawthorn also occurs here (photos 2 and 3), along with an escapee One-seed Hawthorn (Photo 1).
052-013M
134d-37N
134d-36P
HawthornQ
douglasii
monogyna
REDouglas Hawthorn
River Hawthorn
Oneseed Hawthorn
One-seeded Hawthorn
FragariaB
Fragaria (Strawberry genus)
See species description locally
StrawberryG
ROSACEAE
called a berry, but is actually a miniature apple ("pome") which may be yellow, red, purple or black.
Only B
3 species are native to the whole Intermountain Region. One of these, the Douglas Hawthorn also occurs here, along with an escapee One-seed Hawthorn.
twinleaf
twinleaf
bedstraw
twinpod
twinsisters
twisted-stalk
twistflower
two-seed
two-seed
orach
uinta
uinta
groundsel
umbellate
umbellate
starwort
umber]
umber
pussytoes]
umbrella
umbrella
starwort
umbrellawort
united
united
tansyaster
utahG
angelicaG
bladderpod
buttercup
honeysuckle
ivesia
juniper
sometimes pink; stamens 5-25; pistil 1, the ovary partially to completely inferior, with 1-5 free styles. Fruit a globose to ovoid pome; seeds 1-5, each enclosed in a hardened endocarp
HawthornG
ROSACEAE
poverty
povertyweed|
prickly
prickly
gilia
prickly
prickly
poppy
primrose
psilocarphus
puccoon
puncturevine
puncturevine
caltrop
purse
purslaneB
pussytoes
quillwort
quillwort
merlin's
grass
rabbitbrush
radish
ragweed
raspberry
redtop
redtop
bentgrass
reedgrass
resinweedt
ricegrass
jasmine
rock-brake
rockcress
rocket
mallow
rubia
russian
russian
olive
russian
thistle
ryegrass
sagebrusha
sagebrush
wormwooda
sainfoin
salsify
saltbush
saltgrass
saltwort
saltwort
milkwort
samphire
verbena
sandbur
sandspurrey
sandwort
saxifrage
scorpionweed
scorzonella
scouring
CalystegiaB
R. Br.
Calystegia
See species description locally
Morning GloryG
CONVOLVULACEAE
ials, or shrubs. Two of our three species are annuals, the other a small shrub or subshrub.
Flowers are usually bisexual, with 5 lobes in the calyx (no petals). As seeds mature the lobes develop various bumps and knobs which help in identification.
016-012M
078-022N
079-009P
Seepweed / InkweedQ&calceoliformis
occidentalis
torreyana
R@Broom Seepweed
Western Seepweed
Bush Seepweed
Torrey's Seepweed
CalystegiaB
R. Br.
Calystegia
See species description locally
Morning GloryG
CONVOLVULACEAE
5-005N
078-030P
Russian ThistleQ
Sarcobatus
growthu
growths
guesses
guest
guide
gum-plantst
gum-plants
small
genus
about
species
native
gummy-resinyt
gumweedt
habenaria
habit
habitatX
habitatsL
habitsu
hackberry
hackelia
haemhorroids
hairgrasses
hairless
hairs]
hairyY
halfd
Strawberry plants are too well known to need much description. There are about 15 species of temperate regions, all of them low and spreading by runners. Leaves have a long stalk plus 3 leaflets.
Flowers are 5-parted, with sepals, bractlets, and white (pinkish) petals. Stamens are 20-25. What we think of as the strawberry is not a berry but a complex fruit. Each little seed with its thin casing is a type of fruit known as an achene, and is embedded in the surface of the swollen tip of th
e flower stalk. It is that tip of the stalk that we enjoy.
By far the most dominant species in our area is the Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca), but the Mountain Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) is also known to be present. Not easy to tell apart but:
Woodland fruiting stems taller than leaves; last tooth of leaf extends furthest (Photo 2);
Moutain fruiting stems shorter than leaves; last tooth of leaf shorter (Photo 3).
Our area has three native maple species, easily told apart.
Acer negundo (Box Elder) is widespread in canyon bottoms. Its leaves are separated into 3-5 segments; fruits hang in long clusters.
Acer grandidentatum (Bigtooth Maple) is a small tree or large shrub, found together with scrub oak along the moister slopes in the canyons. Leaves are lobed, but not split into segments; fruits in small clusters of 2-3.
Acer glabrum (Smooth Maple, Rocky Mountain Maple) is usually a large shrub, occB
asionally a definite tree; occurs at higher elevations. Leaves can be lobed, or have distinct leaflets; fruits in small clusters.
108-023M
120-017N
097-027P
MapleQ
glabrum
grandidentatum
negundo
Anaphalis (Pearly Everlasting genus)
See species description locally
Pearly EverlastingG
ASTERACEAEKqThere are about 25 species of Pearly Everlasting, which are typically woolly plants. Only one occurs in our area.P
Pearly EverlastingQ
margaritacea
R-Common Pearly Everlasting
Pearly Everlasting
AntennariaB
Gaertn.
Antennaria (Pussytoes genus)
Dioecious perennial herbs, often rhizomatous and with branched woody caudices; herbage white-woolly throughout. Leaves simple, entire, the basal ones persistent and usually tufted, the cauline leaves alternate, usually reduced upward. Heads entirely of disc flowers, solitary or clustered; involucral bracts imbricate broad, the basal portion more or less firm and typically hairy, the terminal membranous portion glabrous and varying from white or pink to dar
Ragweed
called
nutgrasses
flat-sedge
genus
worldwide
alternatel
alternating
althoughR
although
widely
cultivated
shade
trees
although
single
species
loosestrife
genus
altitude
altogether
alumroot
alumroot
about
species
north
america
always`
alyssoides
alyssum
alyssum
about
species
species
s yellow, usually numerous, bisexual and fertile, the style branches flattened, usually short, acute, and bearing hairy appendages. Achenes compressed or 3- or 4-angled; pappus of 1-4 (8) persistent rigid awns, these commonly retrorsely or antrorsely barbed, rarely lacking.
BeggarticksG
ASTERACEAE
Bur Marigold or Beggarticks genus has about 200 species from all over the world. Fruits often have barbed hairs, enabling them to stick to fur, clothes or skin - hence the "beggarticks".
"Bidens" (two teeth) refers to the unusual character of the bracts around the flower heads, which are of two very distinct types: the outer ones are large and usually leaflike, the inner smaller and membranous.
Leaves are usually opposite, and may be simple (with a single blade) or compound (with several
Sambucus (Elderberry genus)
Shrubs or less frequently coarse herbs or small trees. Leaves opposite, pinnately or bipinnately compound, the leaflets toothed; stipules present or lacking. Flowers small and numerous, radially symmetrical, usually in compound cymes; sepals (4) 5, inconspicuous; corolla white to cream, rotate or nearly so, the tube short, the limb (4) 5-lobed and horizontally flaring; stamens (4) 5; ovary inferior, 3- or 5-chambered, the style nearly obsolete with 3 or 5 sB\tigmas. Fruit a usually palatable juicy drupe; seeds 3-5, each enclosed in a bony endocarp.
ElderberryG
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
013-030N
064-027P
ElderberryQ
caerulea
racemosa
036-027M
004-011N
106-002P
HoneysuckleQ.involucrata
utahensis
tatarica
fragrantissima
SambucusB
058-007N
058-008P
YellowcressQ
curvipes
palustris
tenerrima
RrCurvepod Yellowcress
Common Yellowcress
Marsh Yellowcress
Island Yellowcress
Roughpod Yellowcress
Low Yellowcress
SisymbriumB
Sisymbrium
See species description locally
SisymbriumG
BRASSICACEAE
.Sisymbrium occurs on most continents, and has around 90 species which are annuals or biennials. We have a single species in our range, a non-native weed of roadsides and trailsides.
Plants grow to 4 or 5 feet, much branched, and have small pale yellow flowers. Four inch pods develop as seeds mature.
SisymbriumQ
altissimum
R"Jim Hill Mustard
Tumbling Mustard
SmelowskiaB
C. A. Mey.
Smelowskia
See species description locally
033-030
Rosa (Rose genus)
Shrubs or woody vines, the branches typically armed with prickles. Leaves alternate, pinnate with 3-11 usually toothed leaflets stipules conspicuous, usually green, fused to the petiole. Flowers bisexual, i-several at the tips of stems and branches; floral tube globose or ellipsoid, often constricted near the apex; sepals and petals 5, arising with the numerous stamens at the margin of a ringlike disc at the summit of the floral tube, pistils few to numerous, free thB
e ovaries superior, each with a short, terminal, usually hairy style, the stigmas forming a compact cluster at the mouth of the floral tube as the fruit matures. Fruit of hardened, long-hairy achenes enclosed within a fleshy red to orange or
RoseG
ROSACEAE
018-004M
109-010P
RoseQ&canina
nutkana
rubiginosa
woodsii
A medium-sized genus of 60 species, Mouse-ear Chickweeds occur worldwide. They are annuals or perennials, typical chickweeds with small white flowers, many of them growing as weeds in cultivated areas.
We have 2 species included in the first edition of Arnow's book, with a third native one added since. The latter is welcome as a native which is well known from other parts of the state.
Field Chickweed and Mouse-ear Chickweed are both widely distributed in Eurasia and North America, and iB
t is not always clear if their presence is totally non-native. Here in the wasatch Front that seems most likely since they are found only as lawn weeds. Bering Chickweed on the other hand is almost certainly native, being a high mountain plant.
P ChickweedQ
arvense
fontanum
nutans
nutans
The Hackberry genus has about 60 species in the tropics and dry temperate regions. They are trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves, usually serrated.
Flowers are commonly single-sexed, but sometimes bisexual, someties with both kinds on a single plant. They lack petals, and are small and inconspicuous.
Fruits are drupes: stone fruits with a hard pit and fleshy surroundings.
Our native species is the Netleaf Hackberry, a small tree or commonly a shrub. The Western Hackberry is a sBWmall to large tree, introduced from the eastern (!) U.S. and sometimes cultivated here.
051-024M
051-023P HackberryQ
reticulata
Netleaf Hackberry
UlmusB
Ulmus (Elm genus)
See species description locally
023P HackberryQ
reticulata
moehringia
moist|
moisterA
moisture
monarchX
monk's
monkeyflower
monkshood
monoecious[
montanai
montaneb
montanum
months
montia
montia
about
dozen
species
generally
resembling
spring
moonwort
moreG
Suaeda (Seepweed or Inkweed genus)
Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs; herbage glabrous or minutely pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves succulent, alternate, sessile or short-petioled, linear to narrowly lanceolate, terete to somewhat flattened, never spine-tipped, often glaucous. Flowers bisexual or occasionally unisexual, sessile, solitary or in clusters of 2-9 in the axils of leaves and reduced, leaflike bracts, each flower subtended by 2 or 3 minute, thin-membranous bractlets
; calyx fleshy, 5-lobed more than halfway to the base, the lobes usually somewhat hooded at the apex and either equal and dorsally smooth or unequal and keeled to variously appendaged with horn-like structures on the backs; stamens 5; styles 2 (3). Utricle horizontal or vertical, enclosed in the accrescent, persistent calyx, the pericarp generaliv free from the seed; seeds reddish-brown to black, usually shiny.
subtended by 2 or 3 minute, thin-membranous bractlets
marigold
beggarticks
genus
about
species
frome
burdocks_
burnet
burnets
burweed[
bushes
cabbage
cabbages
cacti
cactus
caesalpinia
californiai
california
poppy
genus
contains
species
native
western
americans
artemisia
means
sagebrush
usually
toadflax
tobacco
discus
ivesia
malus
petrophytum
physocarpus
potentilla
prunus
purshia
rubus
sanguisorba
sibbaldia
sorbus
rosaceae
galium
rubia
rubiaceae
ruppia
ruppiaceae
perhaps not truly native here. They are of similar size (30 inches tall) and habitat, but differ in the arrangement of flowers. Yellow Nutgrass is a little more robust perennial, with a single flowering stem; Redroot Flatsedge is an annual with multiple stems rising from a single root.
P FlatsedgeQ
esculentus
erythrorhizos
R:Chufa
Yellow Nutgrass
Chufa Flat Sedge
Redroot flat-sedge
EleocharisB
R. Br.
Purshia (Bitterbrush genus)
See species description locally
BitterbrushG
ROSACEAE
The Bitterbrush genus included just a few species, as did the Cliffrose genus (Cowania), which also had only a few species. It is now generally agreed that they belong together, because they naturally interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This being so, they all take the botanical name Purshia which was published first. This description covers the combined genus.
Plants are deciduous shrubs or small trees of the western U.S. and northern Mexico. Leaves are alternate, and very crowded
025-008M
038-012N
041-027P
BitterbrushQ
tridentata
shrubs of the foothills and hybridize:
Stansbury Cliffrose, with fluffy seeds (Photo 2);
Antelope Bitterbrush, seeds lack tufts (
M Fruit is a "rose hip" in which many tiny single-seeded achenes are enclosed in the floral tube.
We have only 2 native species, the taller Woods' Rose of valleys to midmontane, and the shorter Nootka Rose of foothills to subalpine. Two of the classic simple cultivated roses, Dog Rose and Eglantine, are sometimes found in the wild.
077-002M
001-007N
016-007P
RoseQ&canina
nutkana
rubiginosa
woodsii
R>Dog Rose
Bristly Nootka Rose
Sweetbrier
Eglantine
Woods' Rose
RubusB
pact cluster at the mouth of the floral tube as the fruit matures. Fruit of hardened, long-hairy achenes enclosed within a fleshy red to orange or
RoseG
ROSACEAE
ybridize:
Stansbury Cliffrose, with fluffy seeds (Photo 2);
Antelope Bitterbrush, seeds lack tufts (
The Cliffrose genus included just a few species, as did the Bitterbrush genus (Purshia), which also had only a few species. It is now generally agreed that they belong together, because they naturally interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This being so, they all take the botanical name Purshia which was published first. This description covers the combined genus.
Plants are deciduous shrubs or small trees of the western U.S. and northern Mexico. Leaves are alternate, and very crowded
in bundles. They are small, wedge-shaped at the base, with 3-7 lobes at the tip or along the sides. Undersides are woolly, with rolled back edges.
Flowers are just like a small white rose, with 5 spreading petals and many stamens (Photo 1). Fruits are single achenes with or without fluffy plumes.
We have 2 species, one from each of the 2 genera, both are shrubs of the foothills and hybridize:
Stansbury Cliffrose, with fluffy seeds (Photo 2);
Antelope Bitterbrush, seeds lack tufts (
Photo 3)
025-008M
038-012N
041-027P CliffroseQ mexicana
Stansbury Cliffrose
A CrataegusB
Crataegus (Hawthorn genus)
Shrubs or small trees, branches usually bearing remotely spaced, stout thorns. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, toothed or lobed, the blades often slightly decurrent on the petiole; stipules often toothed, soon deciduous. Flowers bisexual, in corymbose clusters or occasionally solitary; floral tube saucer- to bell-shaped, disc-lined; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the summit of the floral tube, reflexed after flowering; petals 5, white
ansbury Cliffrose, with fluffy seeds (Photo 2);
Antelope Bitterbrush, seeds lack tufts (
winged
winged
thistle
winter
winter
bluegrass
winter
vetch
wintercress
winterfat
wintergreen
wiregrass
wisp-weed
witchgrass
wolf's
wolf's
currant
wolf's
trisetum
wolffia
woodland
woodland
draba
woodland
strawberry
woodlove
woodnymph
woodreed
woodrush
woodrush
sedge
woods
woods
draba
woods
woolly
woolly
groundsel
woolly
marbles
woolly
panicgrass
woolly
plantain
woolly
sedge
woollybase
woollybase
plantain
woollyweed
wormseed
wormseed
mustard
wormskjold's
wormskjold's
clover
wormwooda
woundwort
wyethP
wyeth
biscuitrootP
wyeth
buckwheat
yampaT
yarrowY
yellow^
yellow
alyssum
yellow
beeplant
064-024M
064-025N
039-023P
Labrador TeaQ
glandulosum
R#Western Labrador Tea
Trapper's Tea
A VacciniumB
Vaccinium (Blueberry or Huckleberry genus)
Subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees, deciduous or evergreen, erect to creeping. Leaves alternate, subsessile to short-petioled, thin to leathery, entire or toothed. Flowers radially symmetrical, 4- or 5-merous, solitary or in small, axillary or terminal, usually bracteate racemes; calyx subentire to shallowly lobed, persistent or deciduous; corolla sympetalous and globose to urn-shaped (ours) or the petals essentially free and spreading; stamenB
s 8-1O, the anthers erect, awned or awnless, opening by pores terminal on short to well-developed tubes; ovary inferior. Fruit a many-seeded berry.
Blueberry
HuckleberryG ERICACEAE
ERICACEAE
Labrador Tea
aceae
Manzanitas are especially abundant in California, where 57 of the world's approximately 60 species can be found - and many varieties of those. They are evergreen shrubs, subshrubs or trees, with shiny leaves and often with a handsome red smooth bark.
We have only one species locally, the Bearberry or Kinnikinnick, a creeping subshrub with red "berries". Another larger species occurs in the Uintas.
P ManzanitaQ
uva-ursi
patula
nevadensis
R!Kinnikinnick
Bearberry
Sandberry
KalmiaB
Kalmia (Laurel genus)
See species description locally
LaurelG ERICACEAE
collinsia
cordylanthus
limosella
linaria
mimulus
orthocarpus
pedicularis
scrophulariaceae
appliedb
applies
appropriatew
approximately
april
aptlyZ
aquatic
arabidopsis
arabidopsis
perhaps
known
latin
archangelicaG
archetype
arctic
ELAEAGNACEAE
Russian Olive is a genus of shrubs and trees, about 40 species of warm temperate regions. One is native to the western U.S. and Canada, but does not reach quite this far south - it gets into the Bear River drainage. The Russian Olive plant which is familiar to us is imported from temperate Asia.
Plants tend to be spiny, and silvery-leaved because of a dense covering of hairs. Wood is hard and dense, richly colored.
Russian OliveQ
angustifolia
Russian Olive
Oleaster
ShepherdiaB
Nutt.
Shepherdia (Buffaloberry genus)
See species description locally
BuffaloberryG
ELAEAGNACEAE
visually striking, it can be a puzzle as to where the smell is coming from. P
Russian OliveQ
angustifolia
western
wetter
whaty
whateverV
whatever
reputation
among
dogbanes
wheat
wheat
small
genus
15-20
species
europe
wheatgrass
wheatgrasses
wheatgrasses
large
genus
species
cooler
regions
wheeleriG
when]
whereS
whereas
whethery
whichE
agrohordeum
poaceae
edges[
edibleP
editionE
editionsj
effect
effectivelya
effects
effort
egg-plants
eggsX
eglantine
eightc
eighth
either
elaborate
elderA
elderberry
element
elephants
elevaional
elevation
elevationsA
eleventh
eliminatedX
small
genus
species
trees
which
elongated
elongates
elseh
elsewheres
eluded
elymus
embedded
emerald
emergev
emergent
emerging
emersed
emigrationc
enables
g, straight or curved to hooked. Fruit of achenes borne on a more or less accrescent, glabrous to hairy receptacle, the whole in a globose to cylindric headlike cluster at maturity
Buttercup
CrowfootG
RANUNCULACEAE
We have 18 members of the Buttercup genus, which is a large one (250 species in temperate regions worldwide). They are all herbs, and may be aquatic or terrestrial, annual or perennial. Leaves vary from simple to compound, usually both basal and on the stems.
Flowers are in clusters at the ends of stems and branches, or on stalks from the leaf junctions. They are round and regular in shape, slightly cupped. Sepals are typically 3-5 and readily shed. Usually they are green, occasionally pe
onally pe
beingJ
believe
bell-shaped
bellflower
bellflowers
bellflowers
quintessential
symmetrical
5-lobed
bells
belongp
belonged
belongs
below[
bemusing
bentgrass
bentgrass
large
genus
species
occurring
bering
berries
berry
berry-like
betweenV
bfore
biased
bidense
biennialI
biennials
motherwort
mountainZ
mountain
mountain
dandelionZ
mountain
lover
mountain
mahogany
mountain
mustard
mountain
sorrel
mouse
mouse
mudwort
muhlygrass
mulesears
mullein
mustard
myriophyllum
myrtle
navarretia
needlegrass
nemophila
nettle
nightshade
ninebark
nipplewort
o'clock
oatgrass
oceanspray
olive
onion
oniongrass
orchard
orchard
grass
orchid
clover
oysterplant
paintbrush
aintbrush
field
chickweed
field
dodder
field
horsetail
field
field
mustard
field
pansy
field
peppergrass
field
sowthistle
fieldcress
figwort
filaree
filiform
filiform
pondweed
fineleaf
fineleaf
pondweed
dwarf
mistletoe
firechalice
fireweed
fireweed
fiddleneck
fishscale
fishscale
sedge
fitweed
fitweed
corydalis
fivehooks
fivehooks
bassia
fivestar
fivestar
miterwort
flannel
flannel
mullein
flat-sedge
flat-topped
flat-topped
cancerroot
flattop]
flattop
pussytoes]
flaxflower
fleabaneo
fleece
fourwing
fourwing
saltbush
bluegrass
mannagrass
foxtail
foxtail
wheatgrass
fragrant
fragrant
verbena
fremont
fremont
goosefoot
Sedum (Stonecrop genus)
Perennial or rarely annual, rhizomatous or stoloniferous, succulent herbs or subshrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, occasionally whorled, often overlapping, simple, terete to strongly flattened, entire or finely toothed. Flowers usually bisexual, in terminal or axillary cymes or panicles; sepals and petals (3)4 or 5(7) free or fused to some degree below the middle; stamens 8 or 10, arising from the receptacle or some of them fused to the base of the corolla; B3pistils 4 or 5, free or nearly so; seeds numerous.
E StonecropG
CRASSULACEAE
005-001M
010-032N
060-002P StonecropQ2debile
lanceolatum
album
rhodanthum
anglicum
DogwoodQ
stolonifera
SedumB
DogwoodQ
stolonifera
SedumB
The Dogwood genus (Cornus) has about 50 species, mostly of the northern temperate regions. The most familiar ones in the eastern U.S. are the ornamental trees and shrubs with small white flowers displayed against large showy bracts. The genus is so diverse that it is sometimes broken into several smaller genera.
Our only member is a shrub, the Red Osier Dogwood, found along canyon streams. Its flowers come in large clusters, without the showy bracts.
DogwoodQ
stolonifera
Red-osier Dogwood
SedumB
ommon small tree of the midmontane (Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany). A second species which is a widespread shrub, is being added to the new edition of Arnow's book. They are significant browse plants.
101-021M
107-032N
100-023P
Mountain MahoganyQ
ledifolius
Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany
CowaniaB
D. Don.
Cowania (Cliffrose genus)
See species description locally
E CliffroseG
ROSACEAE
an important food for wildlife, and are also used by humans.
028-023M
027-014N
041-018P
ServiceberryQ
alnifolia
utahensis
CercocarpusB
H.B.K
Morning Glory is a familiar twining plant in cultivation. About 25 species occur in temperate regions worldwide. Utah's climate is mostly too dry, and only one species is native, a subshrub in Washington County.
Plants are perennial subshrubs, the stems of which may be very short, or long and twining. Leaves are relatively large, often generally arrow-shaped. Flowers are showy, trumpet-shaped, variously colored.
Our single species is the European Hedge Bindweed, uncommon in the valleys.B
122-019M
122-021P
Morning GloryQ
sepium
silvatica
pulchra
R"Hedge Bindweed
Longstalk Bindweed
ConvolvulusB
Convolvulus (Bindweed or Wild Morning Glory genus)
See species description locally
Bindweed
Wild Morning Glory
elderberry
genus
fairly
small
about
species
fescue
pronounced
genus
about
species
fleabanes
daisies
difficult
group
there
foxtail
genus
about
species
annuals
perenn
goldeneye
genus
about
species
western
goosefoot
family
literal
translation
chenopodium
grasswrack
genus
species
fresh
brackish
groundcherry
genus
about
species
mainly
hairgrasses
smallish
genus
annuals
tufted
hawthorn
genus
large
species
concentrated
heliotrope
genus
named
turner
hellebores
small
genus
dozen
species
tempe
genus
ancient
linkage
human
henbane
genus
about
species
mostly
mediter
honeysuckle
genus
about
species
mostly
spread
cobwebbyu
cobwebby
goldenweedu
cocklebur
collomia
colorado
colorado
spruce
colorado
columbine
colorado
columbia
columbia
brome
columbia
groundsel
columbia
monkshood
columbia
needlegrass
columbine
commonC
common
alumroot
common
bedstraw
common
borage
common
bugseed
common
catchweed
common
chickweed
common
chicorym
common
cocklebur
common
dandelion
common
duckweed
common
evening
primrose
common
fumitory
common
gilia
common
globemallow
common
ground-cherry
common
groundcherry
common
groundsel
common
hollyhock
common
horehound
lantainC
ServiceberryG
ROSACEAE
Serviceberry (often pronounced 'sarvisberry') has 12 species, mostly in North America. They are shrubs or small trees, without thorns. Leaves alternate along the stem, are simple, most often with a toothed or serrated edge.
Flowers are in short leafy clusters, medium-sized, with 5 white petals. The ovary lies below the sepals and petals, so fruit develop with the remains of the sepals attached as a ring around the end. Fruits are a mealy pome, like a tiny apple, but less juicy.
Two speciB
es occur in the state, Saskatoon Serviceberry and Utah Serviceberry. The first is very common here, while the second occurs mainly to the south. Fruits are an important food for wildlife, and are also used by humans.
028-023M
027-014N
041-018P
ServiceberryQ
alnifolia
utahensis
ike, composed of 2-8 fused fleshy scales, at maturity the reddish-brown, blue, or black surface covered by a waxy bloom; seeds 1-4(12), wingless, ovoid, round or angled, with a 2-lobed hilum.
JuniperG
CUPRESSACEAE
The Juniper genus is the largest in the Cypress family, with about 50 species. Because of their aromatic wood, which is relatively resistant to decay, many junipers are referred to as "cedars", which are actually members of the Pine family.
Junipers are low shrubs to modest trees, all evergreen. Leaves are usuallusually occur on separate plants (dioecious). The seed cones have 1-3 seeds, and are covered in a sweet flesh. They are 1/5 to 3/4 of an inch across, often bluish with wax.
We ha
008-021M
081-003N
081-012P
Juniper
Dodder is a familiar sight, in our area mostly confined to roadsides, waste ground, salt marshes, and some crops. Pale orange spaghetti sprawls over bushes and other low plants. It is parasitic, with specialized suckers enabling it to penetrate the tissues of its host.
Most people seem to find it intuitively disgusting, but a closer loom shows that it may have its own charms. Fleshy, translucent white flowers give it a surprising delicacy.
There are about 150 species, especially varied iB
n the American tropics. We have 5 species, parasitic on a wide range of plants - unlike many parasites they do not usually show a close specificity for their hosts.
015-036M
042-006N
123-029P
DodderQ3approximata
indecora
occidentalis
pentagona
salina
Small-seeded Alfalfa Dodder
Slender Dodder
Bigseed Alfalfa Dodder
Plain Dodder
Western Dodder
Western Field Dodder
Field Dodder
Saltmarsh Dodder
Salt Dodder
Carex
10-70Y
100-200
1000r
10000i
11-17
12-many
15-20
15-30
18thf
18th-19tht
1920s
1970s
1980u
Carex (Sedge genus)
Monoecious or dioecious perennial herbs; stems solid, triangular or occasionally terete, tufted or arising at intervals from a horizontal rhizome; leaves 3-ranked, the sheaths closed, the blades narrowly elongate, the lowermost leaves frequently much reduced or absent, occasionally none of the blades developed. Flowers unisexual, sessile or subsessile and solitary in the axil of a small scale, borne in compact or elongate clusters (spikes), these 1-many per stem, s
em, s in the axil of a small scale, borne in compact or elongate clusters (spikes), these 1-many per stem, s
xaquatilis
athrostachya
atrata
aurea
backii
breweri
canescens
deweyana
disperma
douglasii
elynoides
geyeri
haydeniana
hoodii
illota
interior
jonesii
lanuginosa
lenticularis
luzulina
microptera
nardina
nebrascensis
neurophora
occidentalis
pachystachya
petasata
phaeocephala
praeceptorum
praegracilis
raynoldsii
rossii
rostrata
simulate
stipata
straminiformis
vallicola
Water Sedge
Slenderbeak Sedge
Fishscale Sedge
Blackscaled Sedge
Golden Sedge
Rocky Mountain Sedge
Back's Sedge
Brewer Sedge
Silvery Sedge
Pale Sedge
Dewey Sedge
Softleaf Sedge
Softleaved Sedge
Douglas Sedge
Blackroot Sedge
Kobresia Sedge
Elk Sedge
Cloud Sedge
Hood Sedge
Sheep Sedge
Inland Sedge
Jones's Sedge
Woolly Sedge
Kellogg's Sedge
Woodrush Sedge
Smallwing Sedge
Spikenard Sedge
Nebraska Sedge
Alpine Nerved Sedge
New Sedge
Western Sedge
Chamisso Sedge
Liddon Sedge
Dunhead Sedge
Slope S
essile or peduncled, each subtended by a leaflike to much reduced bract, rarely ebracteate, the spikes disposed in terminal headlike clusters or in racemes or panicles, rarely in leaf axils near the base of the stem, composed entirely of staminate or of pistillate flowers or, if both in the same spike, the staminate flowers terminal and the spikes androgynous, or the pistillate flowers terminal and the spikes gynaecandrous; perianth lacking; staminate flowers of (2) 3 stamens subtended by
a staminate scale; pistillate flowers of a single pistil enclosed in a saclike structure (perigynium) and subtended by a pistillate scale, the perigynium often tapered at the apex to a slender firm beaklike structure with the style or the 2 or 3 stigmas exserted through a small opening at its summit, falling with the mature achene and appearing to form the outer portion of the fruit. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled in accordance with the number of the stigmas. The perigynium is a modified b
Eleocharis (Spikerush genus)
Annual or perennial glabrous herbs from rhizomes or fibrous roots, occasionally stoloniferous; stems simple, angled to terete or compressed. Leaves reduced to sheaths at the base of the stem, these sometimes scalelike and inconspicuous or tubular and truncate to occasionally apiculate at the summit, rarely terminating in a blade. Flowers bisexual, individually sessile in the axil of a scale, borne in a few- to many-flowered, solitary, terminal, erect spikel
et, the lowermost scale often reduced or modified, an involucral bract lacking; perianth of 0-6 (9) retrorsely barbed bristles; stamens 3 (1 or 2); style 1, typically thickened at the base, the thickened portion persistent on the achene as a slender confluent beak or more often as a sharply differentiated, often triangular-conic tubercle, the stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or obscurely to distinctly 3-angled.
FlatsedgeQ
esculentus
erythrorhizos
EleocharisB
wildrye
wildrye
moderate-sized
genus
species
grasses
willE
willow
willowherb
willowherb
large
genus
species
worldwide
which
willowherbs
willows
wind-carriedp
wind-pollinated
wind-pollination
windflowers
winged
wingsn
wintercress
winterfat
winterfat
small
genus
about
species
scattered
wintergreen
wiped
wiseP
wisp-weed
witches
Scirpus (Bulrush genus)
Annual or perennial herbs; stems triangular or terete, usually solid. Leaf sheaths closed to partially open, or the lowermost reduced and non-sheathing; blades narrowly elongate or reduced to lacking. Flowers bisexual, solitary and sessile in the axil of a small scale and spirally arranged in compact spikelets, these solitary or more often in essentially cymose clusters and variously disposed in terminal headlike clusters or in an umbellate to particulate inflo
rescence, the latter subtended by 1-several involucral bracts, these reduced and scalelike to leaflike and spreading, or in some species stiffly erect and appearing to be a continuation of the stem; scales firm- to thin-membranous, sometimes notched at the apex, with or without a short awn-tip; perianth of 0-6 usually retrorsely barbed bristles; stamens 3(1 or 2); style branches 2 or 3. Achenes lenticular to 3-angled, the base of the slender style often persistent as a minute stylar beak.
Thalictrum (Meadowrue genus)
Rhizomatous perennial herbs, often dioecious, usually malodorous. Leaves alternate, 2-4 times ternately or pinnately compound, the leaflets stalked and shallowly lobed to toothed, the petioles dilated and stipulelike at the base. Flowers inconspicuous, in racemes or panicles, bisexual or unisexual, apetalous; sepals 4-7, white to green, yellowish, or purple, early deciduous; stamens 8-numerous, exceeding the sepals at flowering; pistils 2-15, the style shoB
rt, the stigma usually unilateral. Fruit of achenes, sessile or short-stalked, inflated or compressed, longitudinally nerved, angled or winged, with a persistent style, borne in small clusters at tips of stems and branches.
E MeadowrueG
RANUNCULACEAE
species
barley
foxtail
overa
single
species
fee's
single
species
oregon
grape
around
ecies
oregon
grape
around
Russet Buffaloberry
Soapberry
A EquisetumB
Equisetum (Horsetail or Scouring Rush genus)
Characters of the family.
Horsetail
Scouring RushG
EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum literally means "Horse Bristles". Some of the branches members do resemble a bundle of long coarse hairs. Stems are hollow, segmented, and contain silica granules, which made them useful for scouring pans. Leaves are whorled, often reduced to mere scales. They tend to grow in moist habitats, streamside and under the shade of trees.
Two subgroups are recognized, one with branched stems (Horsetails), the other with unbranched (Scouring Rushes). In the first group the little spor
he little spor
compound
compounded
comprise
comprises
concentrated`
concentration
concentrations
concerned
condiment
condition
conditions
coneflower
cones
confined
confrontational
confuseb
confusing
confusion
conical
conifers
coniumK
conjures
conringia
consensusy
considerably
consideredg
consist
consisted
consistently
consistingb
consists
constant
constantly
constitute
consult
consulted
containX
containedu
containingV
containsP
content
continent
continents
continues
continuous
contrasting
SpurgeG
EUPHORBIACEAE
The Spurge genus (Euphorbia), like the Sedge genus (Carex), has about 2000 species, huge in comparison with almost any other. However, "sedge" conjures up an image that applies well to almost all, whereas "spurge" conjures up confusion.
The unifying factor is the unique arrangement of male and female flowers in a little cup (cyathium). There are so many shared details that botanists all agree that it could not have arisen separately in different groups. And yet they have no agreement as t
Spurge
lackP
lackingf
lacks`
lactose
lactuceaem
ladder
ladies
lady's
laidX
lakes
lance-shaped
lanceleaf
lanceolatau
lanceolatusu
larches
larches
unusual
conifers
their
leaves
decidu
largeA
Wudes
latterj
laurel
Mouse Tail genus consists of a group of small, inconspicuous annuals. They occur in the temperate U.S., Eurasia, Chile and New Zealand. Stems are clumped, no more than a few inches high, with narrow leaves to about 3 inches long and less than 1/4 inch wide, all basal.
Flowers are tiny, with whitish sepals. Petals may be present or absent, also white and tiny (less than 1/10 inch long).
We have 2 species, which inhabit wet places in the valleys to midmontane, often saline. Both have eludeB
d me.
Mouse TailQ
apetalus
minimus
Mousetail
Tiny Mousetail
RanunculusB
minimus
dentata
esula
glyptosperma
maculata
marginata
myrsinites
peplus
prostrata
robusta
serpyllifolia
spathulata
albomarginata
fendleri
Toothed Spurge
Leafy Spurge
Ridgeseed Spurge
Spotted Spurge
Snow-on-the-mountain
Blue Spurge
Petty Spurge
Prostrate Spurge
Rocky Mountain Spurge
Shorthorn Spurge
Thymeleaf Spurge
Thyme-leaved Spurge
Spatula-leaf Spurge
Prairie Spurge
AstragalusB
Astragalus (Locoweed or Milkvetch genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs from a taproot usually surmounted by a caudex; stems erect to prostrate, occasionally lacking and the inflorescence arising directly from the root; herbage pubescent, rarely nearly glabrous, the hairs commonly appressed, simple, and attached at the base, or the hairs dolabriform and attached at some point along the axis with both ends free. Leaves alternate, sometimes entirely basal, pinnately compound wit
d, usually pendent capsule, ultimately separating into three 1-seeded segments.
stickseed
genus
closely
related
tickweed
genus
stone
fruit
genus
tremendous
economic
importance
stonecrop
genus
large
species
stoneseeds
gromwells
smooth
shiny
sumpweed
povertyweed
genus
small
about
sunflower
genus
about
species
north
america
tansy
mustard
genus
about
species
worldwide
tarweeds
small
genus
species
wester
toadflax
genus
about
species
which
tobacco
genus
about
species
mainly
tree-of-heaven
genus
about
species
trees
twinpods
small
dramatic
genus
mustards
twistflower
genus
medium
sized
about
species
species
euclidium
native
eurasia
wallflower
genus
about
species
temperate
coulter'sq
coulteriq
counties
country
countya
course
coventionally
coverW
covereds
coveringi
covers
cowania
cowcockle
coyote
crabgrasses
crabgrasses
large
genus
species
their
flowers
crack
crack-growers
crack-growing
cracks
craighead's
cream
cream-colored
createn
creating]
creek
creepingX
cress
crevice
crevices
crimson
criterion
critical
cronquist
crops
cross
crowdedl
crowdingh
crowfoot
crwoded
cryptanth
cryptanth
cat's
large
genus
about
species
pineapple
pines
pines
genus
pinus
numerous
members
pinkV
pinkishO
pinks
pinnataG
pinnate
pinnately
pinus
pinyon
pioneers
piperia
pipsissewa
pivotal
place
placed
placesq
plain
plains
plantE
plantes
planting
plantings
plantsE
h a terminal unpaired leaflet, the leaflets sessile or stalked, commonly jointed to the rachis or occasionally at least the terminal one confluent with and often no wider than the axis, occasionally some or all of the leaflets lacking and the rachis simulating a simple leaf; stipules free or fused and sheathing the stem. Inflorescence axillary or sometimes arising from the root; flowers commonly in racemes, less often in spikes, rarely solitary; calyx bell-shaped to cylindric, 5-toothed an
d typically obscurely 2-lipped, often becoming membranous in age; corolla papilionaceous, white to yellow, pink to rose, or some shade of blue to purple, the banner free, usually with a recurved blade, the wings clawed, commonly longer than the keel, the latter acute to blunt but not distinctly beaked at the tip stamens 10, diadelphous style glabrous or rarely hairy near the tip, the stigma minute. Fruit a sessile or stipitate legume, flat to much inflated, subglobose to narrowly elongate,
commonly beaked at the apex, the valves papery to woody, often intruded from the dorsal side and expanded internally to form a complete or partial septum (visible in cross section). Astragalus may be poisonous to livestock of all kinds. Although some species are more toxic than others, ingestion of the plant does not usually cause death, unless relatively large amounts are consumed over a 2-5 week period (USDA 1968).
Locoweed
MilkvetchG
FABACEAE
066-020M
023-016N
024-029P
Locoweed / Milkvetch
alpinus
argophyllus
beckwithii
canadensis
cibarius
diversifolius
geyeri
kentrophyta
miser
utahensis
cicer
eurekensis
mollissimus
lonchocarpus
lentiginosus
desperatus
praelongus
episcopus
serpens
newberryi
whitneyi
cymboides
asclepiadoides
rafaelensis
preussii
coltonii
flavus
els,
Cw 5 styles remaining temporarily attached at the apex; seeds 1 or 2 per carpel, plump, frequently pitted or reticulate.
Wild GeraniumF[The familiar geranium of window sills and gardens belongs to an African genus, Pelargonium.G
GERANIACEAEK
Wild GeraniumQebicknellii
carolinianum
pusillum
richardsonii
viscosissimum
pratense
pyrenaicum
endressii
sanguineum
RuBicknell Cranesbill
Carolina Cranesbill
Slender Cranesbill
Richardson's Geranium
Richardson Geranium
Sticky Geranium
RibesB
nodes, the filaments free or fused near the base; ovary of 5 loosely fused carpels, the 5 styles united to form an ultimately elongate stylar column with 5 free stigmas at its summit. Schizocarp splitting from the base (often explosively so) into 5 mericarps at maturity, each with a usually persistent elongate style, this recurved from the base and ultimately coiled, all
Larkspur or Delphinium is a large genus of herbs, both annual and perennial. Stems are erect, and mostly unbranched. Leaves alternate along the stem, broad, and usually palmately lobed (Maple style) or deeply divided. Many species are highly toxic.
Flowers are in an elongated cluster at the ends of stems, occasionally just one, but frequently many. They have 5 sepals and 4 petals, all alike in color. They are bilaterally symmetrical, with one side mirroring the other, as in Monkshood. The
k uppermost sepal is extended into a spur. Petals are in 2 pairs with somewhat different shapes.
Seeds are in a cluster of 3-5 follicles, depending on species.
We have 2 native species, one is a low annual that occurs from the foothills to the subalpine (photos 1 and 2), the other is a tall perennial that occurs only in the middle and upper montane (Photo 3).
004-010M
028-029N
037-006
LarkspurQ
nuttallianum
occidentale
RBLow Larkspur
Nelson's Larkspur
Duncecap Larkspur
Western Larkspur
MyosurusB
Myosurus
Glabrous, scapose annuals from a small cluster of fibrous roots; leaves simple, basal, generally linear. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, 1-several, each on a naked scape, sepals 5-7, spurred at the base, with a 1-3 (5)-nerved blade, soon deciduous or persistent; petals (3) 5, sometimes lacking, whitish, promptly deciduous; stamens 5 or 10; pistils 10-numerous; fruit of achenes, crowded on a narrowly elongate receptacle.
Mouse TailG
RANUNCULACEAE
ACEAE
twigs
unchanged@
unlikely@
useful@
usually
velvetgrass
genus
species
velvety
perennials
vetch
vinca@
waste@
species
barley
foxtail
overa@
weakly@
western
which
white-flowered
whitish
whom@
wildrye@
with@
within
wollyweed
workers@
yellow
yellowrocket
beggar's
bitterbrush@
caraway@
clover
coontail@
everlasting@
globemallow@
groundsmoke@
joe-pye
john's@
knapweed
loosestrife@
milkweed@
paintbrush@
poverty
weed@
scrambled@
snowberry@
sunflower@
timothy
velvetgrass@
windflower@
woodrush
acaulis@
annua@
flowered
floweringm
flowersG
members
members
blackberry
raspberry
bramble
genus
members
willow
genus
numerous
about
species
membranousL
mentioned
meriwether
methodsb
mexicol
michaux'sa
microscope]
microscopic
microspecies
mid-montaneq
middleb
midmontane
millennia
millet
mimics
miner's
miniature
minorW
minuartia
minus
minute|
mirroring
missing
misspelled
mistake
mistaken
mixed
mixture
models
moderate
moderate-sized
moderately`
modernb
modest
modified
butter-and-eggs
buttercup
buttercups
butterfliesX
butterflyX
button
buttonsh
cabbage
cabbages
cacti
cactus
caesalpinia
californiai
california
poppy
genus
contains
species
native
western
cally
called[
callitriche
callitriche
means
beautiful
slender
stems
swaying
calystegia
calyx
odorataR
Clematis (Virgin's Bower genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, woody vines, or shrubs; stems erect to vinelike and climbing by the prehensile leaf rachis. Leaves opposite or whorled, simple or 1-4 times ternately to pinnately compound. Flowers bisexual (ours) or unisexual (the plants usually dioecious), apetalous, radially symmetrical, solitary or in a panicle; sepals 4 (5-8), petaloid, white or variously colored; stamens numerous, the outer with filaments sometimes broadened, petaloid, Bxand without anthers; pistils numerous. Fruit an achene with a persistent, more or less elongate, usually plumose style.
Virgin's BowerG
RANUNCULACEAE
31-030M
004-004N
013-026P
Virgin's BowerQ?columbiana
hirsutissima
occidentalis
orientalis
ligusticifolia
purposes
purpurascensL
purse
purshia
purslane
purslane
large
genus
species
worldwide
mostly
pushed
pusillusM
pussytoes]
puzzled
pyramid
pyramidal
pyrrocomau
quackgrass
quadrangular
quaking
qualities
quality
quantities
question
quickly
quintessential
quiteG
ranks
rarelyW
rarity
ratherP
ratibida
rattlesnake
flowers
yellow
quite
showy
rays]
reach
reachedu
reaches
Lathyrus (Sweetpea or Peavine genus)
Annual or perennial herbs from rhizomes or occasionally stout taproots; stems often trailing or vinelike, angled to distinctly winged. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound, the rachis prolonged into a simple or branched tendril or on some leaves reduced to a short bristle; leaflets 2-18 (rarely more), variable in shape but frequently elliptic, entire; stipules persistent, green, toothed or lobed, the lobes entire or toothed. Flowers axillary, solit
ary or 2-numerous in racemes; calyx obliquely bell-shaped, 5-toothed, the teeth subequal or the upper 2 shorter and broader than the lower 3; corolla papilionaceous, white, pink, red, or some shade of blue or purple, the banner usually strongly reflexed, the keel rounded to obtuse, not at all beaked; stamens 10, diadelphous; style curved within the keel, flattened toward the apex and hairy on the upper side. Legume usually oblong and laterally flattened, 1-chambered; seeds 2 or more. The f
SweetvetchG
FABACEAE
Sweetvetches are rather similar to the Milkvetches/Locoweeds. There are maybe a hundred species, mostly spread across Asia and Europe, but with a few in North America. Many are annuals, but ours is a perennial.
Many of the differences between Sweetvetches and Milkvetches/Locoweeds are relatively subtle, but the seed pods are very distinctive. Instead of staying as a single longer capsule it breaks up into separate fragments, one for each seed. This type of structure is called a loment.
WBKe have a single species, the Northern Sweetvetch, common on the foothills.
028-010M
120-008N
004-028P
SweetvetchQ
boreale
Northern Sweetvetch
LathyrusB
Aquilegia is a classic example of a genus in which isolating barriers between species are weak or absent (Stebbins 1950). Because this is so, otherwise clearly istinct species typically hybridize freely where their ranges overlap.G
RANUNCULACEAE
The Columbine genus has about 70 species in temperate North America and Eurasia. They are perennials, with 1 to a few stems. Most of the leaves are basal and compound with 3 leaflets, each of which may be further divided 3-fold. Stem leaves alternate along the stem, and are smaller.
Flowers are in loose clusters at the ends of stems and branches. Individually they are most unusual, and immediately recognizable. There are 5 each of sepals and petals, regularly arranged, all being petal-lik
Licorice has about 30 species, mostly European. The name is a corruption of the Latin "glycyrrhiza" meaning sweet root. Roots are tough and fibrous, and sweet, with the taste that we know as licorice. In times past roots were chewed and used as toothbrushes, as well as being the basis for the well-known candy. Several species are cultivated for this purpose, particularly Glycyrrhiza glabra.
Plants are perennials with feather-compound leaves, very tough stems. Flowers are whiteish-yellow tBto blue. Seed pods are usually very prickly, sometimes without prickles.
Our only species is the American Licorice.
032-024M
017-018N
076-029P
Wild LicoriceQ lepidota
American Licorice
A HedysarumB
Hedysarum (Sweetvetch genus)
See species description locally
common
phragmites
australis
species
coralroot
genus
small
dozen
species
crazyweed
genus
closely
related
locoweeds
cudweed
genus
worldwide
species
cultivated
carrot
daucus
carota
species
dandelion
genus
remains
utter
confusion
according
dirchgrass
genus
single
species
ruppia
maritima
sorrel
genus
contains
species
familiar
dogwood
genus
cornus
about
species
mostly
dwarf
mistletoes
parasitic
conifers
C9ollowing key to the species is adapted from Welsh (1965)
Sweetpea
PeavineG
FABACEAE
Sweetpeas (Lathyrus genus) and Vetches (Vicia genus) are extremely similar. Both have an even number of leaflets in each leaf, and the central rib of the leaf is extended into a tendril (Photo 3), which enables the plant to hold on to other plants. Strict identification requires a microscopic look at details of the female flower parts.
Locally, though, there are so few species that one can use a simpler criterion: it is a Sweetpea if the large banner petal is more than 10 mm (2/5 inch) ac
inch) ac
ross, and a Vetch if it is less than 2/5 of an inch.
There are about 150 Sweetpea species in the northern temperate regions. We have 3 native species here, plus two ornamentals that sometimes get established in the wild. All are perennials.
Purple Peavine (Photo 1) is
Aquilegia (Columbine genus)
Perennial herbs from a usually stout, simple or branched caudex. Leaves alternate, 1-3 times ternately compound, the ultimate segments mostly wedge-shaped and shallowly to deeply lobed at the rounded apex. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, 1-several, erect to nodding, terminal and on short lateral branches; sepals 5, petaloid, attached to the receptacle by a short claw; petals 5, each with a basally tubular blade prolonged below the point of attachmen
Tt into a conspicuous spur with a nectary at the base; stamens numerous, the outer free, the inner often sterile and otherwise modified, sometimes forming a continuous membranous sheath around the pistils; pistils 5-7 (10), free, the style long and slender. Fruit of 5-7 (10) free, erect or spreading follicles; seeds numerous, shiny black.
E Columbine
The Sainfoin genus is of Eurasian origin, with about 130 species. They are mostly annual or perennial herbs, with a few subshrubs. Leaves are compound, featherwise, with an odd number of leaflets.
Flowers are typical pea-type. Seed pods are highly unusual, and would be enough to identify our one local species. They are of the "loment" type in which the casing shrink-wraps each seed: and in this case there is just one seed. The seed cover is very wrinkled, and may have a winged margin.
ly one species has become established in the western U.S., Sainfoin, which is used as a fodder crop, and also for reclamation plantings.
050-025M
050-026N
077-011P
SainfoinR
Sainfoin
Holy Clover
RobiniaB
LocustG
FABACEAE
es has become established in the western U.S., Sainfoin, which is used as a fodder crop, and also for reclamation plantings.
uld be included in
typified
highly
dissected
feathery
leaves
thickT
thicket
thickets
thickleaf
thimbleberry
thing
think
thinking
third
thisE
genus
about
species
mostly
africa
austral
genus
thistles
mediterranean
contain
genus
named
after
david
townsend
amateur
botanis
hybrid
between
wheatgrass
agropyron
squirrelta
hybrid
genus
between
members
elymus
sitanio
There are only a few species of Marsh Marigold, about 10 in temperate North America and Eurasia. They are perennials, usually rather fleshy. Leaves are unusually simple for members of this family, with a broad blade on a long stalk.
Flowers have many (5-18) petel-like sepals, white or cream or yellow. They are solitary or in a small cluster, on a stem that only rarely has leaves. Stamens are numerous, and occasionally are very broad, making the flowers look double.
We have a single specB
ies locally.
Marsh MarigoldQ
leptosepala
sp. 1
Marsh Marigold
ClematisB
Marsh MarigoldG
RANUNCULACEAE
There are only a few species of Marsh Marigold, about 10 in temperate North America and Eurasia. They are perennials, usually rather fleshy.
Medicago (Medick genus)
Annual to perennial taprooted herbs. Leaves alternate, ternately compound, the 3 leaflets obovate to suborbicular, toothed, at least toward the apex, the terminal leaflet distinctly stalked; stipules membranous or green, partially fused to the base of the petiole. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters or spikelike racemes; calyx bell-shaped with 5 nearly equal teeth; corolla papilionaceous; stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume indehiscent, curved or more often sBppirally coiled, conspicuously reticulate-veined and sometimes armed with prickles at maturity; seeds 1-several.
MedickG
FABACEAE
f "palmate" or "digitate" compound leaves: few or many l
LupineQXargenteus
brevicaulis
caudatus
kingii
sericeus
texensis
pusillus
latifolius
breweri
flowers
flowers
5-parted
petals
curved
flowers
clustered
small
heads
flowers
clusters
white
occasionaly
petals
flowers
develop
short
stalks
which
fluffing
fluffy
fodder
folded
folding
foliageY
follicles
followed
following
010-017N
052-006P
MedickQ
lupulina
sativa
R7Black Medick
Yellow Trefoil
Hop Clover
Alfalfa
Lucerne
A MelilotusB
Mill.
Melilotus (Sweetclover genus)
Annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial, taprooted herbs. Leaves alternate, ternately compound, the 3 leaflets mostly oblanceolate to obovate, toothed above the middle, the terminal leaflet distinctly stalked; stipules linear to obliquely ovate, partly fused to the base of the petiole. Inflorescence of numerous axillary spikelike racemes; calyx bell-shaped with 5 nearly equal teeth; corolla papilionaceous, white or yellow, to 6 mm long; stamens 10, diaB
delphous. Legume essentially indehiscent, ovoid to globose, commonly reticulate-veined at maturity; seeds 1 or 2, rarely more.
Sweetclover
052-006P
MedickQ
lupulina
sativa
sillus
latifolius
breweri
The Lupine genus has about 150 species, the biggest concentration being along the western spine of North and South America. A few occur in the Mediterranean and Africa. One species, probably Lupinus alba, was thought in ancient times to rob the soil, and was given the name 'wolf'. We now know the reverse is true, with lupines and many other legumes enriching the soil through nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Lupines are the classic example of "palmate" or "digitate" compound leaves: few or many l
eaflets are attached to the stalk close together, and radiate out like fingers. They are usually hairy to some degree, often very hairy. A single drop of rain or dew may sit in the center of the leaf, held like a little jewel by the surface tension.
Flower clusters are single spikes at the ends of stems and branches. Most frequent colors are blue, violet and similar tones, plus crimson and white occasionally. Flowers are typical pea-type, with a banner, 2 wings, and 2 fused keel petals. I
FwDisagreement exists as to spelling and author citations for species names in this genus. We follow Tutin et al. (1968).G
FABACEAE
Our two Sweetclovers are part of a genus of 20 species from Eurasia. Another common name for them is "melilot". They are annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials. Leaves are clover-like in the sense that they have only 3 leaflets. Otherwise the plants that have become established here look nothing like clovers.
Yellow Sweetclover and White Sweetclover are very similar to each other: except for the color of their flowers it is really difficult to tell them apart. They grow to 5 or 6 f
or 2, rarely more.
SweetcloverFwDisagreement exists as to spelling and author citations for species names in this genus. We follow Tutin et al. (1968).G
FABACEAE
n this genus. We follow Tutin et al. (1968).G
FABACEAE
025-035
The Medick or Alfalfa genus is centered in the mediterranean area, where there are about 50 species. Apparently the name may derive from the Latin "Medica" referring to Media as the place where alfalfa was first developed as horse forage.
They can be annual or perennial herbs, occasionally shrubs. Leaves have 3 leaflets, somewhat clover-style. Flowers are tiny bean-type, clustered in heads like those of clover. Petals vary widely in color, from yellow to purple. Seed pods are strongly cur
eved, making more than a full turn in some cases, and thus appearing like a ram's horn.
As mentioned above, alfalfa has been in use for millennia as a forage plant, because of its high protein content - in turn due to its symbiotic link with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in its root nodules. Black Medick is a low-growing weed, often found along roadsides.
025-035
higherA
highest
highlyX
hiker
hillsidesc
himself
hints
history
hoary
holdb
hollow
holly
holly
ferns
sword
ferns
christmas
ferns
holly-like
honey
honeysuckle
honeysuckles
honor
honored
honoring
honors
hood's
hooded
hooke
hooked
hooker'sc
hooks
hoopesii{
20-25y
20-30
200-500
200-700
25-30
250-500
clusterL
clusteredZ
clustersA
cockleburs
comprise
species
native
coffeem
coiled
coins
colder
collected
collection
collections}
collomia
collomia
contains
dozen
species
native
temperate
north
colloquial
color
colorado
coloredh
colorful]
colorsf
columbiai
columbine
columnaris
combination
combinedy
ours_
outere
outermost
outher
outlinel
output
outside
outwardly
outwards
ovary
overZ
overall
overlapl
overlappingb
overlooked
overtones
overview
clover
about
species
mostly
western
oxalates
oxalic
pachistima
pachystigma
pachystima
packed
eet tall, have long spread-out clusters of small petype flowers, and are common weeds of roadsides and waste land.
There is a tendency for Yellow Sweetclover to begin blooming sooner than White Sweetclover, and they may bloom until frost comes.
Given their close similarity, one may well ask whether they are perhaps just two color forms of a single species. The answer seems to be "No", because they are genetically incompatible and cannot interbreed.
063-017M
063-016N
043-030P
SweetcloverQ
officinalis
R%White Sweetclover
Yellow Sweetclover
A OxytropisB
Oxytropis (Crazyweed genus)
See species description locally
E CrazyweedG
FABACEAE
C$ous (ours) or elongate and plumose.
WindflowerG
RANUNCULACEAE
The Anemones (Windflowers) are a genus of perennial herbs. Basal leaves have stalks, and are usually divided into 3 leaflets, each of which is divided further. Stem leaves, if any, are smaller and less divided.
Flowers are solitary, at the ends of stems. There are 5-8 sepals, all petal-like, and no petals as such. Sepals spread out in a symmetrical pattern. Seeds are in a dense head.
About 100 species occur, worldwide in temperate regions, some cultivated.
027-024M
039-002N
008-002P
WindflowerQ*multifida
parviflora
quinquefolia
patens
RdGlobeflower
Cutleaf Anemone
Arctic Windflower
Arctic Anemone
Northern Anemone
American Wood Anemone
A Aquilegia
Swertia
Glabrous perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, solitary or more often several to numerous in terminal or axillary cymes; calyx lobed nearly to the base; corolla rotate to shallowly bell-shaped, in some species with short to long, often fringed, scalelike processes borne ventrally at the base, the tube short, each lobe with 1 or 2 marginally fringed nectary glands near the middle or below; stamens 4 or 5, arising near the base of
the corolla tube, the filaments free or expanded and fused near the base; ovary ovoid, the style 1 or obsolete, the stigmas 2. Capsule 1-chambered; seeds numerous, compressed, often wing-margined. The 4-merous, mostly western North American species of this genus are often placed in the genus Frasera. Hitchcock et al. (1959) base their separation on the consistently 4-merous condition in Frasera and on a difference in basic chromosome numbers: 13 in Frasera and 9, 12, and 14 in Swertia. R
one's
one-seed
one-seeded
one-sided
onese
onion
ngrass
oniongrass
moderate-sized
genus
species
onlyE
inches
increasing@
intensely
intermountain@
jordan
junegrasses@
lack@
large
lavender
layia
leaf-like@
leaves
leersia
cutgrass
member
subfamily
length@
bankse
banner
barbede
barberry
barely
barley
barnyard
basal}
baseG
basedW
bases
basically
basin
basis
bassia
This particular Locust genus is a small North American one of 4 species. None of them is native in our immediate area, but one does occur in southwestern Utah. They are long-lived trees. Jean Robin and his son (16th - 17th centuries), whom Linnaeus himself honored with the generic name, planted one in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris - and it still stands.
The Black Locust is a very popular tree for planting, and sometimes seeds naturally in the wild. Flowers of all members of the genus arB
e the pea-type. Interestingly the Honey Locust, which is also established here, is a leguminous tree with flowers of the Caesalpinia type; the Carob tree, furnisher of carob pods, or locust beans, is also a legume.
LocustR
Black Locust
False Acacia
PapaverB
PoppyG
PAPAVERACEAE
Locust
london
longA
long-leaf
long-lived
longer
longhorn
longipesL
longish
longleaf
longtooth
lookZ
looking
looksY
loose
loosestrife
lordly
lotus
lousewort
louseworts
louseworts
truly
strange
flowers
low-growingV
lowerL
usually
utahL
utah's
utter
valerian
valleyX
valleysL
valuable
value
valves
variableZ
variation
varied
varies
varietiesl
variety
variousV
various
common
names
given
members
genus
variously
vary`
varying
vegetablem
vegetables
veins
velvetgrass
Psoralea (Scurfpea genus)
See species description locally
ScurfpeaG
FABACEAE
The Scurfpea genus has just four species, widespread in the U.S., southern Canada and northern Mexico. They are perennials with deep roots, the foliage having many glands. Leaves are usually clover-like.
Flowers are small, barely 1/4 inch long, mostly in the blue-violet-purple color range.
Seed pods are likewise small, with a single seed.
The older name "Psoralidium" will replace the current one.
ScurfpeaQ
lanceolata
Lemon Scurfpea
Dune Scurfpea
A TrifoliumB
ScurfpeaQ
lanceolata
CloverQ<fragiferum
hybridum
pratense
repens
variegatum
wormskjoldii
Strawberry Clover
Alsike Clover
Red Clover
White Clover
Whitetip Clover
Variegated Clover
Sierra Clover
Wormskjold's Clover
Cow Clover
ViciaB
Vicia (Vetch genus)
Annual or perennial herbs, stems usually trailing or climbing. Leaves pinnately compound, the rachis prolonged as a tendril or rarely bearing a terminal leaflet, stipules herbaceous, free, entire or toothed to lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters or racemes; calyx often 2-lipped; corolla papilionaceous, the wings usually exceeding the obtuse keel and fused with it below midlength; stamens 10, diadelphous or rarely monadelphous; style pubescent all arounBrd or only on the lower side, rarely glabrous. Legume dehiscent, compressed, more or less oblong; seeds 2-several.
VetchG
FABACEAE
western
bladderpod
western
chokecherry
western
coneflower
western
dodder
western
fiddleneck
western
field
dodder
western
goldenrod
western
hawksbeardp
western
holly
western
jacob's
ladder
western
labrador
western
larch
western
larkspur
western
lettuce}
western
mountain
asterb
western
pansy
violet
western
polypody
western
ragweed[
western
raspberry
western
jasmine
western
rockjasmine
western
sedge
western
seepweed
western
john's
western
johnswort
western
sweet
cicelyR
western
tamarack
western
tansy
mustard
western
thimbleberry
E BaneberryG
RANUNCULACEAE
7-012M
069-016N
015-021P BaneberryQ
rubra
sowthistles
sowthistles
group
about
world
species
spaghetti
spanish
sparse
spary
special
specialized
speciesA
species
specificity
speciosa
sphaeromeria
small
genus
herbs
half-shrubs
which
spikes
split@
sprawls@
stalks
stems
streams@
subtropics@
sugar@
describeZ
described
describes
description
description
genus
essentially
family
descriptions
descriptive^
desert
desertorum
deserts
deserve
deserves
desirable
despite
destroy
detailsz
detection
deterX
develop
developed
developing[
developmentc
develops[
devil's
dictyotum
diferent
differu
difference]
differencesa
differentL
thistleg
thistle-like_
thistlesg
thorns
thorny
thoseb
thoughb
lengthb
lens-shaped
lessX
lethe
lettucem
lettuce
contains
about
species
native
europe
lettuces}
lettuse
leucanthemumk
leucelene
leucelene
consisted
years
single
species
level
levels
California Poppy genus contains 12 species native to western North America. For most people it is synonymous with the gorgeous orange flames of the plant that bears its name, native to California, but planted extensively elsewhere, including Utah. They are annuals or perennial herbs with clear sap. Leaves are dissected into many narrow segments.
Flowers have 4 petals, mostly yellow or orange, sometimes white or pink, and 12-many stamens. There are only 2 sepals, which are joined to form
'a cap over the bud. As the petals expand the cap is pushed off.
Seed pods have 2 compartments, and can be several inches long.
Three species are native to Utah, none to our area, although the California Poppy itself is becoming widespread due to its use in roadside plantings and reclamations.
050-022M
050-031N
104-004P
California Poppy R
California Poppy
A AilanthusB
Tree-of-heavenG
SIMAROUBACEAE
The Poppy genus is the largest in the narrowly defined Poppy family, with 100 species. They are herbs with stiff hairs, leaves being all basal or with some alternating along the stem. Juice is typically milky
Flowers are borne singly on stalks, with 4 wide-spreading petals.
Seed pods are thick and fleshy, with an elaborate ring of valves around the top, by which it opens.
No true poppy is native to our area, but a small rare one, the Alpine Poppy, is found at high elevations in the UinB
tas. Oriental Poppy is a garden favorite, sometimes escaping sucessfully. The Opium Poppy is the source of both poppy seed condiment and opium, which is still an extremely important drug despite its abuse.
059-002M
059-003N
059-005P
PoppyR
Oriental Poppy
EschscholziaB
California Poppy G
PAPAVERACEAE
Trifolium (Clover genus)
Annual to perennial, rhizomatous or taprooted herbs; stems leafy or scapose, Often decumbent, at least near the base. Leaves alternate, ternately or palmately compound, the terminal leaflet rarely longer-stalked than the lateral; leaflets 3(4-9), sessile or subsessile, commonly obovate, rarely more than 3 cm long, generally serrate; stipules conspicuous, persistent, membranous or herbaceous, usually at least partially fused to the base of the petiole. Flowers
sessile or short-pedicelled in terminal or axillary headlike spikes or racemes, these commonly globose or nearly so, in some species subtended by an involucre; calyx persistent, the tube bell-shaped to cylindric and 5-10(20)-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth equal or unequal; corolla papilionaceous, the petals in some species fused with the staminal tube near the base, persistent after withering; stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume usually membranous, indehiscent or opening along a single suture, r
enablinge
enchanter's
enchanter's
nightshade
small
genus
species
occur
enclose
enclosed
encloses
enclosing
encountered
endemic
ends[
engelmann
engelmann'sb
english
enhanced
enjoyX
enlarge
enlarged
enlarges
enormousz
enough
enriching
ensign
ensure
enter
enters
entirelyZ
entrance
environment
environmental
environments
epilobium
equalb
equally
equisetum
equisetum
literally
means
horse
bristles
branche
equivalent
erect
ericamerial
ericameriasu
only oak is the Gambel Oak, or Scrub Oak (other places also have their own Scrub Oaks). It is deciduous. Further south in Utah is the Turbinella Live Oak, one of the large group of oaks that is evergreen: leaves tend to be a bit holly-like, rather than the classis lobed oak leaf. There is also a Shinnery Oak, which is a low shrub of sandy regions.
Oak species of Europe and the eastern U.S. are much more varied, many of them reaching heights of 75 feet, with straight trunks. These are the CEfamous timber trees, prized for building ships and lordly manshions.
gambelii
havardii
turbinella
Gambel Oak
Scrub Oak
A FrankeniaB
Frankenia
See species description locally
moonwort
genus
about
species
which
occur
moonwort
genus
species
europe
known
panicgrass
relate
hysteria
nightshade
genus
speci
synonymous
strength
oceanspray
genus
species
mostly
western
origin
common
pussytoes
obvious
origin
arnica
unclear
about
species
fabled
factY
factor
fading
fairly[
fallb
fallen
falling
falseZ
false
dandelion
mountain
dandelion
aptly
describe
famaily
familiarX
families[
familyE
famous
fancied
fanciful
farmingtone
fashion
fatua
favor
feetE
Alkali HeathG
FRANKENIACEAE
^The Alkali Heath genus is the only one in its family. Within the genus are about 90 species of annuals, shrubs and subshrubs, often growing on alkaline or saline soil. They have special glands for secreting salt, as part of their mechanisms for coping with that environment.
Our only species is the Wisp-weed, only discovered her in the early 1970s.
Alkali HeathQ
pulverulenta
Wisp-weed
A CorydalisB
Medic.
gambelii
havardii
turbinella
A FrankeniaB
Frankenia
See species description locally
Alkali Heath
shiny
ships
shoestrings
shooting
shoots
shore
shorts
short-lived
short-stem
shorter
shortstyle
shouldk
showc
showed
showier
showing
shown
shows
showyX
shrubsa
sibbaldia
sibbaldia
small
genus
species
mostly
siberia
siberian
Juncus (Rush genus)
Perennial or infrequently annual, glabrous herbs; stems terete or flattened, densely tufted or arising at intervals along a horizontal rhizome. Leaves alternate or in some species all basal, the sheaths open and generally membranous-margined, the blades variable: flat with the ventral side facing the stem, laterally folded and at least partially fused so that the margins face the stem, or terete and hollow, the latter two forms often internally septate, the septa s
ometimes visible externally (but best seen in cross section) as periodic horizontal ridges extending all the way (complete-septate) or only part of the way (incomplete-septate) across the blade, often the blade of at least the lowermost sheath reduced and bristlelike or lacking; in some species the membranous margins of the sheath prolonged upward at the junction of blade and sheath into rounded projections (auricles), these sometimes fused across the blade to form a ligule. Inflorescence
)Q?elongata
eriopoda
lanceolata
major
patagonica
tweedyi
maritima
Longleaf Plantain
Redwool Plantain
Woollybase Plantain
Buckhorn
English Plantain
Ribgrass
Broadleaf Plantain
Common Plantain
Woolly Plantain
Pursh's Plantain
Tweedy's Plantain
AegilopsB
Aegilops (Goatgrass genus)
See species description locally
E GoatgrassG
POACEAE
AyGoatgrass is a small genus of Mediterranean grasses, one of which has been introduced and can be a weed in wheat fields.
P GoatgrassQ
cylindrica
Jointed Goatgrass
Agrohordeum (X)B
G. Camus ex A. Camus
Agrohordeum
A hybrid genus resulting from crosses between species of Agropyron and Hordeum (Bowden 1967).
en attached to the parent by a slender, short to elongate stalk, remaining attached or soon breaking away. Flowers unisexual, naked, 3 (2 staminate and 1 pistillate) borne in a membranous saclike spathe within the lateral pouches, anthers 2-celled; ovary 1-chambered. Fruit bladder-like, in some species narrowly winged; seeds 1-several, smooth to more often longitudinally ribbed and transversely striate.
DuckweedG LEMNACEAEP
DuckweedQ
minor
trisulca
R@Common Duckweed
Lesser Duckweed
Star Duckweed
Ivy-leaf Duckweed
A SpirodelaB
Schleid.
Spirodela (Ducksmeat genus)
See species description locally
E DucksmeatG LEMNACEAEP DucksmeatQ
polyrhiza
Giant Ducksmeat
Spirodela
WolffiaB
070-002M
064-007N
069-033P
Wintergreen / ShinleafQ$asarifolia
chlorantha
minor
secunda
Swamp Wintergreen
Liver-leaf Wintergreen
Green Shinleaf
Greenish Wintergreen
Lesser Wintergreen
Sidebells Shinleaf
Secund Wintergreen
AconitumB
Aconitum (Monkshood or Wolfbane genus)
See species description locally
Monkshood
WolfbaneG
RANUNCULACEAE
The Monkshood or Wolfsbane genus has about 100 species in temperate North America and Eurasia. Most of them are highly toxic, because of the presence of alkaloids. As Keats wrote in his 'Ode on Melancholy':
"No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist
Wolf's-bane, tight-rooted for its poisonous wine;"
I have never learned how they applied it to the wolf.
The plants are perennials growing from thick underground stems or from tubers. Stems are usually erect and unbranched, with leav
single
single-flowered
single-seeded
single-sexed
single-stemmed
singly
sinkfoil
sisymbrium
sisymbrium
occurs
continents
around
speci
sitanion
sitese
sitting
situations
sizeW
sized
sjowitsianum
skeletonweed
skeletonweed
small
genus
mostly
western
america
skine
skyrocket
sleep
slenderV
slightly
slimleaf
slipper
slipper-like
Wintergreen
ShinleafG
PYROLACEAE
The Wintergreen or Shinleaf genus gives its name to the family. It contains about 20 species in the cool Northern Hemisphere. They are hairless perennial herbs with evergreen leaves, which are mostly basal. The origin of the name "Shinleaf" is obscure.
Flowers are mostly 5-parted, carried in clusters along the top of stems, sometimes all on one side (Photo 1). The 5 petals are not joined, but form a loose cup, with the style being very prominent (Photo 2). The style (female part) may be s
traight or variously curved, a helpful character when identifying.
Fruits develop into a 5-lobed capsule, often retaining the thick style (Photo 3).
We have 4 species, much more frequently encountered than our other members of the family. They often grow in close proximity, so if you find one you are quite likely to find another. A good place is in the wet areas where a stream enters Lake Blanche.
Willowherb is a large genus (160 species worldwide) which includes some distinctive groups, some of which have been moved in and out of Epilobium into separate genera. The grouping in Arnow's 1980 edition is the inclusive one; the new edition will reflect recent research supporting a split genus.
The Willowherbs are mostly perennial herbs, usually with opposite leaves, or the upper ones alternate.
Flowers are 4-parted. As with the currants (Ribes) there may be a floral tube below the se
pals and petals: this can be highly colored and make it appear as if the flowers are tubular. Sepals are not folded back at flowering, a useful distinction from the similar Groundsmokes (Gayophytum). Seed pods are long and narrow, with seeds that usually have a tuft of hair, another distinction from Groundsmokes.
We have 8 species: Fireweed and Dwarf Fireweed are showy plants with large flowers, now to be separated as Chamerion); Fire Chalice, a brilliant red-flowered plant, to be returne
1997a
2-12]
2-lipped
2-lobed
2-many
2-parted
Oenothera (Evening Primrose genus)
Annual to perennial herbs, stems leafy or scapose. Leaves alternate or entirely basal, entire or toothed to pinnatifid. Flowers radially symmetrical, solitary and axillary or in spikes or racemes; sepals 4, arising with the petals and stamens at the apex of a well-developed floral tube, ultimately reflexed; petals 4, yellow or white, often fading to pink, red, or purple, mostly obcordate, not clawed at the base; stamens 8; ovary inferior with a deeplBxy 4-lobed stigma. Capsules membranous to woody, straight or partially coiled, 4-chambered; seeds lacking tufts of hair.
Evening PrimroseG
ONAGRACEAE
GroundsmokeQ racemosum
ramosissimum
diffusum
A OenotheraB
GroundsmokeG
ONAGRACEAE
d to Zauschneria; the other 5 are small-flowered, and can be very difficult to tell apart without having mature seed pods, or without digging them up to look at the roots.
Willowherb / Willow-weedQZalpinum
angustifolium
brachycarpum
canum
ciliatum
glaberrimum
latifolium
saximontanum
Alpine Willowherb
Fireweed
Autumn Willowherb
Wild Fuschia; Firechalice
Hummingbird Flower
Northern Willowherb
Smooth Willowherb
Barbey's Willowherb
Red Willowherb
Dwarf Fireweed
Rocky Mountain Willowherb
GauraB
Gaura
See species description locally
-angled, 4-cham
Clematis or Virgin's Bower is a genus of about 250 species worldwide. They are most often woody vines, but can be shrubs or annual herbs. Leaves vary from simple to several times compound, and are in opposite pairs on the stem.
As with many other members of the family, petals are lacking, but their place is taken by 4 showy sepals. In our species these are typically large and drooping (Photo 1), but one is the extraordinary Sugar Bowls in which they are fused into a bell (Photo 2).
Seed
4heads are equally striking, with individual seeds having a long plume derived from their style (female flower part).
Masses of the Oriental Clematis (non-native) can be seen near the mouth of Big Cottonwood Canyon. Our native species are more scattered, and can be found along shady trails, or in the open.
031-030M
004-004N
013-026P
Virgin's Bower
2es deeply lobed Maple fashion. Flowers are spread along the upper end of the stem, with a most amazing combination of sepals and petals, all of which look like petals. It is typical for the top sepal to be very large, and to form a hood over the top 2 petals - the Monk's Hood.
Seed pods are 3-chambered.
038-028M
010-001N
013-020P
Monkshood / WolfbaneQ
columbianum
Columbia Monkshood
part) may be s
traight or variously curved, a helpful character when identifying.
Fruits develop into a 5-lobed capsule, often retaining the thick style (Photo 3).
We have 4 species, much more frequently encountered than our other members of the family. They often grow in close proximity, so if you find one you are quite likely to find another. A good place is in the wet areas where a stream enters Lake Blanche.
PyrolaB
large
largee
largeleaf
larger
largestP
larkspur
larkspur
delphinium
large
genus
herbs
annual
lateb
lately
later
lateriflora
lathyrus
latin
latitudes
latterj
laurel
lavender
lavender-purple
lavenders
lawns
layer
layers
layia
layia
small
genus
about
species
mostly
confined
layman|
leafW
inaccessible
inadvertently
inappropriate
species
streams
streamsideG
strength
stress
strict
strikingL
striped
strong
stronglyL
struck
structure
studies
study
style
sub-clusters
subactic
subalpinez
subdivided
subdivision
subdued
subfamily
subgroups
subject
subjects
submerged
submersed
subsequentj
subshrub
subshrubsl
subspecies
substitutem
subtlea
subtropicalo
quite
radiate
radiatingb
radish
radishes
rafinesque
ragged[
ragweed[
ragweeds[
raindrop
raised
raising
ram's
ramosissima
rangen
rangesb
ranging]
ranks
rapidly
rarelyW
rarity
raspberry
ratherP
ratibida
rattlesnake
flowers
yellow
quite
showy
rays]
reach
reachedu
reaches
Spiranthes (Ladies' Tresses genus)
Perennial herbs from fleshy, fascicled or rarely fibrous roots; herbage glabrous or variously pubescent. Leaves alternate, sessile and basally sheathing, reduced above to sheathing bracts. Flowers white or yellowish to greenish but soon becoming dingy, spirally arranged in a compact, bracteate spike; sepals and petals 3, the upper sepal fused with the lateral petals, the lateral sepals free or fused with the petals and the upper sepal, the whole form
Eing a hood enclosing the column and much of the lip, the lip basally grooved and partially enclosing the column, with a minute to conspicuous callus on either side at the base, the expanded, often wavy-margined, apical portion spreading or recurved; column short, tipped by the 2-toothed rostellum; anther 1, the pollinia 2.
Ladies' TressesG
ORCHIDACEAE
brown
brown
lady's
slipper
browse
browse
milkvetch
buckbrush
buckhorn
buckthorn
buckwheat
buffalo
buffalo
bugleweed
bugloss
bugseed
bulblet
bulblet
bladder
bulbous
bulbous
bluegrass
bulln
thistlen
bullnettle
bulrush
bristlegrass
buttercup
marigolde
ragweed[
burdock
burnet
burweed
oceanspray
seepweed
bushrock
bushrock
spiraea
bushy
bushy
knotweed
butter
butter
buttercup
butterweed
butterweed
groundsel
buttonh
cabbage
cactus
californiaf
california
brickellbushf
california
tansy
mustard
calyx
calyx
starwort
calyxeye
calyxeye
starwort
camas
camissonia
campion
canadan
canada
bluegrass
PrimroseG
PRIMULACEAE
Primrose or Primula accounts for half or more of the species in the family, 200-500 depending on the authority. Mostly they are of the northern temperate regions. They are perennials from underground runners. Leaves are actually all basal, or clustered low on the stem so as to appear basal.
There is a single cluster of flowers at the top of stems, with bracts at the base. The arrangement is best seen in Photo 3. Flowers are 5-parted, the petals joined at the bottom, with their lobes erecB
t or spreading out. Colors various, yellows, pinks, reds.
Seed capsules split down the sides.
We have a single species, Parry's Primrose, which is a lovely plant of high elevations.
011-004M
011-005N
039-034P
PrimroseQ
parryi
Parry's Primrose
ChimaphilaB
Pursh
Lysimachia
See species description locally
LoosestrifeG
PRIMULACEAE
Although we have only a single species, the Loosestrife genus is a large one with 100-200 species, mostly in north temperate regions. They are perennials with opposite leaves only on the stems.
Yellow-petalled flowers are in clusters or solitary, their parts 5 or 6. Seeds are in a 5 or 6 parted capsule.
Differences in flower size and their arrangement in clusters makes for a great variety of effects.
Note that it is unrelated to the other Loosestrife genus Lythrum, which is in the LooseB
strife family.
LoosestrifeQ
ciliata
Fringed Loosestrife
PrimulaB
Primula (Primrose genus)
See species description locally
officinaleO
offspring
oftenG
anemones
windflowers
genus
perennial
herbs
apple
genus
renowned
cultivated
fruit
trees
avens
genus
about
species
mostly
northern
the lip linear to broadly lanceolate, pendent or curved upward, mostly entire, occasionally toothed to fringed or somewhat lobed basally, prolonged at the base into a sac or spur; column short; anther 1, the 2 pollen sacs borne on a narrow to broad connective; pollen in loose masses or in 1 or 2 pollinia per pollen sac; stigma concave. Capsules erect, narrowly cylindric to ellipsoid.
Bog Orchid
Rein OrchidFdFollowing Rydberg (1922), Weber (1976) places H. hyperborea and H. dilatata in the genus Limnorchis.G
ORCHIDACEAE
RCHIDACEAE
slopesA
sloughgrass
sloughgrass
genus
stout
annual
grasses
slow-flowing
smallA
smotherweed
small
genus
species
which
botanis
There are about 2 species of Goodyera in the northern temperate region and tropics. They are small perennial herbs, with mottle basal leaves but no stem leaves.
Flowers are small, dull greenish white.
Our only species is the Rattlesnake Plantain.
GoodyeraQ
oblongifolia
Rattlesnake Plantain
A HabenariaB
Willd.
Habenaria (Bog Orchid or Rein Orchid genus)
Perennial glabrous herbs from fleshy or tuberous roots. Leaves 1 or 2 and basal, or cauline and several to numerous, alternate, essentially sessile, usually sheathing at the base. Flowers white or greenish-white fading to yellowish, in loose to densely congested bracteate spikes or spikelike racemes; sepals 3, the upper erect, the lateral pair spreading to reflexed; petals 3, usually directed forward and often incurved under the upper sepal,
borineQ gigantea
capsule, which splits around.
We have 2 species, the delicate Alpine Shooting Star, which is quite common in the wet meadows and streambanks at high elevations (usually 4 petals), and the more robust Beautiful Shooting Star, which ranges from valleys to alpine (usually 5 pC
etals, Photo 3).
003-033N
069-002P
Shooting StarQ
alpinum
pulchellum
GlauxB
Glaux (Saltwort or Sea Milkwort genus)
See species description locally
es circumscissile
stemless
stemmed
stemsG
Evening Primrose is a fairly large genus of 120 species. It is native to the Americas, especially diverse in the western U.S. They are mostly perennial or biennial herbs, occasionally annual. Leaves are alternate. Often there is a basal rosette, sometimes only that.
Flowers are often showy, with large petals, white, pink or yellow. These and the sepals grow from a floral tube which can be very long - 6 inches or more. As the name implies, the flowers typically open in the evening, their pB
ale colors attracting moths as pollinators.
We have several native species, the most spectacular being the Showy Evening Primrose (Photo 1) and Hooker's Evening Primrose (Photo 2). Pale Evening Primrose is more subdued.
023-011M
007-002N
014-011P
Evening PrimroseQ8biennis
caespitosa
hookeri
pallida
primiveris
flava
drawings
drawnk
draws
dried
drier
dripping
drooping
dropped
dropseed
dropseed
large
genus
species
richest
warmer
drosophila
drugsW
drummond's
drupe
drupelets
drupes
dulcamara
during
dustyi
dusty
maidens
group
about
species
taprooted
dwarf
dwellers
dyer's
dying
eachY
earlier
Rock Jasmine is a largee genus of small flowers, mostly of the north temperate regions, especially Asia. They are low annuals or perennials, less than 5 inches tall. Leaves are in a basal rosette.
Flowers grow in a single open cluster at the top of leafless stems, about 5 inches tall in total. Individual flowers are 5-parted. Petals are joined at the base, with 5 petal lobes flaring sharply from the tubular section.
Three species have been found in our area. One of them is the delicate mB
ountain plant Western Rock Jasmine (photos); at low elevations is the very similar Western Rock Jasmine. The Slender Rock Jasmine is extremely rare here, though not elsewhere.
071-022M
032-009P
Rock JasmineQ4filiformis
occidentalis
septentrionalis
chamaejasme
Slender Rock Jasmine
Slender Rockjasmine
Western Rock Jasmine
Western Rockjasmine
Pygmyflower Rock Jasmine
Northern Rock Jasmine
Epipactis (Helleborine genus)
See species description locally
HelleborineG
ORCHIDACEAE
The Hellebores are a small genus of a dozen species in temperate North America and Eurasia. They are tall perennials, clump-forming. Stems are very leafy.
Flowers are in a loose spike, each one set off by a leaf-like bract. They are large, with the lip somewhat pouched.
HelleborineQ gigantea
Giant Helleborine
Helleborine
GoodyeraB
R. Br.
Goodyera
See species description locally
GoodyeraG
ORCHIDACEAE
sepal, but often slightly longer, the lip pouched and much inflated, often somewhat puckered around the central opening;
Corallorhiza (Coral Root genus)
Perennial, saprophytic, scapose herbs from freely branched, coral-like rhizomes. Scapes yellow to reddish- or purple-brown, enveloped in membranous sheathing bracts but lacking green leaves; flowers few to many in a bracteate spikelike raceme, sepals 3 equal or nearly so, the lateral pair sometimes extending under the base of the lip and together with the foot of the column forming a small pouch or short spur; petals 3, the lateral pair similar to the sB
epals, the lip short-clawed, entire or toothed to lobed; column compressed, curved over the lip; anther 1, terminal on the column, the pollinia 4. Capsules ovoid to ellipsoid, pendent.
Coral RootG
ORCHIDACEAE
Coral RootQ
maculata
striata
trifida
wever, the scales and seeds falling within a few months, leaving just the bare center stem like a candle. Because they are so inaccessible botanists rely on details of leaf characters to tell the species apart. Many fir species have "ornamented" bracts between the scales, as in Photo 3 (taken in Oregon of a fallen tree).
Two Firs are native to our mountains. White Fir is the larger, growing at somewhat lower elevation, conical. Subalpine Fir is dominant at higher elevations, its shape thC
at of a very narrow pyramid.
100-020M
062-003N
093-026P
concolor
lasiocarpa
magnifica
White Fir
Subalpine Fir
LarixB
Mill.
Larix (Larch genus)
See species description locally
Larch
The Tree-of-heaven genus has about 10 species of trees and shrubs, native to eastern Asia and northeast Australia. They have large compound leaves, clusters of small flowers, and winged seeds.
Our single species is an escape from cultivation.
Tree-of-heavenR
Tree-of-Heaven
HyoscyamusB
HenbaneG
SOLANACEAE
The Henbane genus has about 15 species, mostly in the Mediterranean region. They are annual or perennial herbs, usually poisonous and unpleasant smelling. Leaves are alternate.
Flowers grow in the junctions between leafy bracts and the stems and branches, making a long one-sided cluster, best seen with the seed capsules in Photo 3. Corolla is funnel-shaped, showy, and somewhat iregular. Fruit is a dry capsule.
We have a single species, Black Henbane, which has just made its way into our B
area.
Tree-of-heavenG
SIMAROUBACEAE
ee-of-heaven
The Ladies' Tresses genus has about 300 species of herbs occurring in temperate and tropical regions of the world. Plants are fleshy, ours inhabiting wet areas.
Flowers are in tight, twisted clusters at the ends of stems, which gives them a fanciful resemblance to ladies' braids. Individually they are small and usually white.
We have 2 species. Hooded ladies' Tresses is reasonably common along wet edges of roads in the mountains. Nodding ladies' Tresses is found at lower elevations in oB
ur area, and is rare locally because its habitat is very restricted. On a broader scale, if it is considered a separate species from the fairly common eastern form, it becomes rare in the global sense and deserves protection.
Ladies' TressesQ
cernua
romanzoffiana
Ladies' TressesG
ORCHIDACEAE
beautiful
became
because[
beckwith's
becomeW
becomesk
becoming
bedstraw
bedstraws
plants
cleome
comprise
about
species
mostly
beenJ
before}
beggar's
beggartickse
begin
beginning
begins
behave
seeds
seemc
seems|
seenc
seepweeds
sees]
segmented
segmentsA
segregated
selected
selection
selenium
selenium-rich
semi-aquaticX
semi-parasitic
semiverticillatus
sending}
sends}
sense
sepal
sepals
sepals/petals
separate[
PondweedQWalpinus
crispus
filiformis
foliosus
gramineus
nodosus
pectinatus
pusillus
richardsonii
Mountain Lake Pondweed
Northern Pondweed
Curly-leafed Pondweed
Crisped Pondweed
Fineleaf Pondweed
Filiform Pondweed
Leafy Pondweed
Variableleaf Pondweed
Grass Pondweed
Longleaf Pondweed
Fennelleaf Pondweed
Baby Pondweed
Dwarf Pondweed
Richardson Pondweed
A AnagallisB
Anagallis (Pimpernel genus)
See species description locally
E PimpernelG
PRIMULACEAE
The Pimpernal genus is European, with about 20 species of low spreading annuals and perennials. Leaves are on the stems, opposite, usually not toothed or lobed.
Flowers are 5-parted, with petals not curved back.
020-037P PimpernelQ arvensis
R*Scarlet Pimpernel
Poor Man's Weatherglass
Purslane is a large genus of 100 species worldwide, mostly of warmer regions. They are somewhat fleshy annuals. Stems and leaves vary from sprawling to erect, from alternate to opposite. Leaves have intact margins.
Flowers are often showy, mostly yellows, but with some vivid ornamentals in subtropical plants. Petals appear shiny. The word "purslane" is related to "porcelain".
Seeds are in capsules which split around.
PurslaneQ oleracea
R#Purslane
Pusley
Mother of Millions
PotamogetonB
Potamogeton (Pondweed genus)
Leaves alternate throughout or the uppermost opposite, achenes hardened when dry, otherwise with characters of the family.
PondweedG
POTAMOGETONACEAEK<Description of the genus is essentially that of the family.
059-008M
060-007N
060-009
t firm, appressed-imbricate, rounded at the apex, each subtended by a thin bract shorter than the scale (ours), both scales and bracts falling in the autumn, the ultimately naked cone axis persistent on the branch for several years; seeds with a wing wider than long.
PINACEAE
Firs are a genus of about 40 species, occurring mainly in temperate Eurasia, but with 7 species in the western U.S. and Canada. They are large evergreen trees, conical in shape. Leaves emerge individually from the twigs (not in bundles) in a spiral pattern. They often twist, however, so the whole thing looks flattened.
Female, seed-bearing cones stick stiffly up from the topmost branches of the trees. This makes the firs easily recognizable when they are present. They don't last long, ho
evation, conical. Subalpine Fir is dominant at higher elevations, its shape th
POACEAE
A^These plants are hybrids between Wheatgrass species (Agropyron) and Barley species (Hordeum).
Q macounii
Macoun Wildrye
,A AgropyronB
Gaertn.
Agropyron (Wheatgrass genus)
Annuals or perennials; stems tufted or rhizomatous. Leaf sheaths open; ligules membranous, short; auricles usually well developed. Inflorescence a terminal spike; spikelets sessile and usually solitary but occasionally multiple at some of the nodes, borne flatwise to and mostly alternating on opposite sides of the usually continuous rachis, (2) 3-12-flowered, laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes equal or unequal, broad or occasionus
equisetum
ll, sometimes minutely glandular-dentate; petals 5-18, free, frequently unequal, white or pink to salmon or deep rose, soon withering; stamens (4) 5-many; ovary superior, the style 1 with 3-8 stigmas. Capsule membranous to firm, 1-chambered, circumscissile near the base; seeds 1-many, lenticular, dark, generally shiny, smooth or faintly patterned to tuberculate.
LewisiaG
PORTULACACEAE
The Lewisias are named after Meriwether Lewis the explorer. They are hairless perennial herbs arising from thick roots. Stems may be solitary or clustered, with or without leaves. Basal leaves are usually numerous, narrow, or sometimes round in cross section. Stem leaves are most commonly absent.
Flowers may be solitary or clustered. As is typical in the family, there are usually only 2 sepals, leafy in texture, but sometimes there are 4-9 looking more like petals. Petals range from 5 to
often resinous. Leaves of two kinds: (1) green, needlelike leaves borne in fascicles of (1) 2, 3, or 5, on short, ultimately deciduous branchlets; and (2) membranous scalelike leaves subtending the needlelike ones, forming a sheath around the base of each fascicle, the sheath persistent or soon deciduous. Male cones numerous, clustered near the summit of the previous year's grow
th, usually on the lower branches; female cones solitary or clustered toward the tip of the current season's growth, mostly on the upper branches, ovoid to lance-ovoid or cylindric, horizontal to pendent, at first reddish to purple, ultimately brown and woody, maturing at the end of the second or third year, the mature cone sometimes persistent on the tree for many years, deciduous as a whole, the scales with a prominent thickened apex terminating in a blunt protuberance, this, in some spe
Spruces are evergreen trees (about 30 species, most numerous in Asia) with scaly bark (Photo 2), needles are quadrangular. Shape is of a rather broad pyramid. Cones hang down, mature the first season, and remain on the tree after shedding the seeds.
We have two native species. Engelmann Spruce (Photo 1) is dark green, while the Colorado Blue Spruce is bluish. It is the state tree of both Utah and Colorado. In cultivation it has been selected for trees with good form and an exaggerated bluB
eness (Photo 3).
062-001M
061-024N
120-012P
SpruceQ
engelmannii
pungens
R&Engelmann Spruce
Colorado Blue Spruce
PinusB
Firs are native to our mountains. White Fir is the larger, growing at somewhat lower elevation, conical. Subalpine Fir is dominant at higher elevations, its shape that of a very narrow pyramid.
aally narrow, rounded or keeled on the back, truncate to long-tapered or occasionally awned at the apex, 1-9 (11)-nerved; lemmas firm, lanceolate, (3) 5-7-nerved, rounded on the back or slightly keeled on the midnerve above, often thickened at the base, truncate to prominently awned (but not bifid) at the apex. Caryopsis usually adherent to the palea.
Wheatgrass
Agropyron belongs to the tribe Triticeae which in our range also includes Aegilops, Elymus, .Hordeum, Secale, Sitanion, and Triticum. Members of the Triticeae tribe readily breed across what have been established as generic boundaries and intergeneric hybrids are consequently relatively common. Artificial breeding experiments have demonstrated that a number of forms originally described as species are, in fact, such hybrids. Stebbins and Walters (1949) acknowledge that the parents of these
eQNaggregata
leptomeria
sinuata
tenerrima
rigidula
subnuda
congesta
tridactylata
RUScarlet Gilia
Skyrocket Gilia
Common Gilia
Lobeleaf gilia
Rosy Gilia
Capillary Gilia
LeptodactylonB
H. & A.
Leptodactylon (Prickly Gilia genus)
See species description locally
Prickly GiliaG
POLEMONIACEAE
wPrickly Gilia is a smal genus of the western U.S. and Baja California, with about 6 species. They are small shrubs or woody cushion plants, the leaves deeply divided and very prickly.
Flowers are slender trumpets, white, yellowish, pink or salmon, sometimes forming a mass.
Two species occur here, with only one having been described in the first edition of Arnow's book.
053-003P
Prickly GiliaQ watsonii
R#Prickly Gilia
Watson's Slenderlobe
gA LinanthusB
Benth.
Pinus (Pine genus)
Evergreen trees with variable crowns and scaly bark; winter buds mostly broad and acute, often resinous. Leaves of two kinds: (1) green, needlelike leaves borne in fascicles of (1) 2, 3, or 5, on short, ultimately deciduous branchlets; and (2) membranous scalelike leaves subtending the needlelike ones, forming a sheath around the base of each fascicle, the sheath persistent or soon deciduous. Male cones numerous, clustered near the summit of the previous year's grow
th, usually on the lower branches; female cones solitary or clustered toward the tip of the current season's growth, mostly on the upper branches, ovoid to lance-ovoid or cylindric, horizontal to pendent, at first reddish to purple, ultimately brown and woody, maturing at the end of the second or third year, the mature cone sometimes persistent on the tree for many years, deciduous as a whole, the scales with a prominent thickened apex terminating in a blunt protuberance, this, in some spe
fairy
fairy
bells
panicgrass
falsej
false
acacia
false
false
hellebore
false
mermaid
false
solomon
fanweed
fathen
fathen
saltplant
featherleaf
featherleaf
kittentails
fee's
fee's
lipfern
felwort
fendler
fendler
meadowrue
fennelleaf
fennelleaf
pondweed
fernleafO
fernleaf
fleabaneq
fernleaf
ligusticumO
fernleaf
lomatiumP
fernleaf
lovageO
fescue
feverfew
few-flowered
few-flowered
spikerush
few-seeded
few-seeded
draba
fewflower
fewflower
spikerush
fewleaf
fewleaf
lewisia
fewleaf
meadowrue
fiddleneck
field
field
bindweed
field
buttercup
ainQ?elongata
eriopoda
lanceolata
major
patagonica
tweedyi
maritima
incana
incarnataX
inchW
inchesE
includem
includedl
includesj
includingk
inclusion
inclusive
incompatible
inconspicuousa
infected
infestation
inflated
informaly
information
inhabit
inhabitant
inhabiting
initially
innere
innocuous
inrolled
insect's]
insectsX
inside
insome
instant
instead
intact
e by far the most numerous members of the family, with 100 species essentially restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. Branching is often more open and irregular than other conifers, making them more individualistic trees in plantings. Most are medium to large trees, while some are shrubs. Many are used in cultivation, while larger trees are an important source of lumber. Bark varies from firly smooth to furrowed to platelike in the Ponderosa Pine. Leaves are relativel
at the end of the second or third year, the mature cone sometimes persistent on the tree for many years, deciduous as a whole, the scales with a prominent thickened apex terminating in a blunt protuberance, this, in some spe
giant
ducksmeat
giant
helleborine
giant
hyssop
giant
lomatiumP
giant
ragweed[
gilia
glaberq
glaber
daisyq
glacier
glacier
glandular
glandular
cinquefoil
glaucous
glaucous
willow
globe-podded
globe-podded
whitetop
globeflower
globemallow
goatgrass
goathead
goatsbeard
golden^
golden
chamomile^
golden
corydalis
golden
currant
golden
golden
draba
golden
prickly
golden
sedge
golden
smoke
goldenbushu
goldeneye
goldenrodu
goldenweedu
goose
gooseberry
gooseberry
currant
gooseberry
globemallow
gooseberry-leaf
gooseberry-leaf
globemallow
goosefoot
goosefoot
violet
goosegrass
gordon's
gordon's
ivesia
grape
grassC
basin
centaury
-R(Saunders' Wheatgrass
Foxtail Wheatgrass
AgrostisB
Agrostis (Redtop or Bentgrass genus)
Annuals or perennials, tufted or rhizomatous, sometimes stoloniferous. Leaf sheaths open, ligules membranous, auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to compact, sometimes spikelike panicle; spikelets 1-flowered, usually less than 3 mm long (ours), not much compressed, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and occasionally prolonged behind the palea as a short stub or bristle; glumes thin, lanceolate, equal or subequal, the first sometimes
\slightly exceeding the second, blunt to awn-tipped, usually 1-nerved, longer than the lemma (ours); lemma thinner than the glumes, rounded on the back, obscurely (3) 5-nerved, sometimes awned from the back (an inconstant character among individuals within a single species), the callus minutely hairy or glabrous; palea well developed to obsolete.
Based on morphological, cytological, and numerical taxonomy studies (Swanson 1966, Nilsson 1966 and 1967, and McNeill 1975), those species of Montia having more or less persistent basal leaves, a subscapose flowering stem with a single pair of opposite leaves, 3-furrowed pollen grains, and elongate chromosomes are restored to the genus Claytonia, leaving in Montia plants with basal leaves either lacking or soon deciduous, stem leaves numerous and alternate or opposite to whorled, pollen grBdains 12(25)-furrowed, and chromosomes very short relative to those of species assigned to Claytonia.
PORTULACACEAE
salsify
salt-tolerant
saltbush
saltgrass
saltgrass
genus
species
occurring
saline
meadow
salty
samaras
samej
samphire
sandbur
sandspurrey
sandspurrey
small
genus
about
species
worldwide
sandwort
sandworts
sandworts
large
genus
species
northern
tempe
sandyL
sarvisberry
saskatoon
sativa
sative
saw-edged
sawtooth
saxifrage
scabra
scale
scale-like
traditionalO
traditionallyO
trails
trailsides}
transferred
transiently
translated
translation
translations
translucent
treat
treeA
tree-of-heaven
trees
trefoil
tremendous
tremendously
trisetum
means
three
bristles
species
triternatumP
tropicalo
tropics
troublesome
troyv
trueX
truly}
trumpet
trumpet-shaped
trumpets
trunk
trunks
tuberT
tubers
tubular
tufted
Polypodium is the "name" genus of the whole True Fern family. Meaning "many feet", it refers to the plants' growing from runners which spring up in many places. The genus is very large, mainly tropical. They are small to medium ferns with classic fern-shaped leaves. Spores develop on the underside, about mid way between the vein and the edge (Photo 2).
We have a single species, the Western Polypody or Licorice Fern.
035-030M
042-011P
PolypodyQ
hesperium
Western Polypody
Licorice Fern
PolystichumB
PolypodiumB
Polypodium (Polypody genus)
See species description locally
PolypodyG
POLYPODIACEAE
purplebloom
purse
pursh's
pursh's
plantain
purslane
purslane
speedwell
pusley
pussytoes]
pygmy
pygmy
saxifrage
pygmyflower
pygmyflower
jasmine
quackgrass
quail
quail
plant
quakey
quaking
quaking
aspen
queenM
queen
anne's
laceM
quillwort
rabbitbrushl
rabbitfoot
rabbitfoot
grass
radish
sumpweed|
ragweed[
raspberry
rat-tail
rat-tail
fescue
rattlesnake
rattlesnake
chess
rattlesnake
plantain
rayless`
rayless
arnica`
raynold's
raynold's
sedge
alumroot
clover
elderberry
goosefoot
henbit
orach
sandspurrey
sandwort
valerian
willowherb
FoxtailG
POACEAE
The Foxtail genus has about 25 species of annuals and perennials, in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, several being native to the U.S. The name comes as a literal translation, and refers to the slightly fluffy flower head.
Two of our four species are native (but of very wide distribution), one is native to the eastern U.S., and the other is Eurasian, introduced to improve range quality.
FoxtailQ,aequalis
carolinianus
geniculatus
pratensis
R?Shortawn Foxtail
Carolina Foxtail
Water Foxtail
Meadow Foxtail
AperaB
Adans.
Apera
See species description locally
AperaG
POACEAEKJThis is a small Eurasian genus, one of which was introduced from Europe.
AperaQ
interrupta
Silky Apera
AristidaB
Aristida (Three-awn genus)
See species description locally
E Three-awnG
POACEAE
Three-awn is a large genus (200 species), mostly of warmer regions, especially Africa. The U.S. has 40 species, but we have only one.
029-017P Three-awnQ purpurea
Purple Three-awn
ArrhenatherumB
Beauv.
Arrhenatherum (Tall Oatgrass genus)
See species description locally
Tall OatgrassG
POACEAE
Tall Oatgrass is a small genus of 6 species of European-North African grasses, one of which was used as pasture, and is now widespread in North America.
Tall OatgrassQ
elatius
fragments
fragranceV
fragrantP
freely
fremont
frequentn
frequently
fresh
fringecup
fringed
fromE
europe
europe/eurasia
europeanG
european-north
eurotia
even[
even-sized
evening
evening
primrose
fairly
large
genus
species
evenly
eventually
evergreen
evergreens
everlasting\
everyb
everythingP
everywhereb
evidence{
exact
exactly
exaggerated
examination
example
excellent
except
exception]
exceptionally
exceptions
excess
exclude
excluding
exhibit
existsw
expand
expanded
expands
expedition
experts
explain
explorer
explosively
exposed
everlasting
exists
extend@
fabled@
favored@
female@
fiercely@
figuring@
find@
finely@
flower@
flowers
foliage@
food@
foothold@
fragments@
from@
fruits@
gayophytum@
generally@
genus
glauca@
goatsbeard
salsify
genus
about
plant
species
golden@
golden
aster
informal
genus
about
20-25
species
good@
grasslike@
growth@
dozen
species
native
europe
hatch@
heart-shaped@
helen@
higher@
hops@
however@
identification@
incana@
intensely@
intermountain@
jordan@
lack@
lavender@
layia@
leersia
cutgrass
member
subfamily
length@
crested
wheatgrass
crisped
crisped
pondweed
crowfoot
crowfoot
grass
cryptanth
cryptantha
cucumber
cucumber-root
cudweeds
cultivated
cultivated
curl-leaf
curl-leaf
mountain
mahogany
curled
curled
curlyt
curly
curly
gumweedt
curly-leafed
curly-leafed
pondweed
curlycupt
curlycup
gumweedt
currant
curvepod
curvepod
yellowcress
cushionu
cushion
buckwheat
cushion
goldenweedu
cushion
phlox
cut-leaved
cut-leaved
groundsel
cutgrass
cutleafH
cutleaf
anemone
cutleaf
balsamrootc
cutleaf
nightshade
lassifications have been proposed, but none has gained wide acceptance. While fully acknowledging the artificial nature of the boundaries separating the genera listed above, we here follow the traditional treatment.
POACEAE
Sloughgrass is a tiny genus of stout annual grasses. Our only representative is the American Sloughgrass, found in ditches and around water.
syzigachne
American Sloughgrass
BromusB
Bromus (Brome or Chess genus)
Annual or perennial, rarely rhizomatous grasses. Leaf sheaths closed nearly throughout (sometimes torn or split for a variable distance below the blade but then without distinctly membranous margins), glabrous to densely long-hairy, the blades usually flat, often long-hairy; ligules membranous; auricles sometimes present. Inflorescence an open to compact, erect to drooping panicle or raceme; spikelets laterally compressed to terete, several- to many-flowe
POACEAE
Sloughgrass is a tiny genus of stout annual grasses. Our only representative is the American Sloughgrass, found in ditches and around water.
whorled
whorls
whose
wickedly
wideG
wide-ranging
wide-spreading
widelyP
wider
widespreadA
wideworld
wildW
lilac
describes
species
wildlife
willowherb
large
genus
species
worldwide
which
willowherbs
wind-carriedp
wind-pollinated
windflowers
winged
wingsn
wintercress
winterfat
winterfat
small
genus
about
species
scattered
wintergreen
wiseP
wisp-weed
red, at least 11 mm long, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes unequal, shorter than the lowermost lemma, acute to obtuse, rarely awn-tipped, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved; lemma rounded or in one species distinctly keeled on the back, (3) 5-9-nerved, entire or bifid at the apex, unawned or with an awn arising below the apex, commonly from between the teeth, the callus glabrous when present; palea 2-nerved, the nerves keeled and ciliate. Caryopsis adherent to the palea, bCKearing at the apex a persistent, minutely lobed, hairy, ovarian appendage.
Brome
ChessF
Some workers (e.g., Holub 1973, Weber 1976) place the perennial species of Bromus having lemmas rounded on the back in the genus Bromopsis and those with keeled lemmas in the genus Ceratochloa.G
POACEAE
japonicus
sterilis
tectorum
vulgaris
chewed
chickweed
chickweeds
chicorym
chicory
large
group
composites
chile
china
chinensis
chlorocrambe
chlorocrambe
species
mountain
mustard
chlorophyll
choice
chokeh
chokecherry
chollas
chord
chorispora
chorispora
genus
about
species
eurasia
chosen
christmas
chrysanthemumk
chrysopsisy
cicutaJ
cinquefoil
cinquefoils
circle
circumstances
cirsiumg
clambering
claret
clarkia
clarkia
species
almost
limited
western
north
clasping
classic
stalks
stamens[
staminode
standing
stands[
stansbury
starb
star-shaped
starch
starry
stars
starwort
starworts
starworts
large
genus
about
species
worldwide
state
states
station
staying
steadily
stebbins
stemG
acute to obtuse, rarely awn-tipped, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved; lemma rounded or in one species distinctly keeled on the back, (3)5-9-nerved, entire or bifid at the apex, unawned or with an awn arising below the apex, commonly from between the teeth, the callus glabrous when present; palea 2-nerved, the nerves keeled and ciliate. Caryopsis adherent to the palea, beCJaring at the apex a persistent, minutely lobed, hairy, ovarian appendage.
WoodreedG
POACEAE
Woodreed is a small genus of tall perennials, usually found near water. Our only species is one that is found throughout cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
WoodreedQ
latifolia
Drooping Woodreed
CynodonB
Rich. in Pers.
Cynodon
See species description locally
Bermuda GrassG
POACEAEK
This genus has about 10 species, mostly in Africa and Australia. They are low, mat-forming perennial grasses that spread by underground runners.
Bermuda GrassQ dactylon
Bermuda Grass
DactylisB
Dactylis (Orchard Grass genus)
See species description locally
Orchard GrassG
POACEAEEAE
Eleusine (Goosegrass genus)
See species description locally
GoosegrassG
POACEAEKiThis is a small genus of low spreading annuals. Our species is originally from Asia, and is a lawn weed.
GoosegrassQ
indica
Goosegrass
ElymusB
Elymus (Wildrye genus)
Erect perennials, strongly rhizomatous and the stems scattered or non-rhizomatous and the stems densely tufted. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat and lax to stiff and inrolled, ligules membranous; auricles usually present. Inflorescence typically a solitary terminal spike with a continuous or rarely readily disarticulating rachis, the spikelets sessile or sometimes short-pedicelled, solitary or more often 2-4(6) per node; spikelets mostly dorsiventrally compres
iThis is a small genus of low spreading annuals. Our species is originally from Asia, and is a lawn weed.
pouch
pouched
poverty|
povertyweed|
povrty
powell
prairie
pratensis
precisely
predominantly
prefer
preferred
preferringL
prefersV
preparedj
presence
presentk
presumably
pretty
previous
prickles
prickly}
prickly
gilia
genus
western
prickly
poppy
small
genus
about
species
annual
primarily
primrose
primrose
primula
accounts
species
primroses
primula
prince's
tufts
tumbleweedE
tumblingE
turbinella
turnY
turner
twayblades
twayblades
small
group
species
small
orchids
twelveb
twenty
twenty
north
american
species
thelypodium
genus
twigs
twinberry
twinflower
twining
twinpods
twinsisters
twist
twisted
twistflower
twistspine
sed and borne flatwise to the rachis, (1)2-6(10)-flowered, disarticulating above (ours) or rarely below the glumes; glumes subequal, subulate to lanceolate, 1-5-nerved, acute to awned, equal to or shorter than the lemmas, often parallel to other glumes at the same node, all borne in front of the spikeiets and simulating an invoiucre; lemmas firm to relatively thin, rounded on the back, mostly 5-7-nerved, often inconspicuously so, especially toward the base, glabrous or hairy, acute at the Cfapex or more often awned, the awn short to long, straight to slightly curved, and erect to spreading.
WildryeFJElymus is a member of the tribe Triticeae, see discussion under Agropyron.G
POACEAE
Wildrye is a moderate-sized genus (60 species) of grasses, often tall and rather coarse. They are of some importance as forage. Several species occur here, mostly native.
The Lovegrasses constitute a very large genus of 250 species, widespread in warm regions. About 35 species occur in the U.S., 4 in out area. Ours are annuals.
065-008M
065-007P LovegrassQ-barrelieri
cilianensis
orcuttiana
pectinacea
RGMediterranean Lovegrass
Stinkgrass
Orcutt Lovegrass
Carolina Lovegrass
FestucaB
Festuca (Fescue genus)
Annuals or densely tufted perennials; leaf sheaths open or partially closed; ligules membranous, short, often longer on the sides than in the middle; auricles sometimes present. Inflorescence a raceme or a narrow to open panicle, spikelets 2-12 (20)-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the uppermost floret reduced; glumes unequal, shorter than the lowermost lemma, the first 1-nerved and acute, the second usually 3-nerved, sometimes obscurely so, acute to
E LovegrassG
POACEAE
species
oatgrass
found
typeh
typese
typicalb
typically\
typicaly
typifiedY
ubiquitous
uintaw
uintas
unalascensis
unbranched
uncertain
velvetgrass
genus
species
velvety
perennials
velvety
verbena
vernal
version
vertical
verum
vervain
veryP
vesca
vetch
vetches
vetches
vicia
genus
sweetpeas
lathyrus
genus
extreme
vice-versa
vicia
vicinity
views}
villosum
Barley
FoxtailFVSee comments under Agropyron concerning this and other members of the tribe Triticeae.G
POACEAE
We have 6 of the 35 or so species of Barley or Foxtail. Overall they are native to Eurasia and North and South America. Although barley is an important grain crop, many of the other species, both native and non-native, are regarded as very undesirable. The problem lies with their barbed seed heads which penetrate the skin of feet, mouth and eyes - these break off easily to create wounds which become infected. Nonetheless, they can be visually attractive.
055-030M
057-012N
062-012P
Barley / FoxtailQ8brachyantherum
jubatum
marinum
murinum
pusillum
vulgare
RYMeadow Barley
Foxtail
Wild Barley
Mediterranean Barley
Wall Barley
Little Barley
Barley
KoeleriaB
Pers.
Koeleria
See species description locally
The Springbeauty genus has about 28 species in North America ans eastern Asia. The closely related Montia has another dozen, and the boundaries are not clearly defined.
Plants are hairless annuals or perennnials, usually less than 12 inches tall, with a basal rosette of fleshy leaves, plus a single pair of stem leaves. These may join around the stem to form a cup as in Miner's Lettuse (Photo 1).
Flowers are in clusters of 2-many, typically with 2 greenish sepals and 5 petals, white to de
kep pink or rose. These may be separate or partly joined at the base. Springbeauty is shown in Photo 2, lacking basal leaves. Seed capsules are leathery, splitting open from the top.
An eastern species is shown in Photo 3, which gives the best picture of the 2 sepals, flowers spread along a cluster, and a seed capsule (large leaves are not from the same plant.
023-003M
003-012N
102-016P
SpringbeautyQ4cordifolia
lanceolata
perfoliata
sibirica
virginica
analogous
ancestors
ancient
these
plants
hybrids
between
wheatgrass
species
agropyro
theyG
RWoodsia is a small genus of 21 species, widely distributed. They are small to medium-sized, adapted to dry conditions. Leaves are subdivided 2-3 times; in our plants the leaflets are not crwoded on the stem.
Spores develop along the veins on the underside of leaves.
We have 2 species, the Oregon Woodsia and the Rocky Mountain Woodsia.
WoodsiaQ
oregana
scopulina
R&Oregon Woodsia
Rocky Mountain Woodsia
}A ClaytoniaB
{A PteridiumB
Scop.
Pteridium (Bracken genus)
See species description locally
BrackenG
POLYPODIACEAEK\There is a single species of Bracken Fern, found around rhe world. See species description.
BrackenQ
aquilinum
WoodsiaB
R. Br.
there
approximately
species
rocket
genus
nativ
there
known
species
cicuta
which
occurs
there
species
laurel
genus
mostly
there
species
baneberry
temperate
north
there
species
marsh
marigold
about
there
species
conium
south
african
other
there
single
species
greasewood
genus
native
there
single
species
milkwort
genus
which
there
single
species
bracken
found
around
there
single
species
mountain
sorrel
occurring
there
single
secies
cowcockle
native
DThere are about 85 species of Cliffbrakes, small ferns adapted to drier habitats such as crevices in boulders (Photo 1). Leaves are somewhat leathery, evergreen. Many are finely divided, but our only species has quite broad segments, looking like a butterfly (Photo 2). Spores develop at the ends of veins on the underside.
052-030M
052-033P
CliffbrakeQ
breweri
Brewer's Cliffbrake
PolypodiumB
Polypodium (Polypody genus)
See species description locally
PolypodyG
POLYPODIACEAE
101-022M
101-024P
Shield Fern / Wood FernQ
filix-mas
PellaeaB
FernQ
filix-mas
PellaeaB
n locally
fleabaneq
goldenrod
holly
spiraea
rock-brake
rock-daisy
rock-parsleyL
rockcress
rockcress
draba
rockdaisy
rocket
rockjasmine
rockmat
rockslideq
rockslide
fleabaneq
rockyA
rocky
mountain
rocky
mountain
beeplant
rocky
mountain
buttercup
uniper
rocky
mountain
mapleA
rocky
mountain
pleated
gentian
rocky
mountain
sedge
rocky
mountain
spurge
rocky
mountain
willowherb
rocky
mountain
woodsia
rose]
heath
pussytoes]
sedge
rosy]
gilia
pussytoes]
rothrock's
rothrock's
currant
roughf
rough
bluegrass
rough
brickellbushf
rough
bugleweed
rough
fiddleneck
roughpod
roughpod
yellowcress
rover
rover
bellflower
rubberl
rubber
rabbitbrushl
Melica (Melicgrass or Oniongrass genus)
Tufted or rhizomatous perennials, stems in some species bulbous at the base. Leaf sheaths closed throughout their length or nearly so, the blades flat or folded; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a contracted to open panicle or raceme; spikelets disarticulating above or below the glumes, subterete to somewhat laterally compressed, with 2-several fertile florets below and 1-4 progressively reduced ones above, the uppermost (in o
urs) a mostly oblong rudiment 2-3 mm long; glumes broadly elliptic, unequal or subequal, usually shorter than the lowermost lemma (ours), broadly membranous-margined to papery throughout, rounded on the back, mostly 3-5 (7)-nerved, sometimes obscurely so; lemmas firmer than the glumes, broadly elliptic, rounded on the back, 7-11-nerved, membranous-margined, obtuse to long-tapered and awnless (ours) or awned from an entire or bifid apex. Caryopsis smooth and shiny, free from the palea.
Spikegrass
Spike Fescue
LoliumB
Lolium (Ryegrass genus)
See species description locally
RyegrassG
POACEAE
Ryegrass is a small genus with about 10 species. Our local member is an import which has been widely planted for forage, and is important economically.
RyegrassQ
perenne
R Ryegrass
MelicaB
Canary GrassQ
arundinacea
canariensis
Reed Canary Grass
Canary Grass
PhleumB
Phleum (Timothy genus)
See species description locally
Timothy
Annuals or tufted perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat, ligules membranous, auricles minute and rounded when present. Inflorescence a spikelike panicle, cylindric to ellipsoid and uninterrupted; spikelets strongly laterally compressed, 1-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes (often falling as a unit after drying), to 3.5 mm long (ours); glumes equal or nearly so, oblong, coarsely short-ciliate on the prominent keel (ours), 3-nerved, the lateral nerves merging with the midner
ass is relatively tall and straight, with a tightly bunched seed head. There are about 15 species in temperate regions.
075-021
Panicum (Panicgrass genus)
Annuals or perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades mostly flat, ligules in most species a ring of hairs, occasionally membranous or lacking; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to contracted panicle or raceme; spikelets dorsiventrally compressed to terete, disarticulating below the glumes, 2-flowered with the lower floret sterile or sometimes staminate; glumes unequal or rarely subequal, the first often minute and clasping, the second mostly as long as
} and similar in texture to the reduced lemma; lower lemma membranous and several-nerved, together with the second glume usually enclosing and sometimes longer than the fertile floret, the fertile lemma usually hardened, dorsiventrally compressed, obscurely nerved, the margins inrolled around the edges of the equally firm palea, both smooth and shiny (ours) or dull and wrinkled.
rock-garden
rockcress
rockcresses
rocket
rockyA
rolled
rolled-back
rolled-under
rootsG
rootstock
rorippa
rose-colored
rose-purpleq
roses
rosetten
rostratum
roughx
round
round-stemmed
rounded
roundleaf
rubia
rubyw
rudbeckia
rules
runnersn
runningn
ruppia
rushes
rushlike
rushy
ve toward the truncate apex and prolonged as a short stout awn; lemma shorter and thinner than the glumes, pale, obscurely 3-5-nerved, obtuse to truncate at the unawned or mucronate apex. Caryopsis free from the lemma and palea.
POACEAE
Only one of the ten species of Timothy Grass is native to the U.S., and does occur here (Alpine Timothy). They have a very compact flowering head. Common Timothy is a widely planted range grass, whose copious output of pollen can be a problem for hay-fever sufferers.
071-009M
041-009N
041-008P
TimothyQ
alpinum
pratense
Alpine Timothy
Timothy
PhragmitesB
Trin.
Phragmites (Reed genus)
See species description locally
orogenia
contains
species
linearifolia
ours@
packera@
parryi
peppergrasses@
perennials
petype@
pine@
plant
plants
pleasant@
plum@
pouch@
principal@
publication
purposes@
pusillus
quadrangular
quite
reaching@
reedgrass@
relationships@
replace@
result
retain
revisions
richly@
rock-garden@
russian@
salsify@
sandwort
scabra
scales@
seeds
selection
sepals
separated@
serviceberry@
shepherd's
shiny@
shrink-wraps@
sides
significant@
single
slopes@
small
sneezeweed
soil@
southern
sowthistles@
reedgrass
refer
referredJ
referringb
refersR
reflect|
reflectedE
regard
regarded
region]
regionsO
regular
regularly
relate
relatedj
aterial, display character combinations not seen in the parents. If these new strains prove well adapted for survival, they themselves, by reproducing apomictically, become the progenitors of new biotypes. The biotypes, being unique and reproducing to form populations, may well be mistaken for species. Obviously, the recognition of all such forms would lead to an indefinite proliferation of names. Confusion is further heightened by the relative frequency of hybridization within the gen
us as a whole. In such groups, it is unnecessary and indeed impossible to place every plant that grows into a definite category. It is our belief that only major differences occurring as consistently correlated combinations of characters in plants having a reasonably wide distribution need be given taxonomic recognition. We have designed the key to the species to provide as many clues as possible. Because of the complexity within the genus, however, plants with unusual character c
perennials
perennnials
perfecta
perfoliatum
perfumeP
perhapsp
perideridiaT
periwinklesW
perpetuate
persicaria
persist
persists
pestsh
petal
petal-likeZ
petalsP
petel-like
photos
phragmites
physically
pickleweed
pickleweed
samphire
glasswort
occurs
worldwide
saline
pictureq
pigweedE
pimpernal
pincushions
alpine
dusty
maideni
alpine
groundsel
alpine
alpine
milkvetch
alpine
nerved
sedge
alpine
prickly
currant
alpine
pussytoes]
alpine
redtop
alpine
shooting
alpine
sorrel
alpine
speedwell
alpine
timothy
alpine
tufted
phlox
alpine
willowherb
alpinebog
alpinebog
swertia
pennycress
alsike
alsike
clover
alumroot
alyssum
amaranthE
american
american
alkaligrass
american
bistort
american
brooklime
american
bugleweed
american
dragonhead
american
american
licorice
american
maidenhair
american
mannagrass
american
mountain
american
leaves
leaving
leersia
leersia
cutgrass
member
subfamily
lefty
legend
legume
legumes
leguminous
forage
forebears
foreground
foremost
forest
forests
forget-me-not
forget-me-nots
formb
formal]
formed
former
formidablen
forming
forms[
forward
foundA
founder
fourJ
species
white-woolly
annuals
genus
fourth
fourwing
foxtail
fragaria
genus
gettingh
giant
gilia
gilia
amateur
usually
means
scarlet
gilia
give[
givenR
gives
giving
glabra
glabrous
glabrumA
glaciation
glands
glandular
glasswort
richly
ridged
ridgesn
right
ringp
rise^
rises
rising]
rivere
rivers
roads[
roadsideg
roadsidesX
robin
robustG
daisy
genus
about
species
western
jasmine
largee
genus
small
flowers
mostly
rock-brake
rock-brake
contains
species
small
ferns
growing
rootstock
rorippa
rose-purpleq
rosetten
roughx
round
round-stemmed
rounded
roundleaf
rubyw
rudbeckia
rules
runnersn
runningn
rushes
rushlike
lobeleaf
groundsel
locust
lodgepole
lodgepole
lomatiumP
long-stalkL
long-stalk
springparsleyL
longbeak
longbeak
buttercup
longfootL
longfoot
springparsleyL
longfruit
longfruit
draba
longhorn
longhorn
plectritis
longleaf`
longleaf
arnica`
longleaf
daisyq
longleaf
phlox
longleaf
plantain
longleaf
pondweed
longspine
longspine
sandbur
longstalk
longstalk
bindweed
longstalk
starwort
longstyle
longstyle
longtooth
longtooth
sweetpea
lookalike
lookalike
sedge
loosestrife
louisianaa
louisiana
sageworta
louisiana
vetch
louisiana
wormwooda
lousewort
lousiana}
lousiana
lettuce}
lovageO
lovegrass
lover
fleabaneq
goldenrod
hawksbeardp
larkspur
penstemon
J3-nerved and ranging from shorter than the first floret to slightly longer than the uppermost one; lemmas moderately keeled, obscurely 5-nerved, glabrous or hairy at least below, awnless or awned from the back above midlength, the awn usually exserted from the glumes and nearly straight to strongly bent, the callus short-hairy.
POACEAE
ApTrisetum means "three bristles". The 50 or so species in this genus include annuals, but ours are all perennial.
canescens
spicatum
wolfii
R-Tall Trisetum
Spike Trisetum
Wolf's Trisetum
TriticumB
Triticum (Wheat genus)
See species description locally
WheatG
POACEAE
north
northeast
northerlyG
northernJ
northrn
nose[
Lip Fern is named for the fact that spores develop under the rolled-back lip of the leaves (Photo 2). There are about 100 species, widely distributed in the world, mostly of drier places. Most are small, with firm evergreen leaves.
We have a single species, Fee's Lip Fern.
035-021M
035-022P
Lip FernQ
gracillima
R!Lip Fern
Fee's Lipfern
Lace-Fern
CryptogrammaB
R. Br.
Cryptogramma
See species description locally
Rock-brakeG
POLYPODIACEAE
0Rock-brake contains only 2-4 species of small ferns, growing in rock crevices. Leaves are subdivided 2-3 times, with the final divisions running into one another. They are distinctive in that the spore-bearing leaves are sharply different from the majority. These are less divided, with narrow segments.
POLEMONIACEAE
Gilia for the amateur usually means the Scarlet Gilia or another of the showy species, but there are many others, typically with tiny white flowers. They are taprooted herbs, the leaves alternate and often lobed or finely divided. Some are prickly.
Flowers are clustered in various ways. Usually they have a tubular or trumpet-shaped corolla, which may flare sharply into 5 lobes. The tube can be long and very narrow, suitable for pollination by moths and hummingbirds.
Gilia has had a long
smaller white to bluish flowers, and are smaller plants of the valleys and lower mountains.
069-024M
003-037N
115-013P
Gilia
small
small-flowered
smallerG
smallflower
smallish
smartweed
smartweeds
smell^
smellingL
smellsa
smelly
smelowskia
smelowskia
small
genus
about
species
smelowskias
smielowski
smiley
smoke
smoothA
smotherweed
smotherweed
small
genus
species
which
botanis
snapdragon
sneezeweedv
snowberry
snowberry
small
genus
species
shrubs
mostly
so-calledm
soapberry
soapwort
soapwort
small
genus
about
species
native
society
softer
Linanthus (Flaxflower genus)
Annual to suffrutescent perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, sessile, palmately lobed into mostly narrowly elongate segments, occasionally some or rarely all the leaves entire. Flowers in cymose, sometimes head-like clusters, occasionally solitary; calyx with herbaceous segments joined by membranous ones (the latter in some species partial or obscure), not usually ruptured by the developing fruit; corolla bell-shaped to salverform; B
stamens arising at the same level either from the corolla tube or in the throat, included or exserted; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule ellipsoid to cylindric, seeds 1-several per chamber.
FlaxflowerG
POLEMONIACEAE
Flaxflower has about 35 species in the southwestern U.S. and Chile. They are annual or perennial herbs, some of them woody at the base and much branched. Leaves are mostly opposite, divided almost to the base into finger-like lobes.
Flowers are open bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, white tinged with blue or yellow. They can be very attractive when massed on a low mound.
We have 2 species, of which Nuttall's Flaxflower is common at high elevations (photos 1-2). A third, tiny species comes clB(ose (Northern Desert Trumpet, Photo 3).
FlaxflowerQ
R>Harkness' Flaxflower
Harkness' Linanthus
Nuttall's Flaxflower
MicrosterisB
Greene
Microsteris
See species description locally
Little PolecatG
POLEMONIACEAE
workers
worldY
world's
worlds
worldwides
worlwide
wormwooda
worth
worthy|
wouldy
wounds
wrappingG
wraps
wrinkled
wrote
wyeth
wyethiac
wyethis
xanthifolia|
xeriscape
yarrowY
year's
yearsJ
yellowL
aspidotis
small
genus
species
western
assist
association
associations
assumed
asterb
asteraceaeb
astersb
astragalus
astragalus
commonly
known
locoweed
milkvetch
anothe
publication
arnow's
which
atlantic
atmosphere
attach
attachedp
atteched
attracting
rA AspleniumB
Asplenium (Spleenwort genus)
Small to medium-sized, mostly evergreen ferns from scaly rhizomes bearing old petiole bases. Leaves simple and dissected or 1-3 times pinnate, petioles slender, wiry, green to black. Sori elongate, developing along the veins, indusium membranous, flaplike, attached by a lateral margin to the outer side of the vein and opening toward the midvein.
SpleenwortG
POLYPODIACEAE
The Spleenwort genus is very large, its 600 species being mostly tropical. They are small to medium, usually evergreen.
We have two species, both crevice dwellers. Their leaflets are very distinct, coming off a thin wiry stalk.
SpleenwortQ
trichomanes
viride
SpleenwortQ
trichomanes
viride
cultivation: the name is taken directly from the Greek for flame. There are 50-60 species of herbs in North America and northern Asia. Our species are perennials. Leaves are mostly opposite, with an intact outline and only one leaflet.
Flowers are borne in clusters at the ends of stems and branches, though the clusters may have only one flower. They can be very showy, with a narrow tube flaring out sharply into
r 5 broad lobes in white, pink, purple, lavender, blue or red.
Of our species Hood's Phlox is uncommon, found only in the high alpine; elsewhere it has a wide elevaional range. Cushion Phlox is also an alpine plant, but more easily found if you are able to hike a bit. Long-leaf Phlox is a spring flower of lower elevations, a common plant in the valleys and foothills.
improve
Sheepsorrel
Sheep Sorrel
Curly Dock
Curled Dock
Dentate Dock
Golden Dock
Bitter Dock
Patience Dock
Mountain Sheepsorrel
Alpine Sorrel
Willow Dock
Beach Dock
Wild Begonia
Veiny Dock
Large-valve Dock
AdiantumB
Adiantum (Maidenhair Fern genus)
See species description locally
Maidenhair FernG
POLYPODIACEAE
The Maidenhair Fern genus has about 200 species worldwide, and many of its species are of very broad distribution. They are small to medium-sized ferns, growing from creeping roots tat are usually covered with brownish to black scales. Stems are wiry and black, the leaves shiny. Spores are produced in the rolled-under edges of leaves.
We have 1 species:
American Maidenhair is crack-growing or free standing. Leaflets are rectangular (Photo 1).
Southern Maidenhair grows in cracks uAchene sharply 3-angled, pale to
eth Buckwheat seem to have a little knee in the thin stalk (some visible in Photo 3 of Sulfur Buckwheat). It is actually the junction between the flower and its stalk, because the flower itself is drawn into a thin tube.
They are popular rock-garden subjects, being relatively easy to grow provided drainage is good. Our most common species is Sulfur Buckwheat, with bright yellow flower clusters, abundant from Ensign Peak to Albion Basin.
120-016M
009-029N
015-007P
Wild BuckwheatQebrevicaule
cernuum
grayi
heracleoides
ovalifolium
racemosum
umbellatum
gordonii
panguicense
inflatum
Shortstem Wild Buckwheat
Nodding Buckwheat
Shortstem Wild Buckwheat
Wyeth Buckwheat
Whorled Buckwheat
Cushion Buckwheat
Redroot Buckwheat
Sulfurflower
Sulfur Buckwheat
OxyriaB
009-028P
Rock-brakeQ
crispa
Parsley Fern
Rock-brake
CystopterisB
Bernh.
Cystopteris (Bladder Fern genus)
Small to medium-sized, deciduous ferns from short to elongate, scaly rhizomes. Leaves tufted or scattered, (1) 2 or more times pinnate; petioles slender, scaly only at the base. Sori round in outline (ours), developing on the veins; indusium membranous, erose, attached under the sorus on the side nearest the midvein, hoodlike and opening away from the midvein, recurving as the sorus matures, sometimes minute or deciduous.
Bladder FernG
POLYPODIACEAE
h Old and New Worlds, including several Utah counties. Not known from here.
The Wild Buckwheat genus is very large, with about 250 species, well represented in the western U.S. It contains annuals and perennials, herbs and shrubby plants, with many areas of uncertain identity. Some botanists regard this as a sign that they are still in the process of separating into clear species. Stems and leaves are frequently grayish because of coats of hair (Photo 1). Leaves are mostly basal, with stalks, very hairy underneath. Plants usually are relatively short (4 inches to
2 feet)
Flowers are individually small (yellow, white or red), but cupped in a set of bracts forming an involucre, in the same general way that occurs with the Composites. The heads can be very showy (Photo 2). There are 6 "petal-like" parts per flower, essentially separate from each other. Some botanists refer to them as 3 sepals and 3 petals, others as 6 tepals (as with members of the Lily family).If you have a good magnifier, check out the base of a few flowers: Sulfur Buckwheat and Wy
tThe sections Polygonum, Persicaria, and Bistorta are often elevated to generic rank chiefly because of differences in the structure of the pollen. According to Tutin et al. (1964), however, pollen structure is not sufficiently correlated with differences in habit, stipules, inflorescence, style, stigma, or chromosome number to warrant recognition of more than one genus.
POLYGONACEAE
The Knotweed or Smartweed is large and uneven. In the 1920s it was proposed that it be split into at least 2 groups, and this has steadily gained favor. In both main groups the leaves have membranous extensions (ligules) that wrap around the stem, sometimes very prominent - see Photo 4 of Water Lady's Thumb. Flowers usually have 5 parts (commonly called sepals)
"Polygonum" will be kept for plants that tend to be spindly, with flowers spread fairly evenly along the stems. Included are the
067-019M
041-004N
014-008P
Knotweed / Smartweed
generally
generating
generic
genetic
genetically
genetics
genusE
Oxyria
See species description locally
Mountain SorrelG
POLYGONACEAE
There is a single species of Mountain Sorrel occurring in cooler parts around the Northern Hemisphere. See species for details.
039-032M
011-006P
Mountain SorrelQ
digyna
Mountain Sorrel
nA PolygonumB
Polygonum (Knotweed or Smartweed genus)
Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs, in some species dioecious or polygamous; stems erect to prostrate or vinelike, often with swollen joints. Leaves alternate, sessile or short-petioled, often jointed at the base of the blade or petiole; stipules membranous, fused and sheathing or soon split to lacerate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, jointed to a very short to well-developed pedicel, solitary or more often clustered, arising from the axils
shortstyle
shortstyle
bluebells
shortstyle
draba
showyX
showy
alpine
groundsel
showy
elkweed
showy
fleabaneq
showy
goldeneye
showy
milkweedX
showy
rushpink
showy
stoneseed
shrubby
shrubby
bedstraw
shrubby
cinquefoil
sibbaldia
siberian
siberian
siberian
smelowskia
sickle
sickle
rockcress
sicklepod
sicklepod
rockcress
sidebells
sidebells
shinleaf
sierra
sierra
clover
silky
silky
apera
silky
lupine
silver
silver
orach
silverleaf
silverleaf
milkvetch
silverscale
silverweed
silverweed
cinquefoil
silvery
silvery
lupine
silvery
sedge
single
single
delight
of leaves or bracts or aggregated into spikelike to paniculate racemes, the bracts sometimes reduced to sheathing stipules; sepals generally 5(4 or 6), fused to some degree below mid-length, green and bordered with white, pink, or yellow, sometimes entirely pink or white, in 2 series, the outer sometimes the larger and keeled; stamens usually 8; styles (1)2-4, free or fused throughout, the stigmas generally subglobose. Achene lenticular or 3(4)-angled, enclosed by or well exserted from thC
e persistent calyx.
Knotweed
Smartweed
067-019M
041-004N
014-008P
Knotweed / Smartweed
ost continuous spike at the tips. Individually they are small and inconspicuous, with 6 small green sepals/petals. After pollination the 3 inner sepals enlarge and develop wings, which often become red and may have elaborate edges (Photo 3). Odd little grain-like growths appear insome of the angles. Appearance of the wings and the grains is often the best means of identifying a Dock; though it sounds intimidating, all you need is a simple magnifier. Unlike the flowers, the seeds stay arounCmd a long time.
We have 9 species, of which several are native, while others are weeds or innocuous imports.
029-011M
006-023N
078-017P
Dock / SorrelQlacetosella
crispus
dentatus
maritimus
obtusifolius
patientia
paucifolius
salicifolius
venosus
hymenosepalus
free or basally fused, the stigmas with numerous, threadlike branches. Achene sharply 3-angled, pale to
The Saltbush genus contains two very different types of plants: annuals which have separate male and female flowers on the same plant (monoecious), and shrubs which have separate make and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). The shrubs are relatively easy to identify, but the annuals can be very difficult.
Abour 250 species occur in temperate to subtropical latitudes, mostly in saline or alkaline soils.
Flowers are without petals, and it is often hard to distinguish the calyx B
from bracts.
Fourwing Saltbush and Shadscale are prominent shrubs in areas around the Great Salt Lake. Silverscale is one of the most frequently met annuals.